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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

Logo Logo Flag Flag
Founded	1981 in Oregon,  United States
Founder	Paul Watson
Type	501(c)(3)
Focus	Environmentalism, Marine conservation
Location	Friday Harbor, Washington,  United States Melbourne  Australia
Area served	Global
Method	Direct action
Website	http://www.seashepherd.org

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society is a non-profit registered tax-exempt environmental group in the United States and a registered Stichting (foundation) in the Netherlands. It is based in Friday Harbor, Washington in the United States and in Melbourne, Australia for its Southern Hemisphere operations. Members undertake campaigns that the society says are guided by the United Nations World Charter for Nature (1982) and other statutory laws protecting marine species and environments. It operates a fleet of three vessels it calls Neptune's Navy: the RV Farley Mowat, the MV Steve Irwin, and the RV Sirenian, as well as several smaller boats.

The society was founded in 1977 by Paul Watson, an early member of Greenpeace, after a dispute with the organization over the philosophy of "bearing witness" to the killing of whales. In contrast to Greenpeace, which defends whales primarily through public awareness campaigns, Sea Shepherd engages in "direct action" which involves disabling and otherwise physically interfering with the operations of whaling vessels. In 2008 Animal Planet began filming the weekly series Whale Wars based on these encounters.

Background

Sea Shepherd engages in conventional protests and what it calls direct actions to protect such marine wildlife as seals, dolphins and whales. Direct actions have included scuttling commercial fishing vessels while in harbor, disabling and "stink bombing" of vessels in harbor and at sea, non-violent but extralegal boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd has also conducted an intense media campaign against Japanese whaling and the Canadian sealing industry in particular.

In its anti-whaling efforts, the society attempts to deter Japanese ships that hunt minke and fin whales in the name of scientific research. Sea Shepherd and other environmental groups dispute the Japanese claim of research "as a disguise for commercial whaling, which is banned." There have been no deaths or serious injuries from Sea Shepherd actions, though claims of injuries have been reported. The most recent injury report was made by two Japanese crewmen who were attacked with a foul-smelling butyric acid stink bomb during Sea Shepherd's February 2007 action in the Ross Sea. Sea Shepherd admitted to throwing six one-litre bottles of butyric acid onto the deck of the Nisshin Maru, but says that the claims of injuries are "a total fabrication" and that the butyric acid they use is "basically rancid butter". The Japanese described the attack as "piratical, terrorist acts."

Critics have asserted that Sea Shepherd's actions constitute violations of international law; Sea Shepherd has responded by stating that its actions constitute enforcement of international maritime law under the United Nations World Charter for Nature.

Sea Shepherd was deprived of its status as an International Whaling Commission non-governmental observer after Sea Shepherd's sinking of Icelandic vessels in 1986. In 2006 the outgoing Vice Chair of the IWC, Horst Kleinschmidt, joined the Board of Sea Shepherd as an advisor. Sea Shepherd is supported by private and corporate donations and operated by volunteers and paid staff, including Watson's wife.

Operations

Sea Shepherd operations include interdiction against whaling in Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary of the Southern Ocean, patrols of the Galapagos Islands, and action against Canadian seal hunters. Sea Shepherd has an affiliated organization, O.R.C.A. Force whose president is Watson.

Sea Shepherd claims to have sunk eleven whaling ships since 1979, referring to these ships as "pirates". The claimed attacks include:

• 1979 – the whaler Sierra rammed and sunk in Portugal;
• 1980 – the whalers Isba I and Isba II sunk in Vigo, Spain;
• 1980 – the whalers Susan and Theresa sunk in South Africa;
• 1986 – the whaling ships Hvalur 6 and Hvalur 7 sunk in Iceland;
• 1992 – the whaler Nybraena sunk in Norway;
• 1994 – the whaler Senet sunk in Norway;
• 1998 – the whaler Morild sunk in Norway.

