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| {{Infobox Settlement | |||
| | official_name = Bender <!-- See --> | |||
| | other_name = Bendery, Tighina | |||
| | nickname = | |||
| | motto = | |||
| | image_skyline = Preobrajenskii sobor v Benderah.jpg | |||
| | image_caption = ] Cathedral | |||
| | image_flag = Bendery-Flag-2003b.gif | |||
| | image_shield = Coat_of_Arms_of_Bendery.gif | |||
| | image_map = Bender map 2008.png | |||
| | map_caption = Municipality of Bender (in red) | |||
| | subdivision_type = ] | |||
| | subdivision_type1 = Autonomous Region | |||
| | subdivision_type2 = | |||
| | subdivision_name = ] | |||
| | subdivision_name1 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_name2 = | |||
| | established_title = Founded | |||
| | established_date = 1408 | |||
| | established_title2 = | |||
| | established_date2 = | |||
| | government_type = | |||
| | leader_title = Mayor | |||
| | leader_name = Vyacheslav Kogut | |||
| | area_magnitude = | |||
| | area_total_sq_mi = | |||
| | area_total_km2 = 97.29 | |||
| | area_land_sq_mi = | |||
| | area_land_km2 = | |||
| | area_water_sq_mi = | |||
| | area_water_km2 = | |||
| | area_urban_sq_mi = | |||
| | area_urban_km2 = | |||
| | area_metro_km2 = | |||
| | area_metro_sq_mi = | |||
| | population_as_of=2004 | |||
| | population_footnotes = | |||
| | population_total = 97027 | |||
| | population_urban = | |||
| | population_metro = | |||
| | population_density_sq_mi = | |||
| | population_density_km2 = | |||
| | timezone = ] | |||
| | utc_offset = +2 | |||
| | timezone_DST = | |||
| | utc_offset_DST = | |||
| | latd = 46| latm = 50| lats = | latNS = N | |||
| | longd = 29| longm = 29 | longs = | longEW = W | |||
| | elevation_footnotes= | |||
| | elevation_ft = | |||
| | elevation_m = | |||
| | website = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Bender''',<ref name="law764">{{ro icon}} , Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, no. 16/53, December 29, 2001 (subsequent modifications taken into account)</ref> also known as '''Tighina''' (]; {{lang-ru|''Bendery''}}) is a city in ]. Although located on the right (western) bank of the river ], since the ], it is controlled by the authorities of the breakaway region of ]. Together with its suburb ], the city forms a municipality, which is separate from Transnistria according to the Moldovan law. Bender is located in the ] established at the end of the 1992 War of Transnistria. While the ] has overriding powers in the city, Transnistria has '']'' administrative control, and both Moldova and Transnistria have small police forces in the city.{{Fact|date=January 2009}} | |||
| ==Name== | |||
| First mentioned in 1408 as ''Тягянякяча'' (''Tyagyanyakyacha'') in a document in ], the town was known in the Middle Ages as ''Tighina'' in ]n sources and ''Bender'' in ] sources. The fortress and the city were called ''Bender'' for the most part of the time they were a ] of the Ottomans (1538-1812), and during most of the time they belonged to the ]s (1828-1917). They were known as ''Tighina'' in the ], in the early part of the Russian Empire period (1812-1828), and during the time the city belonged to Romania (1918-1940). | |||
| ] | |||
| The city is part of the historical region of ]. During the ] period the city was known in the ] as ''Бендер'' (''Bender'') in ] (]) written then with the ], and as ''Бендéры'' (''Bendery'') in ]. | |||
| In the independent ], officially it is known as ''Bender'', but otherwise both names ''Bender'' and ''Tighina'' are used.<ref>{{ro icon}} on Monument.md</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| The town was first mentioned as an important customs post in a commerce grant issued by the ]n ] ] to the merchants of ] on ] ]. The name "Tighina" is found in documents from the second half of the 15th century. The town was the main Moldavian customs point on the commercial road linking the country to ] ].<ref name=Nistor>], ''Istoria Basarabiei'', Cernăuţi, 1923, reprint Chişinău, Cartea Moldovenească, 1991, p.76</ref> During his reign of Moldavia, ] had a small wooden ] built in the town to defend the settlement from Tatar raids.<ref> on Moldova.md</ref> | |||
| In 1538, the ] sultan ] conquered the town from Moldavia, and renamed it ''Bender''. Its fortifications were developed into a full fortress under the same name under the supervision of the Turkish architect ]. The Ottomans used it to keep the pressure on Moldavia. | |||
| In the 18th century, the fort's area was expanded and modernized by the prince of Moldavia ], who carried out these works under Ottoman supervision. | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1713, the fortress, the town, and the neighboring village ] were the ] (''kalabalik'') between ], who had taken refuge there with the ] ] ] after their defeat in the ], and Turks who wished to enforce the departure of the Swedish king.<ref>Charles XII of Sweden first took refuge in a Moldavian house in the town, then moved to a house specially built for him in Varniţa. cf. ''Ion Nistor, Ibidem, p.140''</ref> | |||
| During the second half of the 18th century, the fortress fell three times to the Russians during the ] (in 1770, 1789, and finally in 1806 without a fight). | |||
| Along with ], the city was annexed to the ] in 1812, and remained part of the Russian ] until 1917. | |||
| Tighina was part of the ] in 1917-1918, and after 1918, as part of Bessarabia, the city belonged to ], where it was the seat of ]. | |||
| Along with Bessarabia, the city was ] by the ] on ], ], following an ultimatum. In the course of ], it was retaken by Romania in July 1941, and again by the ] in August 1944. | |||
| In 1940-41, and 1941-1991 it was one of the four "republican cities" (i.e. not subordinated to a district) of the ], one of the 15 republics of the ]. Since 1991, the city is part of the independent ]. | |||
| ] of the breakaway Transnistrian "army".]] | |||
| During the ] (1992), because of the city's key strategic location on the right bank of ] river, 10 km from left-bank ], it was the biggest of the three battlefields of that war.<ref>The other two were ] and ].</ref> | |||
| Since 1992, Bendery is formally in the ] established at the end of the conflict, but is de facto controlled by Transnistrian authorities. Moldovan authorities control the commune of ], which fringes the city to the north. Transnistrian authorities control the communes of ], which borders the city to the west, ], which borders the city to the south-west, ] and ], further to the south-east, while Moldovans are in control of ], further to the south-east . | |||
| ==Administration== | |||
| Vyacheslav Kogut is the city's current ]. | |||
| ==People and culture== | |||
| ===Demographics=== | |||
| At the ], the city had a population of 100,169, of which the city itself 97,027, and the commune of ], 3,142. | |||
| {| class="prettytable" | |||
| |----- | |||
| |colspan="10" align="center" bgcolor="#FFA500" | '''Ethnic composition''' | |||
| |----- | |||
| | rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Ethnic group''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1930 census''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1959 census''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1970 census''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1979 census''' || rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1989 census'''|| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''2004 census''' | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | <small>the city<br/> itself</small> || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | <small>]</small> || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | <small>'''The<br/> municipality'''</small> || align=center bgcolor="#98FB98" | <small>'''%'''</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 15,116 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 41,949 || align=right | 1,482 || align=right | 43,431 || align=right | <small>43.35%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ]<sup>'''1'''</sup> || align=right | - || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 24,313 || align=right | 756 || align=right | 25,069 || align=right | <small>25.03%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ]<sup>'''1'''</sup> || align=right | 5,464 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 61 || align=right | 0-5 || align=right | 61-66 || align=right | <small>0.06%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | - || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 17,348 || align=right | 658 || align=right | 18,006 || align=right | <small>17.98%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ], Ukrainians || align=right | 1,349 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | - || align=right | - || align=right | - || align=right | <small>-</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 170 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 3,001 || align=right | 163 || align=right | 3,164 || align=right | <small>3.16%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 40 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 1,066 || align=right | 25 || align=right | 1,091 || align=right | <small>1.09%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 8,279 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 383 || align=right | 2 || align=right | 385 || align=right | <small>0.38%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 243 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 258 || align=right | 6 || align=right | 264 || align=right | <small>0.26%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 309 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 190 || align=right | 0-12 || align=right | 190-202 || align=right | <small>0.20%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 46 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 173 || align=right | 0-16 || align=right | 173-189|| align=right | <small>0.18%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 24 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 132 || align=right | 0-5 || align=right | 132-137 || align=right | <small>0.13%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right rowspan="2" | 188 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | 713 || align=right | 19 || align=right | 732 || align=right | <small>0.73%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | others || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || rowspan="8" align=right | 7,440 || rowspan="8" align=right | 0-31 || rowspan="8" align=right | 7,440-7,471 || rowspan="8" align=right | <small>7.44%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | non-declared || align=right | 51 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 37 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 24 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ], ], ] || align=right | 22 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ], ] || align=right | 19 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 2 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 1 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Total''' || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 31,384<ref name="citypopulation1930"></ref> || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 43,000 || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 72,300 || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 101,292<ref name="citypopulation1989" ></ref> || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 129,969<ref name="citypopulation1989" /> || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 97,027<ref name="citypopulation2004"></ref> || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 3,142<ref name="citypopulation2004" /> || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 100,169 || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | <small>100%</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |} | |||
| <small> | |||
| ''Note:'' '''<sup>1</sup>''' Since the independence of Moldova, there is an ] over whether Romanians and Moldovans are the same ethnic group. At the census, every citizen could only declare one nationality. Consequently, one could not declare oneself both Moldovan and Romanian.</small> | |||
| </small> | |||
| {| class="prettytable" | |||
| |----- | |||
| |colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#FFA500" | '''Native language''' | |||
| |----- | |||
| | align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Language''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''1930 census''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''2004 census''' | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 16,566 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 8,117 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 4,718 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 1,286 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 225 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 219 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 78 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 26 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 21 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 20 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 16 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ], ] || align=right | 14 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right |11 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ], ] || align=right | 8 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | ] || align=right | 2 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | other || align=right | 11 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left | non-declared || align=right |46 || align=right | <small>N/A</small> | |||
| |----- | |||
| |align=left bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Total''' || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 31,384<ref <ref name="citypopulation1930" /> || align=right bgcolor="#98FB98" | 100,169 | |||
| |----- | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Famous natives=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Famous people born in the city include: | |||
| *Two ] ]s known as ] | |||
| *], artist | |||
| *], Jewish Soviet zoologist and geographer | |||
| *], Romanian actress | |||
| *], former President of ] | |||
| *], dramatist, writer | |||
| *], Russian geophysicist | |||
| *], Polish statistician | |||
| *], British economic historian | |||
| *], singer | |||
| ===Sport=== | |||
| ] is the city's professional football club, playing in the top Moldovan football league, the ]. | |||
| ==Sister cities== | |||
| *{{flagicon|ITA}} ], ] | |||
| *{{flagicon|ITA}} ], ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{commons cat|Tighina|Tighina}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{Municipality of Bender, Moldova}} | |||
| {{Administrative divisions of Moldova}} | |||
| {{Geography of Transnistrian conflict}} | |||
| {{coord|46|50|N|29|29|E|region:TR_type:city|display=title}} | |||
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