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Revision as of 10:43, 21 July 2009 editCali567 (talk | contribs)1,080 edits Cleaned up disorganized photos and made Clarifying changes.← Previous edit Revision as of 11:00, 21 July 2009 edit undo122.104.185.81 (talk) Wikipidia:No original reseach by User:Cali567. It is basically a political agenda or seeking attention from this users point of view. Reverted back to last version.Next edit →
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{{Infobox Ethnic group {{Infobox Ethnic group
|group = Filipino people <br> |group = Filipino people <br>
⚫ |image = ]]]]]] ]]]]]] ]]]]]]

⚫ |image = ]]]]]]]]]]]]
|caption = <small> |caption = <small>
1<sup>st</sup> row: ] · ] · ] 1<sup>st</sup> row: ] · ] · ] · ] · ] · ]
<br> <br>
2<sup>nd</sup> row: ] · ] · ] · ] 2<sup>nd</sup> row: ] · ] · ] · ] · ] · ]
<br> <br>
3<sup>rd</sup> row: ] · ] · ] · ] · ] <small> 3<sup>rd</sup> row: ] · ] · ] · ] · ] · ] <small>
|pop = about 103 million people worldwide.<ref>Combination of Filipinos living in the Philippines and Filipinos living abroad (OFW)</ref> |pop = about 103 million people worldwide.<ref>Combination of Filipinos living in the Philippines and Filipinos living abroad (OFW)</ref>
|region1 = {{flagcountry|Philippines}} |region1 = {{flagcountry|Philippines}}
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|related = ], ] and ]. |related = ], ] and ].
}} }}
'''Filipino people''' refers to nationals of the ] and to persons having Filipino ancestry. The name ''Filipino'' was derived from king ], the ] name given to the Philippines in the ], by Spanish explorer ].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Filipino&searchmode=none | title=Filipino | publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary | accessdate=2001}}</ref> There are about 92 million Filipinos in the Philippines<ref> National Statistics Office projection. Retrieved 30 June 2009] '''Filipino people''' refers to an ] in the ] or individuals of Filipino origin. The name ''Filipino'' was derived from king ], the ] name given to the Philippines in the ] by Spanish explorer ].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Filipino&searchmode=none | title=Filipino | publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary | accessdate=2001}}</ref> There are about 92 million Filipinos in the Philippines<ref> National Statistics Office projection. Retrieved 30 June 2009]
</ref> and about 11 million outside the Philippines<ref name=PRB2003>{{cite web </ref> and about 11 million outside the Philippines.<ref name=PRB2003>{{cite web
|url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx
|title=Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines |title=Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines
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|publisher=Population Reference Bureau |publisher=Population Reference Bureau
|quote=An estimated 10 percent of the country's population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad |quote=An estimated 10 percent of the country's population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad
|accessdate=2009-06-30}}</ref>. |accessdate=2009-06-30}}</ref>


Colloquially, Filipinos refer to themselves as ''"]"'' (feminine: ''"]"''), which is a ] word formed by taking the last four letters of ''"Pilipino"'', and adding the ] ] ''"-y"''. Many ] lack /f/ as a ] and is substituted by /p/ turning ''"Filipino"'' into ''"Pilipino"''. Filipinos refer to themselves as ''"]"'' (feminine: ''"]"''), which is a ] word formed by taking the last four letters of ''"Pilipino"'', and adding the ] ] ''"-y"''. Many ] lack /f/ as a ] and is substituted by /p/ turning ''"Filipino"'' into ''"Pilipino"''.


