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| {{Otheruses3|Censor}} | |||
| {{Refimprove|date=July 2008}} | |||
| {{Censorship}} | |||
| '''Censorship''' is the suppression of ] or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the government or media organizations as determined by a censor. | |||
| ==Rationale== | |||
| The rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored: | |||
| *'''Moral censorship''' is the removal of materials that are ] or otherwise morally questionable. ], for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially ], which is censored in most jurisdictions in the world. | |||
| *'''Military censorship''' is the process of keeping ] and ] confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter ], which is the process of gleaning military information. Very often, militaries will also attempt to suppress politically inconvenient information even if that information has no actual intelligence value. | |||
| *''']''' occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. The logic is to exert control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment ]. | |||
| *''']''' is the means by which any material objectionable to a certain faith is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones. Alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their faith. | |||
| *''']''' is the process by which editors incorporate media outlets intervene to halt the publishing of information that portrays their business or business partners in a negative light.{{Fact|date=April 2009}} | |||
| ==Political censorship== | |||
| {{Double image stack|left/right/center|Voroshilov, Molotov, Stalin, with Nikolai Yezhov.jpg|The Commissar Vanishes 2.jpg|180|], the young man strolling with ] was shot in 1940. He was edited out from a photo by Soviet censors.<ref> (The Newseum)</ref> Such retouching was a common occurrence during Stalin's reign.}} | |||
| {{main|Political censorship}} | |||
| {{see also|Eastern Bloc information dissemination|Censorship in Cuba|Censorship in the People's Republic of China|Censorship in North Korea}} | |||
| Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc.<ref name="major6">{{Harvnb|Major|Mitter|2004|p=6}}</ref> Throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight reign on their writers.<ref name="major15">{{Harvnb|Major|Mitter|2004|p=15}}</ref> Cultural products there reflected the propaganda needs of the state.<ref name="major15"/> Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years.<ref name="crampton247">{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=247}}</ref> In the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they had the temerity to suggest that the sun might not shine on ].<ref name="crampton247"/> Under ] in ], weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop.<ref name="crampton247"/> | |||
| Independent journalism did not exist in the ] until ] became its leader; all reporting was directed by the ] or related organizations. ], the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available only if they were published by ] sympathetic to the Soviet Union. | |||
| Possession and use of ] was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of ], illegal ] books and magazines. <!-- Page 308 ISBN 0886876540 --> Possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by ] was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the ]. <!--Page 309 ISBN 0886876540 -->Another outlet for works which did not find favor with the authorities was publishing abroad. | |||
| The ], which continues Communist rule in politics, if not in the controlled economy, employs some 30,000 'Internet police' to monitor the internet and popular search engines such as ] and ]. | |||
| ] under ] ] had much the same techniques of press censorship as did Romania under ] but with greater potential violence. | |||
| Cuban media is operated under the supervision of the ] ''Department of Revolutionary Orientation'', which "develops and coordinates propaganda strategies".<ref name="CPJ-2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpj.org/censored/censored_06.html|title=10 most censored countries|publisher=The Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> Connecting to Internet is illegal.<ref name="cubaonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf|title=Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|date=2006}}</ref> | |||
| ==Censorship of state secrets and prevention of attention== | |||
| ], ].]] | |||
| ], ], March 20-21-21, 1981, with censor intervention on | |||
| first and last pages --- under the headlines "Co zdarzyło się w Bydgoszczy?" (]) and "Pogotowie strajkowe w całym kraju" (Country-wide strike alert). The censor had removed a section regarding the strike alert; hence the workers in the printing house blanked out an official propaganda section. The right-hand page also includes a hand-written confirmation of that decision by the local ].]] | |||
| In wartime, explicit censorship is carried out with the intent of preventing the release of information that might be useful to an ]. Typically it involves keeping times or locations secret, or delaying the release of information (e.g., an operational objective) until it is of no possible use to enemy forces. The moral issues here are often seen as somewhat different, as release of tactical information usually presents a greater risk of casualties among one's own forces and could possibly lead to loss of the overall conflict. | |||
| During ] letters written by British soldiers would have to go through censorship. This consisted of officers going through letters with a black marker and crossing out anything which might compromise operational secrecy before the letter was sent. The ] catchphrase "]" was used as a common justification to exercise official wartime censorship and encourage individual restraint when sharing potentially sensitive information. | |||
