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| {{Taxobox |
{{Taxobox | ||
| | name= ''Therea petiveriana'' | |||
| | image = SevenSpotRoach2.jpg | | image = SevenSpotRoach2.jpg | ||
| | image_caption = From ], South India | | image_caption = From ], South India | ||
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| | classis = ]a | | classis = ]a | ||
| | ordo = ] | | ordo = ] | ||
| | familia = ] | | familia = ] | ||
| | genus = '']'' | | genus = '']'' | ||
| | species = '''''T. petiveriana''''' | | species = '''''T. petiveriana''''' | ||
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| }} | }} | ||
| '''''Therea petiveriana''''' variously called the "desert cockroach", "seven-spotted cockroach" or "Indian domino cockroach" is a species of ] ] found in southern ]. They are members of a ] group within the cockroaches.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Grandcolas, P.|year= 1993|title= Le genre ''Therea'' Billberg, 1820: position phylogenetique, nouvelles especes, repartition, valence ecologique (Dictyoptera, Blattaria, Polyphaginae)|ps= |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|volume= 71|issue=9|pages=1816–1822|doi=10.1139/z93-259}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= What Does Cryptocercus kyebangensis, n.sp. (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Polyphagidae) from Korea Reveal about ''Cryptocercus'' Evolution? A Study in Morphology, Molecular Phylogeny, and Chemistry of Tergal Glands|author=Philippe Grandcolas, Yung Chul Park, Jae C. Choe, Maria-Dolors Piulachs, Xavier Bellés , Cyrille D'Haese, Jean-Pierre Farine, Rémy Brossut and Jena-Pierre Farine|journal= Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia|volume=151|year=2001|pages= 61–79|doi= 10.1635/0097-3157(2001)1512.0.CO;2}}</ref> |
'''''Therea petiveriana''''', variously called the "desert cockroach", "seven-spotted cockroach" or "Indian domino cockroach", is a species of ] ] found in southern ]. They are members of a ] group within the cockroaches.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Grandcolas, P.|year= 1993|title= Le genre ''Therea'' Billberg, 1820: position phylogenetique, nouvelles especes, repartition, valence ecologique (Dictyoptera, Blattaria, Polyphaginae)|ps= |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|volume= 71|issue=9|pages=1816–1822|doi=10.1139/z93-259}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= What Does Cryptocercus kyebangensis, n.sp. (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Polyphagidae) from Korea Reveal about ''Cryptocercus'' Evolution? A Study in Morphology, Molecular Phylogeny, and Chemistry of Tergal Glands|author=Philippe Grandcolas, Yung Chul Park, Jae C. Choe, Maria-Dolors Piulachs, Xavier Bellés , Cyrille D'Haese, Jean-Pierre Farine, Rémy Brossut and Jena-Pierre Farine|journal= Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia|volume=151|year=2001|pages= 61–79|doi= 10.1635/0097-3157(2001)1512.0.CO;2}}</ref> This somewhat roundish and contrastingly marked cockroach is mainly found on the ground in ] habitats where they may burrow under leaf-litter or loose ground during the heat of the day.<ref name=ocelli>{{cite journal|author=Livingston, D & M Rajambal |year=1980|title= Association of ocelli with the neuroendocrine system of ''Therea petiveriana'' (L.) (Blaberoidea: Polyphagidae) |journal=Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), |volume=89|issue=2|pages=147–153 |ps=|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/procb/89b/147-154.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> | ||
| ].]] | ].]] | ||
| == Appearance == | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| The black and white pattern of adults is believed to have evolved to ] the pattern of the aggressive ] '']'' that has strong defenses, including the ability to spray chemicals irritants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coleop-terra.com/adaptation.html#mimicry|title=Mimicry}}</ref> The upperside of the abdomen is orange-yellow, but is hidden by the ]. The spots on the asymmetrical tegmina are placed so that when closed the spots appear symmetrical. The right tegmen has a lobe that is bright orange-yellow. The species has been said to be one of the few cockroaches with "grace and beauty".<ref>{{cite book|author=Sharp, David|year=1895|title=The Cambridge Natural History. Volume 5.|publisher=Macmillan and Co. London|pages=233–234|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024535472#page/n249/mode/2up}}</ref> The head is bent back underneath the pronotal shield (hypognathous) and the ] (simple eyes) face forward, helping sense light and thereby time foraging activity during early morning and late evening. | |||
