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There has been a long running racial tension between ] and ] ]s and significant ]s in ] prisons where Mexican inmates and African Americans have targeted each other particularly, based on racial reasons.<ref> Asian Gangs in California are Allies to any gang that does work with them ,but are mostly enemies with The Nuestra Familia prison gang. Most Asian gangs do get along with Sureno gangs and African American gangs.</ref> According to gang experts and law enforcement agents, a longstanding race war between the ] and the Black Guerilla family, a rival ] ], has generated such intense racial hatred among Mexican Mafia leaders, or shot callers, that they have issued a "green light" on all blacks. A sort of gang-life ], this amounts to a standing authorization for Latino gang members to prove their mettle by terrorizing or even ] any blacks sighted in a neighborhood claimed by a gang loyal to the Mexican Mafia.<ref></ref> There has been a long running racial tension between ] and ] ]s and significant ]s in ] prisons where Mexican inmates and African Americans have targeted each other particularly, based on racial reasons.<ref> Asian Gangs in California are Allies to any gang that does work with them ,but are mostly enemies with The Nuestra Familia prison gang. Most Asian gangs do get along with Sureno gangs and African American gangs.</ref> According to gang experts and law enforcement agents, a longstanding race war between the ] and the Black Guerilla family, a rival ] ], has generated such intense racial hatred among Mexican Mafia leaders, or shot callers, that they have issued a "green light" on all blacks. A sort of gang-life ], this amounts to a standing authorization for Latino gang members to prove their mettle by terrorizing or even ] any blacks sighted in a neighborhood claimed by a gang loyal to the Mexican Mafia.<ref></ref>


One prominent example of a prison gang is the ], an organization known for its violence and calls for white supremacy. On ], ], after a six year federal investigation, four leaders of the gang were convicted of racketeering, murder, and conspiracy charges. Founded in the mid 1960's, the gang, known as the 'Brand' or the 'Rock' in the federal and state prison systems, is famous for being affiliated with the white supremacist paramilitary hate group the Aryan Nations, with the Nazi Low Riders prison gang acting as the Aryan Brotherhood's foot soldiers. Besides fostering pseudo-theological hate, racism, sexism, violence, and intimidation, the Aryan Brotherhood is involved in ], ], ], protection rackets, and ] inside and outside of prisons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/special_reports/racist_groups_in_prisons/prisons_brotherhood.asp|title=Brotherhood of Hate|work=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref> One prominent example of a prison gang is the ], an prison-based organization known for its calls for white solidarity within the prison system. On ], ], after a six year federal investigation, four leaders of the gang were convicted of racketeering, murder, and conspiracy charges. Founded in the mid 1960's, the gang, known as the 'Brand' or the 'Rock' in the federal and state prison systems, is famous for being affiliated with the white gang the Aryan Nations, with the Nazi Low Riders prison gang acting as the Aryan Brotherhood's foot soldiers. The Aryan Brotherhood is involved in ], ], ], protection rackets, and ] inside and outside of prisons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/special_reports/racist_groups_in_prisons/prisons_brotherhood.asp|title=Brotherhood of Hate|work=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref>


In the mid-1980s, the ], an alliance between the ] and ], formed. The sub-gangs (in collaboration with their wives and girlfriends who take jobs at banks, mortgage companies, and motor vehicle departments) work together in identity theft schemes.<ref name=courttv>{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/news/2007/0305/public_enemy_ap.html|work=courtTVnews|title=White supremacist gang gaining clout after forging alliance with Aryan Brotherhood|accessdate=2007-06-05|actualdate=2007-03-05}}</ref> Money from the identity theft operations is used to fund the gangs' methamphetamine business. A gang hit list discovered in the Buena Park investigation has police worried that the gangs are using stolen credit information to learn the addresses of police and their families.<ref name=courttv/> In the mid-1980s, the ], an alliance between the ] and ], formed. The sub-gangs (in collaboration with their wives and girlfriends who take jobs at banks, mortgage companies, and motor vehicle departments) work together in identity theft schemes.<ref name=courttv>{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/news/2007/0305/public_enemy_ap.html|work=courtTVnews|title=White supremacist gang gaining clout after forging alliance with Aryan Brotherhood|accessdate=2007-06-05|actualdate=2007-03-05}}</ref> Money from the identity theft operations is used to fund the gangs' methamphetamine business. A gang hit list discovered in the Buena Park investigation has police worried that the gangs are using stolen credit information to learn the addresses of police and their families.<ref name=courttv/>

Revision as of 02:56, 21 July 2009

Street gangs in the United States have a long and complex history dating to the early 1800s. The most publicized street gangs in the U.S. are African-American; black gangs were not recognized as a social problem until after the great migration of the 1910s. An exception was noted in 1853 Philadelphia.. Some have argued that increasing gang activity is directly related to decreases in adult mentors, school failures, decreases in after-school programs and similar failures by the adults in the lives of children. While children from more affluent neighborhoods may turn to other less dangerous alternatives, children from poorer neighborhoods often turn to gangs both as protection and a place to find love and understanding.