| An example of "]" policies comes from the ] under ], where publicly used photographs were often altered to remove people whom Stalin had condemned to execution. Though past photographs may have been remembered or kept, this deliberate and systematic alteration to all of history in the public mind is seen as one of the central themes of ] and ]. | |||
| Censorship is occasionally carried out to aid authorities or to protect an individual, as with some kidnappings when attention and media coverage of the victim can sometimes be seen as unhelpful.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/technology/internet/29wiki.html?_r=1&ref=todayspaper</ref><ref>http://rawstory.com/news/afp/Cat_and_mouse_at_Wikipedia_over_NYT_06292009.html</ref> | |||
| ==Censorship of educational sources== | |||
| ] censored by Iranian authorities. The offending cover was about the subject of ], and the picture hidden beneath the white sticker is of an embracing couple.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lundqvist |first=J. |title=More pictures of Iranian Censorship |url=http://jturn.qem.se/2006/more-pictures-of-iranian-censorship/ |accessdate=August 2007-01-21}}</ref> February 2006.]] | |||
| The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, since their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is the one commonly used to refer to selective removal of critical or damaging evidence or comment. The ] is extremely controversial, as in the case of the ], the ], the ], ] (or ]), and the ] of the ]. | |||
| In the context of secondary-school education, the way facts and history are presented greatly influences the interpretation of contemporary thought, opinion and socialization. One argument for censoring the type of information disseminated is based on the inappropriate quality of such material for the young. The use of the "inappropriate" distinction is in itself controversial, as it changed heavily. A Ballantine Books version of the book ] which is the version used by most school classes<ref>Bradbury, Ray. ''Fahrenheit 451''. Del Rey Books. April 1991.</ref> contained approximately 75 separate edits, omissions, and changes from the original Bradbury manuscript. | |||
| ==Censorship in music and popular culture== | |||
| {{see also|Censorship of music}} | |||
| After Fidel Castro established his communist dictatorship, Che Guevara suggested a ban on jazz and rock & roll, which he saw as "imperialist music".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reason.tv/video/show/622.html|title=Hollywood's Sick Love Affair with Che Guevara}}</ref> | |||
| <!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: ] CD]] --> | |||
| The original cover of nude ] and ]'s ] provoked an outrage, prompting distributors to sell the album in a plain brown wrapper.<ref> ]</ref> | |||
| Music censorship has been implemented by states, religions, educational systems, families, retailers and lobbying groups – and in most cases they violate international conventions of human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemuse.org/sw2338.asp |title=WHAT IS MUSIC CENSORSHIP? |publisher=Freemuse.org |date=1 January 2001 |accessdate=2008-10-25}}</ref> | |||
| Aside from the usual justifications of pornography, language and violence, some movies are censored due to changing racial attitudes or ] in order to avoid ] and/or ethnic offense despite its historical or artistic value. One example is the still withdrawn "]" series of animated cartoons, which may be innocent then but "incorrect" now. | |||
| ==Copy, picture, and writer approval== | |||
| Copy approval is the right to read and amend an article, usually an interview, before publication. Many publications refuse to give copy approval but it is increasingly becoming common practice when dealing with publicity anxious celebrities.<ref>{{cite news |title=The readers' editor on requests that are always refused |author=Ian Mayes |date=2005-04-23 |publisher=The Guardian |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1468351,00.html |accessdate=August 2007-01-21}}</ref> Picture approval is the right given to an individual to choose which photos will be published and which will not. ] is well known for insisting upon picture approval.<ref name="Observer-approval">{{cite news |title=Caution: big name ahead |date=2002-01-27 |publisher=The Observer |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,639829,00.html |accessdate=August 2007-01-21}}</ref> Writer approval is when writers are chosen based on whether they will write flattering articles or not. Hollywood publicist Pat Kingsley is known for banning certain writers who wrote undesirably about one of her clients from interviewing any of her other clients.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} | |||
| ==Censorship of maps== | |||
| <!-- http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=08/09/28/0033216 --> | |||
| {{main|Censorship of maps}} | |||
| Censorship of maps was also used in former ], especially for the areas near the border to ] in order to make attempts of ] more difficult. Censorship of maps is also applied by ], where certain areas are greyed out or areas are purposely left out-dated with old imagery.<ref name="WashingtonPost">{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/21/AR2007072101296.html|title=Google's View of D.C. Melds New and Sharp, Old and Fuzzy|accessdate=2007-07-22|publisher=Washington Post|year=Jul. 22, 2007|author=Jenna Johnson|work=News}}</ref> | |||
| ==Meta censorship== | |||
| In this form of censorship, any information about existence of censorship and the legal basis of the censorship is censored. Rules of censoring were classified. Removed texts or phrases were not marked. | |||