| ⚫ | Like other cockroaches |
||
| == Reproduction == | |||
| ⚫ | Once a female copulates with a male, it does not allow males to approach, kicking them away with the hind legs.<ref>{{cite journal|ps=|author=Livingstone D and Ramani R|year= 1978 |title=Studies on the reproductive biology.|journal= Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.|volume=87|pages=229–247}}</ref> The eggs are laid in leaf litter.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ananthasubramanian, K.S., and T.N. Ananthakrishnan |year=1959|title= The structure of the ootheca and egg laying habits of ''Corydia petiveriana'' L. |journal=Indian Journal of Entomology |volume=21|pages=59–64}}</ref> Up to 13 oothecae are laid by a female over 3 to 40 days <ref name=ocelli/>(blocking the ocelli of the females has been found to inhibit the laying of eggs). The oothecae are produced as in other cockroaches by the asymmetrical colleterial glands of the females.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The fine structure of colleterial glands in two cockroaches and three termites, including a detailed study of ''Cryptocercus punctulatus'' (Blattaria, Cryptocercidae) and Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera, Mastotermitidae)|journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |volume=37|issue=1|year=2008|pages=55–66|ps=|author=Annie Courrent, André Quennedey, Christine A. Nalepa, Alain Robert, Michael Lenz and Christian Bordereau|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2007.03.004 }}</ref> Once the ootheca is extruded it is laid in a suitable moist leaf litter substrate.<ref>{{cite book|page=123|title=Cockroaches: ecology, behavior, and natural history|author=William J. Bell, Louis Marcus Roth, Christine A. Nalepa|publisher=John Hopkins University Press|year=2007|isbn=0801886163}}</ref> Nymphs lead a life hidden below the ground and may go as deep as 30 cm during the dry season.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bhoopathy, S.|year=1997|title=Microhabitat preferences among four species of cockroaches|journal=Journal of Nature Conservation|volume = 9|pages=259–264}}</ref> | ||
| == Taxonomy == | |||
| This is the ] for the genus ''Therea''. The species epithet is after ] (1663-1718), who collected specimens in Madras and its vicinity. ] placed the species under ''Cassida'' and described ''C. petiveriana'' and another that he called ''C. septemguttata'', now considered a ].<ref name=marshall/> | |||
| == Communicaiton and defence == | |||
| ⚫ | Like other cockroaches, ''T. petiveriana'' uses chemical ] to communicate with each other. When disturbed, they are said to raise their wings and evert lateral glands on the second and third abdominal segment. Their glandular secretions were found to contain volatile compounds N-3-methylbutylacetamide (MBA) and N-3-methylbutylpropanamide (MBP), making up nearly 60% of the volatile fraction. These chemicals appeared to induce alarm behaviour.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Farine, J. P., Semon, E., Everaerts, C., Abed, D., Grandcolas, P. and Brossut, R. |year=2002|title= Defensive secretion of ''Therea petiveriana'': chemical identification and evidence of an alarm function|ps= |journal= J. Chem. Ecol.|volume=28|pages=1629–1640|url=http://www.mnhn.fr/oseb/Grandcolas/Grandcolas_fichiers/Fetal02.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1023/A:1019932630787}}</ref> | ||
| ==Digestion== | |||