The history of European-American youth gangs extends as far back as the 1780s. Although lacking a definition, the gangs then were characterized by young people hanging out on street corners. It is thought these early groups formed to protect their localities from other similar groups of youths.

Herbert Asbury depicted some of these groups in his history of Irish and American gangs in Manhattan. He described how gangs would fight for territory, control of criminal enterprises, and simply for the love of fighting. Asbury's book was later used by Martin Scorsese as the basis for the motion picture Gangs of New York.

Gangs in the 19th Century were often multi-ethnic as neighborhoods did not display the social polarization that has segregated different ethnic groups in the postmodern city (see Edward Soja). A host of European nationalities including English, Scottish, Irish and German could be found in the same neighborhoods. This made territoriality for gangs much more important than ethnic homogeneity.

There were at least 30,000 gangs and 800,000 gang members active across the USA in 2007, up from 731,500 in 2002 and 750,000 in 2004. By 1999, Hispanics accounted for 47% of all gang members, Blacks 34%, Whites 13%, and Asians 7%.

History

In 1994 Mary "Beth" Pelz, a sociologist at University of Houston–Downtown, said that Texas lacked "a rich history of street gangs" compared to other parts of the United States. She said Houston area gangs began to branch out to newer developments in the 1980s.

The 1995 murder of Stephanie Kuhen in Los Angeles, California lead to condemnation from Bill Clinton, the President of the United States, and a crackdown on Los Angeles-area gangs.

According to a 2006 Texas Monthly article by Skip Hollandsworth, many street gangs in Texas have no organized command structures. Individual "cliques" of gangs, defined by streets, parts of streets, apartment complexes, or parts of apartment complexes, act as individual groups. Texas "Cliques" tend to be headed by leaders called "OG"s (short for "original gangster"s) and each "clique" performs a specific activity or set of activities, such as controlling trafficking of recreational drugs and managing prostitution in a given area.

Organized gangs

Main article: Organized Crime

Hallsworth and Young (2005) describe an organized gang as a group of individuals for whom involvement in crime is for personal gain (mostly financial, though could be otherwise, sexual gratification as with child pedophile rings). For most, crime is their 'occupation'. These groups operate almost exclusively in the grey and illegal marketplace where market transactions are unregulated by the law.

Transnational organized crime groups may be involved in crimes ranging from drug trafficking, human trafficking, piracy, money laundering, extortion, and gambling, to acts of terrorism, to political assassination. The complexity and seriousness of the crimes committed by global crime groups pose a threat not only to law enforcement but to democracy and legitimate economic development as well.

Criminal organizations exercise disproportionate control over the illegal means and forces of crime production. Members are likely to have mutated out of gang-members who are often used to service their needs. Motives that impel membership of these groups are similar to those that motivate business people in the legitimate economy.

Organized crime groups are not homogeneous. Some will be amateur affairs operated and managed by incompetent people. Others, however, will demonstrate more market acumen and more ruthlessness. These individuals may be difficult to trace because they will be more competent at hiding their activities. They may also have the financial muscle to acquire considerable legal protection through well paid lawyers and accountants.

There are numerous organized crime groups and they can be found in the majority of small to medium sized cities at varying degrees of size and organization. All large cities will house some kind of organized crime group. A further distinction could be made with what are often termed organized crime syndicates.

There are a number of widely known crime organizations as such whose operations span the world. Perhaps the most famous are the American Mafia (often portrayed in New York mob movies), the Irish Mob, the Chinese Triad Society, the Japanese Yakuza, the Mexican Mafia, and the Russian Mafia. Other large cities also play host to unique types of organized criminals. For example, London's East End is home to a number of traditional crime families, and was the home of the infamous Kray Twins, and Boston's Irish Mob was portrayed in the Martin Scorsese film "The Departed". Recently, Chicago's Folk Nation has broken out from a street gang into international business and is thought by many to be the newest entity of the organized crime world.