== History == == History ==
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About 30,000 years ago, the ], who became the ancestors of the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat and other tribes of the Philippines forms about .003% of the total Philippine population. About 30,000 years ago, the ], who became the ancestors of the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat and other tribes of the Philippines forms about .003% of the total Philippine population.
Approximately 6,000 years ago ] settled in what is now the Philippines by sailing or traveling in land bridges. The ] were also in contact with other Asian people such as Malaysian, Indonesian and Chinese.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm | title=Background note:Philippines | publisher=U.S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action | accessdate=April 2009}}</ref> Various ethnic groups established several communities formed by the assimilation of various Indigenous Philippine kingdoms. By the 13th century, Islam was brought to the Philippines by Muslim traders from Malaysia and Indonesia. Most Indigenous tribes of the Philippines practised a mixture of Animism and Islam. There were native villages called Barangays ruled by ] and ]. Approximately 6,000 years ago ] settled in what is now the Philippines by sailing or traveling in land bridges. The ] were also in contact with other Asian people such as Malaysian, Indonesian and Chinese.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm | title=Background note:Philippines | publisher=U.S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action | accessdate=April 2009}}</ref> Various ethnic groups established several communities formed by the assimilation of various Indigenous settlements. By the 13th century, Islam was brought to the Philippines by Muslim traders from Malaysia and Indonesia. Most Indigenous tribes of the Philippines practised a mixture of Animism and Islam. There were native villages called Barangays which were ruled by ] and ].

The ] exploration between 1521 and 1565 initiated a period of Spanish colonization of the Philippines that lasted for 333 years. The Philippines were governed by ] on behalf of the ]. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government official and religious missionares who were born in Spain and Mexico. The Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) settled in the islands to governed the territory. A majority of the Peninsulares were Castilian Spanish, Andalusians, Catalonians and Basques. Intermarriage between Spaniards and the Indigenous people was sometimes encouraged, but was not common as it was in the ]. Only a minority of intermarriage and inter-breeding took place between the two ethnic groups in the Philippines. Some settlers married the daughters of Rajahs and Datus (Chieftains) to reinforce the colonization of the islands while some married only Spaniards. The succeeding generation called Insulares (Spaniards from the islands) became town mayors and hacienderos (land owners) who were granted with plantations by the Spanish government. In some provinces in the Philippines the Spanish government encouraged foreign merchants to trade with the Indigenous tribes. However, they were not given such privileges as the right to own land. From the close contact between the ], a new society class were formed, known as the ] (Nobility).


During Spanish rule, the Philippines were governed by ] on behalf of the ]. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government official, and religious missionares who were born in ] and ]. The Peninsulares (Spanish governors born in Spain) settled in the islands to govern the territory. Intermarriage between Spaniards and the Indigenous people sometimes occured, but was not common as it was in the ]. Only a minority of intermarriage, and inter-breeding took place between the two ethnic groups in the Philippines. Some settlers married the daughters of Rajahs, and Datus (Chieftains) to reinforce the colonization of the islands while some married only other Spaniards. Mexicans of European and Mestizo heritage also arrived in the Philippines. Between 1565, and 1815, ] from Mexico and Spain sailed to and from the Philippines, assisting Spain in its trade between ] and the islands.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.analitica.com/Bitblio/emily_monroy/race_mixing.asp | title=Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines | publisher=Analitica.com Venezuela | accessdate=2002-08-23}}</ref> By the opening of the ] in 1867, the Philippines were opened for International trade, and there were some Europeans such as the British, German, and French, who settled in the islands. Mexicans of European and Mestizo heritage also arrived in the Philippines. Between 1565 and 1815, Hispanics from Mexico and Spain sailed to, and from the Philippines, assisting Spain in its trade between Latin America and the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.analitica.com/Bitblio/emily_monroy/race_mixing.asp | title=Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines | publisher=Analitica.com Venezuela | accessdate=2002-08-23}}</ref> By the opening of the ] in 1867, the Philippines were opened for International trade and there were some Europeans such as the British, German and French, who settled in the islands. By the end of the Spanish period, the ethnic groups in the Philippines began calling themselves Filipinos.