In 2007, two ships operated by Sea Shepherd (Farley Mowat and Robert Hunter) were removed from the shipping registers of the United Kingdom and Belize. Later on that year, the ships received the flag of the Kahnawake Mohawk nation. According to a November 2007 article in The New Yorker, both the Farley Mowat, and the Steve Irwin now sail under the Dutch flag.

In December 2007, the ship Robert Hunter was renamed the Steve Irwin in honor of Australian Steve Irwin ("The Crocodile Hunter"), who was rumored to be planning to sail with Sea Shepherd.

Activities

2005–2006

Sea Shepherd maintained a naval patrol in the Galapagos Islands to protect sea turtles and other marine wildlife, and a campaign against the 2005 seal hunt in Canada, which includes a boycott of Canadian seafood products.

Between December 2005 and January 2006 Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace vessels were in the Southern Ocean to confront Japanese whalers. Sea Shepherd declared that they would do whatever they thought was necessary to prevent the Japanese whaling operations, even if it cost them their own ship. The Farley Mowat rammed a Japanese supply ship called the Oriental Bluebird. On January 16 the organisation declared that their fuel supplies had run out and that they were heading to shore. They claimed credit for chasing the whalers from whaling grounds and hindering operations for over 15 days.

2007

In February 2007, the Robert Hunter and Farley Mowat participated in "Operation Leviathan" by surrounding the Japanese whaling vessel Kaiko Maru to attempt to prevent the vessel from continuing its hunting. The Robert Hunter and Farley Mowat obstructed the path of the whaling ship, and the Robert Hunter and Kaiko Maru collided with each other. The Robert Hunter suffered a 3-foot long gash in the hull above the waterline at the stern of the ship.

In May 2007, Sea Shepherd announced that they would be sending the Farley Mowat to Iceland in response to an announcement that they would be resuming commercial hunting of Fin and Minke whales. In August 2007, Sea Shepherd stated that they no longer believed Iceland intended to follow through with their planned hunting activities, and the Farley Mowat was never sent to Icelandic waters. However, in 2008, the Icelandic Fisheries Minister announced a commercial whaling quota of 40 minke whales and hunting began again in May 2008.

2008

Operation Migaloo

The recent 2007-08 Antarctic campaign was named Operation Migaloo, after the only known albino humpback in the world. and is the focus of the first season of Animal Planet's reality TV series Whale Wars, which premiered on November 7, 2008.

On January 15, 2008, after attempting to entangle the whaling vessel's propeller and throwing containers of butyric acid onto the decks, two Sea Shepherd members Benjamin Potts and Giles Lane from the Sea Shepherd vessel MV Steve Irwin boarded the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No. 2 while both vessels were underway. The crew of the Yushin Maru No. 2 detained the men for two days, before turning them over to the Australian customs vessel MV Oceanic Viking; subsequently, the Steve Irwin rendezvoused with the Oceanic Viking and the two crewmembers were returned to Sea Shepherd. On March 3, 2008 Sea Shepherd members threw bottles of butyric acid and packages of slippery powder onto the Japanese vessel Nisshin Maru. Three on board claimed injuries, with one reporting acid in his eyes, according to a report in the Yomiuri Shimbun, though "on Japanese claims the four crew had been hurt, Watson said: "They are so full of crap. "We filmed and photographed the entire thing. Not a single thing landed anywhere near their crew ... It is their way of trying to get sympathy." The Japanese deputy foreign minister Itsunori Onodera summoned the ambassadors of the Netherlands and Australia and requested to take "immediate and appropriate actions". The Australian ambassador expressed his "sincere regret" to the incident. He also referred to the statement from the Australian foreign minister Stephen Smith who condemned any kind of violence against the Japanese crew members. This brought a rebuke from the Sea Shepherd. Four days later on March 17, 2008 crew from the Steve Irwin again threw bottles containing butyric acid onto the decks of the Nisshin Maru. The Japan Coast Guard, allegedly armed with sidearms and rifles, responded by throwing flash grenades at the crew of the Steve Irwin, with claims by Sea Shepherd of one crew being slightly injured directly from an explosion. Paul Watson was allegedly hit by a bullet which lodged in his ballistic vest that he was wearing. David Page, the ship's doctor onboard the Steve Irwin, was filmed by Sea Shepherd crew prying a metallic object from Watsons's Kevlar vest, and said "You have been hit by a bullet".

