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| {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see ] --> | |||
| |name = Ernest Hemingway | |||
| |caption = Ernest Hemingway | |||
| |image = ErnestHemingway.jpg | |||
| |caption = Hemingway in 1939 | |||
| |birthdate = {{birth date|1899|7|21|mf=y}} | |||
| |birthplace = ], United States | |||
| |nationality = American | |||
| |deathdate = {{death date and age|1961|7|2|1899|7|21|mf=y}} | |||
| |deathplace = ], United States | |||
| |occupation = ], Novelist, ] | |||
| |genre = ], ] | |||
| |movement = The ] | |||
| |spouse = ] (1921–1927)<br /> ] (1927–1940)<br /> ] (1940–1945)<br /> ] (1946–1961) | |||
| |children = ] (1923–2000)<br /> Patrick Hemingway (1928–)<br /> ] (1931–2001) | |||
| |influences = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
| |influenced = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
| | religion = ''None'' (]) | |||
| | awards = {{awd|]|1954|]|1953}} | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Ernest Miller Hemingway''' (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an ] ] and ]. He was part of the 1920s ] community in ], and one of the veterans of ] later known as "the ]." He received the ] in 1953 for ''],'' and the ] in 1954. | |||
| Hemingway's ] is characterized by economy and ], and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century ] writing. His ]s are typically ] men who exhibit an ideal described as "grace under pressure." Many of his works are now considered classics of ]. | |||
| ==Biography== | |||
| ===Early life=== | |||
| <!-- Deleted image removed: ] --> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Ernest Millers Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in ], a suburb of ].<ref name = "Resource Center"/> Hemingway was the first son and the second child born to Clarence Edmonds "Doc Ed" Hemingway - a country ], and Grace Hall Hemingway. Hemingway's father attended the birth of Ernest and blew a horn on his front porch to announce to the neighbors that his wife had given birth to a boy. The Hemingways lived in a six-bedroom Victorian house built by Ernest's widowed maternal grandfather, Ernest Miller Hall, an English immigrant and ] who lived with the family. Hemingway was his namesake, although Hemingway disliked his name, and "associated it with the naive, even foolish hero of ]'s play ''The Importance of Being Earnest.''"<ref name ="Meyers p. 8">Meyers p.8</ref> | |||
| Hemingway's mother once aspired to an ] career and earned money giving voice and music lessons. She was domineering and narrowly religious, mirroring the strict ] ethic of Oak Park, which Hemingway later said had "wide lawns and narrow minds".<ref name = "Resource Center">{{cite web |title=Ernest Hemingway Biography: Childhood |url=http://www.lostgeneration.com/childhood.htm |date= |work= |publisher=The Hemingway Resource Center |accessdate=29 August 2009}}</ref> Oak Park itself influenced Hemingway, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who was a contemporary resident, said of the village: " 'So many churches for so many good people to go to.' "<ref name = "Meyers p. 4">Meyers p.4</ref> While his mother hoped that her son would develop an interest in music, her insistence that he learn the cello became a "source of conflict", although later he admitted his music lessons were useful to his writing, particularly to the "contrapunctal structure of '']'' ".<ref name = "Meyers p. 3">Meyers p. 3</ref> Hemingway adopted his father's outdoorsman hobbies of hunting, fishing and camping in the woods and lakes of ]. The family owned a summer home called ''Windemere'' on ], near ] and often spent summers vacationing there.<ref name = "Resource Center"/><ref name = "Meyers p. 13">Meyers p. 13</ref> These early experiences in close contact with nature instilled in Hemingway a lifelong passion for outdoor adventure and for living in remote or isolated areas, and the activities associated with Michigan such as hunting and fishing became permanent interests.<ref name = "Meyers p. 13">Meyers p. 13</ref> | |||
| Hemingway attended ] from September 1913 until graduation in June 1917. He ], was captain of the track team, a member of the water polo team, played football, and displayed particular talent in English classes and belonged to the debate team.<ref name = "Meyers p. 17">Meyers p.17</ref> His first writing experience was writing and editing the "Trapeze" and "Tabula" (the school's newspaper and yearbook). He imitated the language of sportswriters, and he sometimes wrote under the ] Ring Lardner, Jr., a nod to his literary hero ] of the ] who used the byline "Line O'Type".<ref name = "Meyers p. 19">Meyers p.19</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.tridget.com/friends.htm|title = "Lardner Connections"|accessdate=2007-03-22}}</ref> When he graduated from high school, Hemingway was hired as a cub ] at '']'', through the influence of his uncle who was a close friend to the chief editor, and joined the ranks of ], ], ] and ] who worked as journalists prior to becoming novelists.<ref name = "Meyers p. 23">Meyers p.23</ref> Although he worked at the newspaper for only six months — from October 17, 1917 to April 30, 1918 — he relied on the ''Star''s ] as a foundation for his writing: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative."<ref name = "Desnoyers p. 2">Desnoyers p. 2</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Star style and rules for writing |url=http://www.kcstar.com/hemingway/ehstarstyle.shtml |date= |work=The Kansas City Star |publisher=KansasCity.com |accessdate=29 August 2009}}</ref><ref><small><sup>nb</sup></small>Many such anecdotes are compiled at </ref> In honor of the centennial year of Hemingway's birth (1899), ''The Kansas City Star'' named Hemingway its top reporter of the last hundred years.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} | |||
| === World War I === | |||
| ] uniform.(])]] | |||