Prison gangs

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Main article: Prison gang

Prison gangs, like most street gangs formed for protection against other gangs. The goal of many street gang members is to gain the respect that comes from being in a prison gang. Prison gangs use street gangs members as their power base for which they recruit new members. For many members reaching prison gang status shows the ultimate commitment to the gang. Valdez, A, "Gangs Across America" (2007) A prison gang is a gang that is started in a prison. Some prison gangs are transplanted from the street, and in some occasions, prison gangs "outgrow" the penitentiary and engage in criminal activities on the outside. Many prison gangs are racially oriented. Gang umbrella organizations like the Folk Nation and People Nation have originated in prisons.

There has been a long running racial tension between African American and Mexican American prison gangs and significant race riots in California prisons where Mexican inmates and African Americans have targeted each other particularly, based on racial reasons. According to gang experts and law enforcement agents, a longstanding race war between the Mexican Mafia and the Black Guerilla family, a rival African American prison gang, has generated such intense racial hatred among Mexican Mafia leaders, or shot callers, that they have issued a "green light" on all blacks. A sort of gang-life fatwa, this amounts to a standing authorization for Latino gang members to prove their mettle by terrorizing or even murdering any blacks sighted in a neighborhood claimed by a gang loyal to the Mexican Mafia.

One prominent example of a prison gang is the Aryan Brotherhood, an prison-based organization known for its calls for white solidarity within the prison system. On July 28, 2006, after a six year federal investigation, four leaders of the gang were convicted of racketeering, murder, and conspiracy charges. Founded in the mid 1960's, the gang, known as the 'Brand' or the 'Rock' in the federal and state prison systems, is famous for being affiliated with the white gang the Aryan Nations, with the Nazi Low Riders prison gang acting as the Aryan Brotherhood's foot soldiers. The Aryan Brotherhood is involved in drug trafficking, extortion, gambling, protection rackets, and murder inside and outside of prisons.

In the mid-1980s, the Aryan League, an alliance between the Aryan Brotherhood and Public Enemy No.1, formed. The sub-gangs (in collaboration with their wives and girlfriends who take jobs at banks, mortgage companies, and motor vehicle departments) work together in identity theft schemes. Money from the identity theft operations is used to fund the gangs' methamphetamine business. A gang hit list discovered in the Buena Park investigation has police worried that the gangs are using stolen credit information to learn the addresses of police and their families. Once out of prison, gang members tend to regroup on the outside and often cross gang lines to further their criminal careers. One example of this is David Lind, an Aryan Brotherhood member, who joined the Wonderland Gang with several non-AB fellow prison inmates in 1981. Post prison gang activities can be brutal, as evidenced by the ruthless quadruple murder of the Wonderland gang (see "Wonderland Murders") which Lind narrowly escaped.

In the armed forces

The FBI's 2007 report on gang membership in the military states that the military's recruit screening process is ineffective, allows gang members/extremists to enter the military, and lists at least eight instances in the last three years in which gang members have obtained military weapons for their illegal enterprises. "Gang Activity in the U.S. Armed Forces Increasing", dated January 12, 2007, states that street gangs including the Gangster Disciples, Bloods, Crips, Black Disciples, Hells Angels, Latin Kings, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia, Maravilla, Norteños, Sureños, Vice Lords, Black P. Stones, Tiny Rascal Gang, Asian Boyz gang, Friends Stand United, Armenian Power, Trinitario, Nuestra Familia, and Outlaws, criminal organizations including the American Mafia, the Chinese Tongs, the Chinese Triads, the Irish Mob, the Israeli mafia, the Japanese Yakuza, Los Zetas, and the Russian Mafia, and various white supremacist groups including the Ku Klux Klan have been documented on military installations both domestic and international, although recruiting gang members violates military regulations.

The FBI believes that gang members may enlist in the military to escape their current environment or gang lifestyle. Some gang members may also enlist to receive weapons, combat, and convoy support training; to obtain access to weapons and explosives; or as an alternative to incarceration. Upon discharge, they may employ their military training against law enforcement officials and rival gang members. Such military training could ultimately result in more organized, sophisticated, and deadly gangs, as well as an increase in deadly assaults on law enforcement officers.

A January 2007 article in the Chicago Sun-Times reports that gang members in the military are involved in the theft and sale of military weapons, ammunition, and equipment, including body armor. According to a conversation recorded by an undercover FBI agent, one U.S. soldier may have stolen military body armor with intentions to supply Chicago gangs with the stolen equipment. The Sun-Times began investigating the gang activity in the military after receiving photos of gang graffiti showing up in Iraq. A 2006 Sun-Times article reports that gangs encourage members to enter the military to learn urban warfare techniques to teach other gang members.