According to the Australian Foreign Affairs Minister, Japan advised the Australian Embassy in Tokyo that a crew member on board the Japanese whaling vessel fired warning shots, but used the term "warning balls" in a later press release.

The International Whaling Commission issued a statement on March 8, 2008 that "called upon the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society to refrain from dangerous actions that jeopardise safety at sea, and on vessels and crews concerned to exercise restraint." The statement also reiterated earlier IWC resolutions from May and July 2007 not specifically directed at Sea Shepherd that read in part, "The commission and its contracting governments do not condone and in fact condemn any actions that are a risk to human life and property in relation to the activities of vessels at sea."

On 17 September 2008, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department announced that the Interpol put three Sea Shepherd members on an international wanted list, on suspicion of interfering with Japan’s whaling activities in the Antarctic Ocean on 12 February 2007.

On 9 April 2008, first mate Peter Brown was described in a newspaper article as saying that the incident only became a hostage situation because the Sea Shepherd vessel left the scene, so the Japanese would be forced to hold the two crewmen longer. He was also quoted as saying, "It's all giant street theater."

Canadian Seal Hunt

On 29 March 2008 the MV Farley Mowat and a Canadian Coast Guard ship collided while Farley Mowat was observing the Canadian seal hunts.

On 12 April 2008, during the 2008 Canadian commercial seal hunt, the MV Farley Mowat was boarded & seized by the Canadian Coast Guard after the ship was said to have encroached on seal hunters off the coast of Newfoundland. During the seizure, the captain and first officer were arrested and are awaiting charges. The location of the boat at the time of the seizure is controversial. The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society claims the boat was seized illegally in international waters. The Canadian Fisheries minister claims that the boat was seized in Canadian waters.

The captain and first officer made a court appearance on 1 May 2008. On 2 July 2008, they entered a plea of not guilty to coming too close to sealers. Since then the lawyer set to defend the Captain and First Mate has withdrawn from the case. No information on a replacement lawyer has been made. A trial date was set for April 27.

2009

Operation Musashi

The current 2008-2009 Antarctic campaign is named Operation Musashi after the 17th-century Japanese strategist Miyamoto Musashi. On December 4, 2008, actress Daryl Hannah joined Sea Shepherd's crew aboard the Steve Irwin to take part in this season's operation.

Collision with Yushin Maru 2

On February 6, 2009, Watson reported that the Steve Irwin had collided with the Yushin Maru 2 as the harpoon vessel tried to block its attempt to prevent the transfer of a dead whale up the slipway of the factory ship Nisshin Maru. As Watson explained the incident, "We were in the process of blocking the transfer from the Yushin Maru 2 when the Yushin Maru 1 moved directly in front of the bow to block us. I could not turn to starboard without hitting the Yushin Maru 1. I tried to back down but the movement of the Yushin Maru 2 made the collision unavoidable." The Japanese whalers blamed Sea Shepherd for the crash, characterizing the incident as a "deliberate ramming." The collision occurred while filming an episode of Whale Wars.

Criticism

This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion on the talk page. (May 2009)

Sea Shepherd has been criticized primarily for crew safety issues and its direct action tactics.

International Whaling Commission

At the IWC Meetings in 2006, 2007 and 2008, the International Whaling Commission condemned Sea Shepherd's actions. In 1994, IWC Secretary Ray Gambell stated "the IWC and all its members ardently condemn Sea Shepherd's acts of terrorism."