| Like termites, these cockroaches have symbiotic flagellates and bacteria in their gut that aid in digestion.<ref>{{cite journal|ps=|author=Rao TB and Todd SR |year=1968 |title=A new flagellate ''Trichomitus corydiae'' from the insect ''Corydia petiveriana'' |journal=Rivista di parassitologia |volume=29|issue=2|pages=91–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Cockroaches that lack ''Blattabacterium'' endosymbionts: the phylogenetically divergent genus ''Nocticola''.|journal=Biol. Lett. |year=2007|volume=3|pages=327–330|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0614|author=Nathan Lo, Tiziana Beninati, Fred Stone, James Walker and Luciano Sacchi|url=http://www.bio.usyd.edu.au/Social_InsectsLab/Nate/PDFs/32-Nocticola_Biology_Letters2007.pdf.pdf|format=PDF|pmid=17376757}}</ref> | Like termites, these cockroaches have symbiotic flagellates and bacteria in their gut that aid in digestion.<ref>{{cite journal|ps=|author=Rao TB and Todd SR |year=1968 |title=A new flagellate ''Trichomitus corydiae'' from the insect ''Corydia petiveriana'' |journal=Rivista di parassitologia |volume=29|issue=2|pages=91–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Cockroaches that lack ''Blattabacterium'' endosymbionts: the phylogenetically divergent genus ''Nocticola''.|journal=Biol. Lett. |year=2007|volume=3|pages=327–330|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0614|author=Nathan Lo, Tiziana Beninati, Fred Stone, James Walker and Luciano Sacchi|url=http://www.bio.usyd.edu.au/Social_InsectsLab/Nate/PDFs/32-Nocticola_Biology_Letters2007.pdf.pdf|format=PDF|pmid=17376757}}</ref> | ||
| == |
==As pets== | ||
| This species is popular as a pet in many parts of the world and are easy to keep. | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 00:53, 8 August 2009
| Therea petiveriana | |
|---|---|
| |
| From Thiruvannamalai, South India | |
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Blattodea |
| Family: | Polyphagidae |
| Genus: | Therea |
| Species: | T. petiveriana |
| Binomial name | |
| Therea petiveriana (Linnaeus, 1766) | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Corydia petiveriana | |
Therea petiveriana, variously called the "desert cockroach", "seven-spotted cockroach" or "Indian domino cockroach", is a species of crepuscular cockroach found in southern India. They are members of a basal group within the cockroaches. This somewhat roundish and contrastingly marked cockroach is mainly found on the ground in scrub forest habitats where they may burrow under leaf-litter or loose ground during the heat of the day.
Appearance
The black and white pattern of adults is believed to have evolved to mimic the pattern of the aggressive ground beetle Anthia sexguttata that has strong defenses, including the ability to spray chemicals irritants. The upperside of the abdomen is orange-yellow, but is hidden by the tegmina. The spots on the asymmetrical tegmina are placed so that when closed the spots appear symmetrical. The right tegmen has a lobe that is bright orange-yellow. The species has been said to be one of the few cockroaches with "grace and beauty". The head is bent back underneath the pronotal shield (hypognathous) and the ocelli (simple eyes) face forward, helping sense light and thereby time foraging activity during early morning and late evening.
Reproduction
Once a female copulates with a male, it does not allow males to approach, kicking them away with the hind legs. The eggs are laid in leaf litter. Up to 13 oothecae are laid by a female over 3 to 40 days (blocking the ocelli of the females has been found to inhibit the laying of eggs). The oothecae are produced as in other cockroaches by the asymmetrical colleterial glands of the females. Once the ootheca is extruded it is laid in a suitable moist leaf litter substrate. Nymphs lead a life hidden below the ground and may go as deep as 30 cm during the dry season.
Taxonomy
This is the type species for the genus Therea. The species epithet is after James Petiver (1663-1718), who collected specimens in Madras and its vicinity. Carolus Linnaeus placed the species under Cassida and described C. petiveriana and another that he called C. septemguttata, now considered a synonym.
Communicaiton and defence
Like other cockroaches, T. petiveriana uses chemical pheromones to communicate with each other. When disturbed, they are said to raise their wings and evert lateral glands on the second and third abdominal segment. Their glandular secretions were found to contain volatile compounds N-3-methylbutylacetamide (MBA) and N-3-methylbutylpropanamide (MBP), making up nearly 60% of the volatile fraction. These chemicals appeared to induce alarm behaviour.