After the defeat of Spain during the ] in 1898, General ] became the first American ] of the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the ] formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the ] in exchange for $20 million dollars.<ref>Article 3 of specifically associated the $20 million payment with the transfer of the Philippines.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay2003b-3.shtml | title=American Conquest of the Philippines - War and Consequences: Benevolent Assimilation and the 1899 PhilAm War | publisher=www.oovrag.com | accessdate=April 2003}}</ref> United States civil governance was established in 1901, with ] as the first American ],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Classroom/Student_writing/1301v-s2005/Group3/Philippines.htm | title=The Philippines/Philippines - A History of Resistance and Assimilation | publisher=voices.cla.umn.edu | accessdate=2005}}</ref> and a number of Americans settled in the islands. ] was a period of American migration to the Philippines. The country gained independence from the United States in 1946. After the defeat of Spain during the ] in 1898, General ] became the first American ] of the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the ] formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the ] in exchange for $20 million dollars.<ref>Article 3 of specifically associated the $20 million payment with the transfer of the Philippines.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay2003b-3.shtml | title=American Conquest of the Philippines - War and Consequences: Benevolent Assimilation and the 1899 PhilAm War | publisher=www.oovrag.com | accessdate=April 2003}}</ref> United States civil governance was established in 1901, with ] as the first American ],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Classroom/Student_writing/1301v-s2005/Group3/Philippines.htm | title=The Philippines/Philippines - A History of Resistance and Assimilation | publisher=voices.cla.umn.edu | accessdate=2005}}</ref> and a number of Americans settled in the islands. ] was a period of American migration to the Philippines. The country gained independence from the United States in 1946.


==Genetic studies== ==Genetic studies==
A ] study conducted during 2001 revealed that ]-M122 (labeled as "Haplogroup L" in this study) is the most common ] found among Filipinos. This particular haplogroup is also predominant among Chinese, Koreans and Vietnamese. Another haplogroup, ]-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study), is also found among Filipinos. The rates of Haplogroup O1a are highest among the Taiwanese aborigines and ]-speaking people. Overall, the genetic frequencies found among Filipinos point to the ] tribe of Taiwan as their nearest genetic ancestors.<ref name=Capelli2001>{{cite journal A ] study conducted during 2001 revealed that ]-M122 (labeled as "Haplogroup L" in this study) is the most common ] found among Filipinos. This particular haplogroup is also predominant among Chinese, Koreans and Vietnamese. Another haplogroup, ]-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study) is also found among Filipinos. The rates of Haplogroup O1a are highest among the Taiwanese aborigines and ] speaking people. Overall, the genetic frequencies found among Filipinos point to the ] tribe of Taiwan as their nearest genetic ancestors.<ref name=Capelli2001>{{cite journal
|coauthors=James F. Wilson, Martin Richards, Michael P. H. Stumpf, |coauthors=James F. Wilson, Martin Richards, Michael P. H. Stumpf,
Fiona Gratrix, Stephen Oppenheimer, Peter Underhill, Vincenzo L. Pascali, Fiona Gratrix, Stephen Oppenheimer, Peter Underhill, Vincenzo L. Pascali,
Line 69: Line 70:
}}</ref> These findings are consistent with the theory that ancestors of the Filipino people have originated on continental East or Southeast Asia before migrating to the Philippines via Taiwan. A 2002 ] study indicated that Filipinos shared genetic chromosome that is found among ], such as Taiwanese aborigines, Indonesians, Thais and Chinese.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11916003&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_DocSum |title=Molecular analysis of mutations and polymorphisms of the Lewis secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase gene reveals that Taiwanese aborigines are of Austronesian derivation | author=Chang JG, Ko YC, Lee JC, Chang SJ, Liu TC, Shih MC, Peng CT |publisher=Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov) | accessdate=2002}}</ref> A variety of research study by the ], genetic chromosome were found in Filipinos which are shared by people from different parts of ], and Southeast Asia. The predominant genotype detected was SC, the Southeast Asian genotype.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12541330&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_DocSum |title=Genetic diversity of JC virus in the modern Filipino population: implications for the peopling of the Philippines |author=Miranda JJ, Sugimoto C, Paraguison R, Takasaka T, Zheng HY, Yogo Y | publisher=Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov) | accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> }}</ref> These findings are consistent with the theory that ancestors of the Filipino people have originated on continental East or Southeast Asia before migrating to the Philippines via Taiwan. A 2002 ] study indicated that Filipinos shared genetic chromosome that is found among ], such as Taiwanese aborigines, Indonesians, Thais and Chinese.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11916003&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_DocSum |title=Molecular analysis of mutations and polymorphisms of the Lewis secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase gene reveals that Taiwanese aborigines are of Austronesian derivation | author=Chang JG, Ko YC, Lee JC, Chang SJ, Liu TC, Shih MC, Peng CT |publisher=Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov) | accessdate=2002}}</ref> A variety of research study by the ], genetic chromosome were found in Filipinos which are shared by people from different parts of ], and Southeast Asia. The predominant genotype detected was SC, the Southeast Asian genotype.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12541330&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_DocSum |title=Genetic diversity of JC virus in the modern Filipino population: implications for the peopling of the Philippines |author=Miranda JJ, Sugimoto C, Paraguison R, Takasaka T, Zheng HY, Yogo Y | publisher=Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov) | accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref>