Criticism from Japan

Japanese critics include the Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research. Among its many criticisms of the group, the Japanese whaling and whaling research organization objects to the use of butyric acid, that at a minimum makes it difficult to work on the decks of affected ships because of the substance's nauseating effects. Industrial safety data sheets warn of the corrosive properties of the acid, which can irritate skin and eyes and harm aquatic organisms.

Criticism from Canada

In March 2008, four Canadian sealers died after their trawler capsized as it was being towed by the coast guard. In response, founder Paul Watson made comments on a radio station that compared the death of the sealers to the seal hunt, which in turn angered many Canadians. Government official Loyola Hearn blasted Watson for trivializing the deaths: "Mr. Watson has proven to the world that he is gutless, shameless, and has not one shred of human decency. His lust for media coverage knows no bounds."

Criticism from New Zealand and Australia

Anti-whaling countries New Zealand and Australia criticise Sea Shephered's tactics. New Zealand Conservation Minister Chris Carter criticised Sea Shepherd as irresponsible for using tactics such as running into whaling ships with a "can opener" device. "

Criticism from Greenpeace

Greenpeace has also criticized Sea Shepherd for the group's tactics, particularly regarding its interaction with whaling ships while at sea. After a policy dispute over the subject of direct action, Greenpeace's governing body removed Watson from their board. The rival environmental group maintains Sea Shepherd is a violent organization whose tactics may endanger the lives of fishermen and whalers, an accusation which Sea Shepherd disputes. "We are not going to help people who have said they will use violence," according to a Greenpeace statement. "We are here to save the whales, not put the lives of whalers at risk."

Criticism from Cetacean Society International

Cetacean Society International president Bill Rossiter criticized the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 2004 campaign to defend dolphins in Taiji, Japan, saying: "We can't report how many dolphins were mercilessly killed or sold to captivity, because of effective strategies this year to stop the world from witnessing the travesty. After some early protesters from the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society played into the hands of the authorities and freed some netted dolphins, their actions became the excuse to keep almost all other outsiders legally restricted and unable to document the slaughter any further."

Criticism from society members

In January 2008, a Zodiac boat associated with the Sea Shepherd ship Steve Irwin capsized while being deployed by a crane from the deck, and threw four people into the freezing Antarctic waters. Crew members said lives were put at risk through inadequate training and reckless safety procedures.

Supporters

This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion on the talk page. (May 2009)

As a nonprofit issue advocacy group, Sea Shepherd relies heavily on support and endorsements, which include:

Whaling and fishing industry

In 2006, Horst Klienschmidt, outgoing Vice Chair of the International Whaling Commission, a traditional opponent of Sea Shepherd, joined the group as an adviser and now a sitting director of Sea Shepherd South Africa.

Science and education

• Oceanographer Dr. Joe McInnis, Anthropologist Dr. Louise Leakey

Political leadership endorsements

• Former Australian Minister of the Environment Ian Campbell has endorsed Sea Shepherd.
• The Green Party of Tasmania, the home port of the Sea Shepherd flag ship MV Steve Irwin, has endorsed and supported the Society in various ways, including advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group. In 2009, after Australian authorities seized film footage and ships logs following anti-whaling operations against Japan, Greens leader Bob Brown demanded that Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd should order their immediate return.
• In September 1998, the Dalai Lama sent Sea Shepherd an official message declaring his support.

Media endorsement

• Marine wildlife photographer Robert Talbot.

Celebrity endorsement and activism

• Naturalist and television personality Terri Irwin
• The musical groups Ignite, Propagandhi and Red Hot Chilli Peppers
• Actors Richard Dean Anderson, Pierce Brosnan, Rutger Hauer, Sean Penn, and Martin Sheen
• Professional surfer Kelly Slater

General membership and contributions

According to the group's web site, Sea Shepherd is funded by donations from the general public, memberships, gifts, and grants.

