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| Sound change and alternation |
|---|
| Metathesis |
| Lenition |
| Fortition |
| Epenthesis |
| Elision |
| Transphonologization |
| Assimilation |
| Dissimilation |
| Sandhi Synalepha |
| Other types |
Sandhi (Sanskrit: ]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 8) (help) "joining") is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries (thus belonging to what is called morphophonology). Examples include the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words. Sandhi occurs particularly prominently in phonology of Indian languages, hence its name, but many other languages have it.
As a non-English word, the pronunciation of the word "sandhi" is rather diverse among English speakers. In Sanskrit it is IPA: [sən̪d̪ʱi]. English pronunciations include /ˈsʌndi/ (identical with "Sunday" for some British English speakers), /ˈsændi/ (like "sandy"), and /ˈsɑːndi/.
Types
- Internal sandhi features the alteration of sounds within words at morpheme boundaries, as in sympathy (syn- + pathy).
- External sandhi refers to changes found at word boundaries, such as in the pronunciation for ten books. This is not true of all dialects of English. The Linking R of some dialects of English is a kind of external sandhi, as is the process called liaison in the French language, and raddoppiamento fonosintattico in Italian.
While it may be extremely common in speech, sandhi (especially external) is typically ignored in spelling, as is the case in English, with the exception of the distinction between "a" and "an" (sandhi is, however, reflected in the writing system of both Sanskrit and Tamil, as also in Italian in the case of compound words with lexicalized raddoppiamento fonosintattico). External sandhi effects can sometimes become morphologized (i.e. apply only in certain morphological and syntactic environments) and, over time, turn into consonant mutations.
Most tonal languages have tone sandhi, in which the tones of words alter according to pre-determined rules. For example: Mandarin has four tones: a high monotone, a rising tone, a falling-rising tone, and a falling tone. In the common greeting nǐ hǎo, both words in isolation would normally have the falling-rising tone. However, this is difficult to say, so the tone on nǐ is pronounced as ní (but still written nǐ in Hanyu Pinyin).