The official population of ] individuals in the Philippines remain unknown. However, according to a recent study conducted by ], stated that 3.6% of the Philippine population has varying degrees of ] ancestry from Spanish and United States colonization.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania |accessdate=2001 |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> Other ethnic groups include ]s. The official population of mixed blood individuals in the Philippines remain unknown. However, according to a recent study conducted by ], stated that 3.6% of the Philippine population has varying degrees of ] ancestry from Spanish and United States colonization.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania |accessdate=2001 |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref>


==Languages== ==Languages==
{{main|Languages of the Philippines}} {{main|Languages of the Philippines}}
According to ], there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines. ] (based on ]), and ] are the official languages. Other major and minor languages of the Philippines include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. According to ], there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines. ] (based on ]), and ] are the official languages. Other major languages of the Philippines include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].


==Diaspora== ==Diaspora==

Revision as of 11:00, 21 July 2009

Ethnic group
Filipino people
Fernando María GuerreroGloria ArroyoJosé RizalCorazón AquinoEmilio AguinaldoVina Morales Manny PacquiaoIgnacia del Espíritu SantoManuel L. QuezonCharlene GonzalesAndrés BonifacioJeanne Angeles Harn Paulino AlcántaraImelda MarcosCarlos LoyzagaLea SalongaJuan LunaCatherine Untalan

1 row: Fernando María Guerrero · Gloria Arroyo · José Rizal · Corazón Aquino · Emilio Aguinaldo · Vina Morales
2 row: Manny Pacquiao · Ignacia del Espíritu Santo · Manuel L. Quezon · Charlene Gonzales · Andrés Bonifacio · Jeanne Angeles Harn

3 row: Paulino Alcántara · Imelda Marcos · Carlos Loyzaga · Lea Salonga · Juan Luna · Catherine Untalan
Total population
about 103 million people worldwide.
Regions with significant populations
 Philippines92.2 million
 United States3,053,179
 Canada410,695
 Hong Kong130,810
 Australia129,400
 New Zealand16,938
Languages
Filipino, English, Spanish, Philippine languages and other languages.
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism), Islam, Buddhism, Traditional and folk religions and other religion.
Related ethnic groups
Malay people, Austronesian people and Asian people.

Filipino people refers to an ethnic group in the Philippines or individuals of Filipino origin. The name Filipino was derived from king Philip II of Spain, the Spanish name given to the Philippines in the 16th century by Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos. There are about 92 million Filipinos in the Philippines and about 11 million outside the Philippines.