In 2006, Scott Barfield, a Defense Department investigator, said there is an online network of gangs and extremists, and that: "They're communicating with each other about weapons, about recruiting, about keeping their identities secret, about organizing within the military."

Illegal immigration

One of the concerns of increased illegal immigration is gang related activity - as proved by programs such as Operation Community Shield, which has detained over fourteen hundred illegal immigrant gang members. MS13 publicly declared that it targets the Minutemen, civilians who take it upon themselves to control the border, to "teach them a lesson", possibly due to their smuggling of various Central/South Americans (mostly other gang members), drugs, and weapons across the border. A confidential California Department of Justice study reported in 1995 that 60 percent of the twenty thousand member 18th Street Gang in California is illegal.

See also

References

  1. Muncie, J. (2000) "Youth & Crime" 2nd Edition, Sage, ISBN=
  2. ^ Adamson, Christopher(2000), "Defensive localisms in white and black: a comparative history of European-American and African American youth gangs", Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 (2): 272-298.
  3. Davis, Susan, G. (1982), "Making night hideous":Christmas revelry and public order in nineteenth-century Philadelphia', American Quarterly, 34 (2): 185-199
  4. Meranze, M. (1996), Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-0807822777
  5. Asbury, H. (1928) The Gangs of New York : An Informal History of the Underworld. Reprinted in original format 1989 Dorset Press; ISBN 0-88029-429-9. Republished in 2001 with a foreword by Jorge Luis Borges
  6. Klein, M.W., Kerner, H.J., Maxson, C.L. & Weitekamp, G.M. (2001)(eds) "The Eurogang Paradox":Street Gangs and Youth Groups in the U.S. and Europe', Kluwer Academic Publications, ISBN=0792368444
  7. COPS Office: Gangs
  8. L.A. Gangs: Nine Miles and Spreading
  9. Measuring the Extent of Gang Problems—National Youth Gang Survey Analysis
  10. Into the Abyss: The Racial and Ethnic Composition of Gangs
  11. Warren, Susan. "Violent Times/In local gang world, violence has different meaning." Houston Chronicle. Monday January 31, 1994. A1. Retrieved on April 4, 2009.
  12. "Child killing sparks action against Los Angeles gangs." The Christian Science Monitor. September 25, 1995. Volume 87, Issue 210. Page 4.
  13. Pelisek, Christine. "Avenues of Death." LA Weekly. July 14, 2005.
  14. "Southwest Houston After Dark," Texas Monthly, December 2006
  15. Ben Marshall, Barry Webb, Nick Tilley. "Rationalisation of current research on guns, gangs and other weapons:Phase 1" (PDF). Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, University College London. Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Shelley, Louise. questia "Journal Article Excerpt". Journal of International Affairs. 48. Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help); Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help)
  17. Street Gangs — Chicago Based or Influenced, People Nation and Folk Nation, http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/chicago.html
  18. Asian Gangs in California are Allies to any gang that does work with them ,but are mostly enemies with The Nuestra Familia prison gang. Most Asian gangs do get along with Sureno gangs and African American gangs.Racial segregation continues in California prisons
  19. There's a Zone in L.A. Where Blacks Risk Death if They Enter
  20. "Brotherhood of Hate". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
  21. ^ "White supremacist gang gaining clout after forging alliance with Aryan Brotherhood". courtTVnews. Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)
  22. Leo Shane III. "Army defends recruit screening process". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)
  23. "Intelligence Assessment - Gang-Related Activity in the US Armed Forces Increasing" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)
  24. Rod Powers. "Gang Activity in the U.S. Military". About.com. Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: External link in |author= (help)
  25. Main, Frank (2007-01-20). "FBI details threat from gangs in military: Says members of Illinois". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-07-30. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. "Chicago Gang Graffiti Showing Up In Iraq". CBS2Chicago. Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)
  27. John Kifner. "Hate Groups Are Infiltrating the Military, Group Asserts". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)
  28. Whitehouse.gov "Fact Sheet: Securing America Through Immigration Reform". Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)
  29. Jerry Seper. "Gang will target Minuteman vigil on Mexico border". Washington Times. Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)
  30. Jerry Seper. Washington Times "Al Qaeda seeks tie to local gangs". Washington Times. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  31. Heather Mac Donald. Manhattan Institute For Policy Research "Testimony". Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)
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