Response to accusations of terrorism

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While Australia has declared Japan's hunt in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary to be illegal, federal court judge Jim Allsop has stated "there is no practical mechanism by which orders of this court can be enforced". The lack of official enforcement mechanisms in that law prompted the Society to adopt, without official sanction, what it sees as a law enforcement mission. "Sea Shepherd, guided by the United Nations World Charter for Nature, is the only organization whose mission is to enforce these international conservation regulations on the high seas". "The Japanese whaling fleet is targeting 935 threatened Piked whales plus 50 endangered Fin whales in an established Whale Sanctuary in violation of a global moratorium on commercial whaling." " are in blatant violation of international conservation laws." "We are down here to enforce international conservation law and to stop the illegal whaling operations."

Sea Shepherd considers the hunting to be criminal acts, and as such the alleged perpetrators assume the risk inherent in their actions. While they firmly state that no physical harm has ever come to any sealers or whalers, they consider the equipment used in illegal hunting, on the other hand, to be fair game. "Yes we have sunk whaling ships, rammed whalers and drift netters, boarded poaching vessels and destroyed equipment used for illegal exploitation of the oceans and we believe that these are valid tactics." "It's hard to renounce violence when we have never been violent" … "In our entire history of over three decades we have never caused a single injury to a single person. As for property damage, Sea Shepherd has never damaged any property that has not been used in a criminal activity. That is why we have never been convicted of a felony or of any property crime, nor have we been sued".

I stand in honorable company as a modern-day pirate, though I've not shot anyone, burned any ships, looted any cargoes or kidnapped anyone. We are also pirates with a sense of humor and a moral code of non-violence. In 30 years of eco-piracy we have never injured a single poacher, though we've sent nine whalers to the bottom. Instead of cannon balls, our guns shoot coconut cream and chocolate pie-filling. We toss stink bombs instead of grenades and we are so non-violent we don't even eat meat or fish on our ships. No fish, fowl or mammals have died in the making of our high seas campaigns. What we do is defend the whales from illegal slaughter by ruthless and merciless killers. If people want to call us pirates for that, we're proud to be so. We have whales to save and Japanese ships to attack.

Bibliography

• David B. Morris, Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1995). ISBN 1-55591-203-6
• Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement, second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1598740288
• Paul Watson, Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (Los Angeles: Chaco Press, 1993). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7
• Paul Watson, Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1550135992
• Paul Watson, Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1552977514

See also

• Rod Coronado
• Animal Rights
• Law of the Sea

References

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3. The UN World Charter for Nature (UN General Assembly Resolution 37/7) directs in section 21, subsections (c), (d) and (e):
   21. States and, to the extent that they are able, other public authorities, international organizations, individuals, groups and corporations shall:
       3. Implement the applicable international legal provisions for the conservation of nature and the protection of the environment;
       4. Ensure that activities within their jurisdictions or control do not cause damage to the natural systems located within other States or in the areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;
       5. Safeguard and conserve nature in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
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75. "Sea Shepherd News: Ian Campbell Joins The Sea Shepherd Advisory Board" (HTML). Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. 10 January 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
76. "Sea Shepherd Benefit Heavy Canvas Bag" (HTML). RevHQ.com. 30 December 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009. Ignite and RevHQ are teaming up to help out ocean wildlife. One hundred percent of the profit from every bag sold will go to Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, one of the best direct action groups protecting whales and other sea animals. For more information go to their website at www.seashepherd.org. Ignite has been working with them for years and now we're making this bag to help out as well. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
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87. Nizza, Mike (16 April 2008). "Green Pirates Claim Victory on Whaling" (HTML). The New York Times. Retrieved 8 June 2009.

Further reading

• Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
• "The Whale Warriors" by Peter Heller National Geographic Adventure May 2006 Pages 58–64 and 95-100.

• Misplaced Pages neutral point of view disputes from May 2009
• Misplaced Pages neutral point of view disputes from March 2009
• Animal rights movement
• Environmental organizations
• International environmental organizations
• Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
• Conservation organisations
• Fisheries organizations