Filipinos refer to themselves as "Pinoy" (feminine: "Pinay"), which is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of "Pilipino", and adding the diminutive suffix "-y". Many Philippine languages lack /f/ as a phoneme and is substituted by /p/ turning "Filipino" into "Pilipino".

History

Main article: History of the Philippines

The earliest human remains found in the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skull and jawbone, discovered in the 1960s by Dr. Robert B. Fox, an American anthropologist of the National Museum. Anthropologists who have examined these human remains agreed that it belonged to modern human beings. These include the homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene homo erectus species. This indicates that the human remains were Pre-Mongoloid. Mongoloid being the term anthropologists applied to the ethnic group which migrated to Southeast Asia during the Holocene period and evolved into the Austronesian people, a group of Malay or Malayo-Polynesian speaking people, a dialect part of the Austronesian language, and Formosan language found in Southeast Asia, the Polynesian islands and Madagascar. About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos, who became the ancestors of the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat and other tribes of the Philippines forms about .003% of the total Philippine population.

Approximately 6,000 years ago Taiwanese aborigines settled in what is now the Philippines by sailing or traveling in land bridges. The Indigenous peoples of the Philippines were also in contact with other Asian people such as Malaysian, Indonesian and Chinese. Various ethnic groups established several communities formed by the assimilation of various Indigenous settlements. By the 13th century, Islam was brought to the Philippines by Muslim traders from Malaysia and Indonesia. Most Indigenous tribes of the Philippines practised a mixture of Animism and Islam. There were native villages called Barangays which were ruled by Rajahs and Datus.

The Spanish exploration between 1521 and 1565 initiated a period of Spanish colonization of the Philippines that lasted for 333 years. The Philippines were governed by Mexico City on behalf of the Spanish Empire. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government official and religious missionares who were born in Spain and Mexico. The Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) settled in the islands to governed the territory. A majority of the Peninsulares were Castilian Spanish, Andalusians, Catalonians and Basques. Intermarriage between Spaniards and the Indigenous people was sometimes encouraged, but was not common as it was in the Americas. Only a minority of intermarriage and inter-breeding took place between the two ethnic groups in the Philippines. Some settlers married the daughters of Rajahs and Datus (Chieftains) to reinforce the colonization of the islands while some married only Spaniards. The succeeding generation called Insulares (Spaniards from the islands) became town mayors and hacienderos (land owners) who were granted with plantations by the Spanish government. In some provinces in the Philippines the Spanish government encouraged foreign merchants to trade with the Indigenous tribes. However, they were not given such privileges as the right to own land. From the close contact between the Spanish people, a new society class were formed, known as the Principalía (Nobility).

Mexicans of European and Mestizo heritage also arrived in the Philippines. Between 1565 and 1815, Hispanics from Mexico and Spain sailed to, and from the Philippines, assisting Spain in its trade between Latin America and the Philippines. By the opening of the Suez Canal in 1867, the Philippines were opened for International trade and there were some Europeans such as the British, German and French, who settled in the islands. By the end of the Spanish period, the ethnic groups in the Philippines began calling themselves Filipinos.

After the defeat of Spain during the Spanish-American War in 1898, General Wesley Merritt became the first American governors of the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the United States in exchange for $20 million dollars. United States civil governance was established in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General, and a number of Americans settled in the islands. World War II was a period of American migration to the Philippines. The country gained independence from the United States in 1946.

Genetic studies

A Stanford University study conducted during 2001 revealed that Haplogroup O3-M122 (labeled as "Haplogroup L" in this study) is the most common Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found among Filipinos. This particular haplogroup is also predominant among Chinese, Koreans and Vietnamese. Another haplogroup, Haplogroup O1a-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study) is also found among Filipinos. The rates of Haplogroup O1a are highest among the Taiwanese aborigines and Chamic speaking people. Overall, the genetic frequencies found among Filipinos point to the Ami tribe of Taiwan as their nearest genetic ancestors. These findings are consistent with the theory that ancestors of the Filipino people have originated on continental East or Southeast Asia before migrating to the Philippines via Taiwan. A 2002 China Medical University study indicated that Filipinos shared genetic chromosome that is found among Asian people, such as Taiwanese aborigines, Indonesians, Thais and Chinese. A variety of research study by the University of the Philippines, genetic chromosome were found in Filipinos which are shared by people from different parts of East Asia, and Southeast Asia. The predominant genotype detected was SC, the Southeast Asian genotype.