| ==Creative censorship== | |||
| In this form of censorship, censors rewrite texts, giving these texts secret co-authors. | |||
| This form of censorship is used in the novel ]. | |||
| ==Censorship implementation== | |||
| The former ] maintained a particularly extensive program of state-imposed censorship. The main organ for official censorship in the ] was the ''Chief Agency for Protection of Military and State Secrets'' generally known as the '']'', its Russian acronym. The ''Glavlit'' handled censorship matters arising from domestic writings of just about any kind—even beer and vodka labels. ''Glavlit'' censorship personnel were present in every large Soviet publishing house or newspaper; the agency employed some 70,000 censors to review information before it was disseminated by publishing houses, editorial offices, and broadcasting studios. No mass medium escaped ''Glavlit'''s control. All press agencies and radio and television stations had ''Glavlit'' representatives on their editorial staffs. | |||
| ] | |||
| Sometimes, a specific and ] information whose very existence is barely known to the public, is kept in a subtle, near-censorship situation, being regarded as "]" or "inconvenient". ]'s 1978 text "]" (later republished as "The Danger of Child Sexuality"), for instance - originally published as ''La loi de la pudeur'' [literally, "the law of decency"], defends the decriminalization of ] and the ]. | |||
| When a publisher comes under pressure to suppress a book, but has already entered into a contract with the author, they will sometimes effectively censor the book by deliberately ordering a small print run and making minimal, if any, attempts to publicize it. This practice became known in the early 2000s as ''privishing''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0711-05.htm | title=Journalists Thrown 'Into the Buzzsaw' | last=Winkler | first=David | month=July | day=11 | year=2002 | publisher=CommonDreams.org }}</ref> | |||
| ==Internet censorship== | |||
| {{main|Internet censorship}} | |||
| Internet censorship is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the ]. The legal issues are similar to offline censorship. One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that bans certain information can find it on ]s hosted outside the country. A government can try to prevent its citizens from viewing these even if it has no control over the websites themselves. | |||
| Barring total control on Internet-connected computers, such as in ] and ], total censorship of information on the Internet is very difficult (or impossible) to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the Internet. ] and ]s (such as ]) allow unconditional ], as the technology guarantees that material cannot be removed and the author of any information is impossible to link to a physical ] or ]. | |||
| In November 2007, "Father of the Internet" ] stated that he sees due to private ownership. | |||
| ==Censorship by country== | |||
| {{main|Censorship by country}} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| ==Citations and notes== | |||
| {{reflist|colspan=2}} | |||
| ==General information== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| *Abbott, Randy. "A Critical Analysis of the Library-Related Literature Concerning Censorship in Public Libraries and Public School Libraries in the United States During the 1980s." Project for degree of Education Specialist, University of South Florida, December 1987. ] | |||
| *Burress, Lee. ''Battle of the Books''. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1989. ] | |||
| *], "Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative" (1997) | |||
| *], edited by Lawrence D. Kritzman. ''Philosophy, Culture: interviews and other writings 1977–1984'' (New York/London: 1988, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-90082-4) (The text ''Sexual Morality and the Law'' is Chapter 16 of the book). | |||
| *O'Reilly, Robert C. and Larry Parker. "Censorship or Curriculum Modification?" Paper presented at a School Boards Association, 1982, 14 p. ] | |||
| *Hansen, Terry. ''The Missing Times: News media complicity in the UFO cover-up,'' 2000. ISBN 0-7388-3612-5 | |||
| *Hendrikson, Leslie. "Library Censorship: ERIC Digest No. 23." ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education, Boulder, Colorado, November 1985. ] | |||
| *Hoffman, Frank. "Intellectual Freedom and Censorship." Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1989. ] | |||
| *Marek, Kate. "Schoolbook Censorship USA." June 1987. ] | |||
| *National Coalition against Censorship (NCAC). "Books on Trial: A Survey of Recent Cases." January 1985. ] | |||
| *Ringmar, Erik (London: Anthem Press, 2007) | |||
| *Small, Robert C., Jr. "Preparing the New English Teacher to Deal with Censorship, or Will I Have to Face it Alone?" Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of English, 1987, 16 p. | |||
| :(Arguing that an English teacher should get advice from school librarians in preparing to encounter three levels of censorship: | |||
| #Rejection of adolescent fiction and popular teen magazines as having low value, | |||
| #Experienced colleagues discouraging "difficult" lesson plans, | |||
| #Outside interest groups limiting students' exposure. ]) | |||
| *Terry, John David II. "Censorship: Post Pico." In "School Law Update, 1986," edited by Thomas N. Jones and Darel P. Semler. ] | |||
| * | |||
| *], volume 3 (C-Ch), pages 345, 346 | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Wikia | censorship}} | |||
| {{wikibooks|Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy}} | |||
| {{Wiktionary}} | |||
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Revision as of 19:38, 15 August 2009
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