Digestion
Like termites, these cockroaches have symbiotic flagellates and bacteria in their gut that aid in digestion.
As pets
This species is popular as a pet in many parts of the world and are easy to keep.
References
- ^ Judith A. Marshall (1975). "The orthopteroid insects described by Linnaeus, with notes on the Linnaean collection". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 78 (4): 375–396. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1975.tb02266.x.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|ps=(help) - de Wattenwyl, Charles Brunner (1865). Nouveau Systeme des Blattaires. p. 34.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|ps=(help) - Linnaeus, C. 1766. Syst. Nat. II p. 577 n. 28
- "ZooBank".
- Grandcolas, P. (1993). "Le genre Therea Billberg, 1820: position phylogenetique, nouvelles especes, repartition, valence ecologique (Dictyoptera, Blattaria, Polyphaginae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 71 (9): 1816–1822. doi:10.1139/z93-259.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|ps=(help) - Philippe Grandcolas, Yung Chul Park, Jae C. Choe, Maria-Dolors Piulachs, Xavier Bellés , Cyrille D'Haese, Jean-Pierre Farine, Rémy Brossut and Jena-Pierre Farine (2001). "What Does Cryptocercus kyebangensis, n.sp. (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Polyphagidae) from Korea Reveal about Cryptocercus Evolution? A Study in Morphology, Molecular Phylogeny, and Chemistry of Tergal Glands". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 151: 61–79. doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2001)151[0061:WDCKNS]2.0.CO;2.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Livingston, D & M Rajambal (1980). "Association of ocelli with the neuroendocrine system of Therea petiveriana (L.) (Blaberoidea: Polyphagidae)" (PDF). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.),. 89 (2): 147–153.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|ps=(help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - "Mimicry".
- Sharp, David (1895). The Cambridge Natural History. Volume 5. Macmillan and Co. London. pp. 233–234.
- Livingstone D and Ramani R (1978). "Studies on the reproductive biology". Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 87: 229–247.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|ps=(help) - Ananthasubramanian, K.S., and T.N. Ananthakrishnan (1959). "The structure of the ootheca and egg laying habits of Corydia petiveriana L.". Indian Journal of Entomology. 21: 59–64.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Annie Courrent, André Quennedey, Christine A. Nalepa, Alain Robert, Michael Lenz and Christian Bordereau (2008). "The fine structure of colleterial glands in two cockroaches and three termites, including a detailed study of Cryptocercus punctulatus (Blattaria, Cryptocercidae) and Mastotermes darwiniensis (Isoptera, Mastotermitidae)". Arthropod Structure & Development. 37 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2007.03.004.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|ps=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - William J. Bell, Louis Marcus Roth, Christine A. Nalepa (2007). Cockroaches: ecology, behavior, and natural history. John Hopkins University Press. p. 123. ISBN 0801886163.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Bhoopathy, S. (1997). "Microhabitat preferences among four species of cockroaches". Journal of Nature Conservation. 9: 259–264.
- Farine, J. P., Semon, E., Everaerts, C., Abed, D., Grandcolas, P. and Brossut, R. (2002). "Defensive secretion of Therea petiveriana: chemical identification and evidence of an alarm function" (PDF). J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 1629–1640. doi:10.1023/A:1019932630787.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|ps=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Rao TB and Todd SR (1968). "A new flagellate Trichomitus corydiae from the insect Corydia petiveriana". Rivista di parassitologia. 29 (2): 91–5.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|ps=(help) - Nathan Lo, Tiziana Beninati, Fred Stone, James Walker and Luciano Sacchi (2007). "Cockroaches that lack Blattabacterium endosymbionts: the phylogenetically divergent genus Nocticola" (PDF). Biol. Lett. 3: 327–330. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0614. PMID 17376757.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)