Other ethnic groups include Mestizos. The official population of mixed blood individuals in the Philippines remain unknown. However, according to a recent study conducted by Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center, stated that 3.6% of the Philippine population has varying degrees of European ancestry from Spanish and United States colonization.

Languages

Main article: Languages of the Philippines

According to Ethnologue, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines. Filipino (based on Tagalog), and English are the official languages. Other major languages of the Philippines include Cebuano, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapampangan, Bikol, Pangasinan, Tausug, Maguindanao, Maranao, Kinaray-a, Chavacano and Spanish.

Diaspora

Main article: Overseas Filipino

Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the Americas, Europe, Oceania, the Middle East and other countries in the world.

See also

Publications

References

  1. Combination of Filipinos living in the Philippines and Filipinos living abroad (OFW)
  2. Philippines U.S. Department of State.
  3. Filipino Statistics: US US Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 June 2009
  4. Filipino Canadian Statistics Canada. Retrieved 30 June 2009
  5. Filipinos in Hong Kong Hong Kong Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  6. Filipino Australian Australia Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 30 June 2009
  7. Filipinos in New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 2 July 2009
  8. "Filipino". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2001. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  9. Philippines Statistics National Statistics Office projection. Retrieved 30 June 2009]
  10. Yvette Collymore (2003). "Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines". Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 2009-06-30. An estimated 10 percent of the country's population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. "Archaeology in the Philippines, the National Museum and an Emergent Filipino Nation". Wilhelm G. Solheim II foundation for Philippine Archaeology, Inc.
  12. "Ethnologue report for the Austronesian Language". Ethnologue.com languages.
  13. "Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History". New Day Publisher. Retrieved 1984. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. "Origin of the Polynesian peoples" (PDF).
  15. "Pacific People Spead From Taiwan, Language Evolution Study Shows". Science Daily. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
  16. "Austronesian genetic signature in East African Madagascar and Polynesia". Springer Link - Journal Article. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  17. "Background note:Philippines". U.S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action. Retrieved April 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  18. "Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines". Analitica.com Venezuela. Retrieved 2002-08-23.
  19. Article 3 of the treaty specifically associated the $20 million payment with the transfer of the Philippines.
  20. "American Conquest of the Philippines - War and Consequences: Benevolent Assimilation and the 1899 PhilAm War". www.oovrag.com. Retrieved April 2003. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  21. "The Philippines/Philippines - A History of Resistance and Assimilation". voices.cla.umn.edu. Retrieved 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  22. Capelli, Cristian (2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" (pdf). American journal of Human Genetics. 68: 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. Retrieved 2007-06-24. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); line feed character in |coauthors= at position 56 (help)
  23. Chang JG, Ko YC, Lee JC, Chang SJ, Liu TC, Shih MC, Peng CT. "Molecular analysis of mutations and polymorphisms of the Lewis secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase gene reveals that Taiwanese aborigines are of Austronesian derivation". Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov). Retrieved 2002. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. Miranda JJ, Sugimoto C, Paraguison R, Takasaka T, Zheng HY, Yogo Y. "Genetic diversity of JC virus in the modern Filipino population: implications for the peopling of the Philippines". Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov). Retrieved 2007-03-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania" (PDF). Stanford University. Retrieved 2001. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  26. "National Summary Tables". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2001-06-06.
  27. "Population Composition: Asian-born Australians". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2001-06-06.
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