| As poet Archibald Macleish said of World War One, "it was something you 'went to' from a place called ]".<ref name ="Desnoyers p. 3">Desnoyers p. 3</ref> Hemingway left his reporting job after only a few months and tried to enlist in the ] but he failed the medical examination because of poor vision. Instead he became an ambulance driver for the ] and was posted to ], leaving New York on May 1918 and arriving in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery.<ref>Mayers p. 27</ref> By June 1918 he was stationed at the ].<ref name ="Putnam"/> On July 8 1918, as he ran an errand to the canteen, he was hit by mortar fire and seriously wounded.<ref name ="Putnam"/><ref>Mayers p. 30</ref> Despite his wound, Hemingway carried an Italian soldier to safety, for which he was honored with the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery, the first American to receive the award.<ref name ="Putnam"/><ref>Mayers p. 31</ref> He sustained serious injuries to both legs, underwent a temporary operation at the distribution center, then spent five days at a field hospital before being transferred to Milan.<ref name ="Desnoyers p. 3">Desnoyers p. 3</ref> | |||
| Hemingway was two weeks shy of his nineteenth birthday and said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you. . . .Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you."<ref name ="Putnam"/> For six months Hemingway received treatment at the Red Cross hospital in Milan where he met ], a Red Cross nurse, with whom he fell in love.<ref name ="Desnoyers p. 3">Desnoyers p. 3</ref><ref name ="Putnam"/> She was more than seven years his senior.<ref>Mayers p. 37</ref> The two planned to marry after Hemingway's recovery, but instead she became engaged to an Italian officer by March 1919.<ref>Mayers p. 40</ref> Critic Jeffrey Meyers claims that Hemingway was devastated by Agnes' rejection, and that as a result in subsequent relationships he created a liason with a "future wife" while in a current marriage, thereby protecting himself from rejection as he would abandon a wife before she abandoned him.<ref>Mayers p. 41</ref> | |||
| ===Post-war years (Toronto and Chicago)=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| In early 1919, Hemingway returned from Italy to Oak Park, and spent the following summer fishing at the family cottage in Michigan with high school friends. The summer became the genesis for his Nick Adams' story "]".<ref name = "Putnam">{{cite web |last=Putnam|first= Thomas |title=Hemingway on War and Its Aftermath |url=http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/hemingway.html|work=Prologue |date = 2006|publisher= The National Archives|accessdate=2008-05-05 }}</ref><ref name = "Meyers p. 48">Meyers p. 48</ref> In 1920, Hemingway moved to Toronto to live with friends, began writing for the ''Toronto Star Weekly'', although he returned to Michigan in the summer of 1920.<ref name = "Meyers p. 51–53">Meyers p. 51–53</ref> He lived in an apartment on 1599 ], now known as ''The Hemingway'', in the ] neighborhood in ], ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/specials/posthomes/story.html?id=413f4f0b-707e-4cac-a142-55e1b1732941|title=Home to Cedarvale: Bathurst To Vaughan, Eglinton to St. Clair}}</ref> At the ''Toronto Star Weekly'' he worked as a freelancer, staff writer, and ].<ref name = "Meyers p. 51–53">Meyers p. 51–53</ref> | |||
| For a short time from late 1920 through most of 1921, Hemingway lived on the near north side of Chicago, while still filing stories for the ''Toronto Star''. He also worked as associate editor of the monthly journal ''Co-operative Commonwealth''.<ref name = "Meyers p. 56">Meyers p. 56</ref> In Chicago, Hemingway met ], who was eight years older than him (and one year older than Agnes).<ref name = "Meyers p. 58">Meyers p. 58</ref> They married on September 3, 1921.<ref name = "Meyers p. 60">Meyers p. 60</ref> After the honeymoon they moved to a small top floor apartment on the 1300 block of ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Literary Landmarks of Chicago |last=Brown |first=Alan |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher= Starhill Press|location= |isbn=ISBN 0-913515-50-7 |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> In November 1921, Hemingway became foreign correspondent for the ''Toronto Star'', and the couple left for Paris.<ref name = "Meyers p. 61–62">Meyers p. 61–62</ref> | |||
| ===Paris=== | |||
| ]'']] | |||
| ] gave Hemingway letters of introduction to ] and other writers he had met during a recent trip to Paris.<ref name = "Meyers p. 61">Meyers p. 61</ref> Stein became Hemingway's mentor and introduced him to the "Parisian Modern Movement" in the ]; this was the beginning of the expatriate circle that became known as the "]" that included writers and artists such "], Gertrude Stein, ], ], ], ] and ] the painters ] and ]."<ref name="HRC"/> Hemingway made valuable friendships among the people he met. Although Hemingway's relationship with Stein began as one of mentorship, he withdrew from her influence and their relationship deteriorated to a literary quarrel that lasted until his death.<ref name = "Meyers pp. 77-81">IMeyers pp. 77-81</ref> Ezra Pound also was an influential mentor to Hemingway, and perhaps the first writer to recognize his talent. The two met in February 1922, toured Italy together in 1923, and lived on the same street in 1924.<ref name="Meyers pp.73-74">Meyers pp.73-74</ref> Sylvia Beach, who published James Joyce's '']'' ran a bookshop called Shakespeare and Company that became a popular gathering place for the writers.<ref name="Meyers p. 82">Meyers p. 82</ref> Hemingway first met Joyce there in March 1922 and the two often went on "alcoholic sprees."<ref name="Meyers p. 82">Meyers p. 82</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Hemingway covered the ] for the ''Toronto Star'', and witnessed the catastrophic burning of ], an event he introduced in several pieces of short fiction.<ref name ="Desnoyers p. 5">Desnoyers p. 5</ref> He also wrote travel pieces for the ''Toronto Star'' such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain," and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany", and about sports — "Pamplona in July; World's Series of Bull Fighting a Mad, Whirling Carnival".<ref name ="Desnoyers p. 5">Desnoyers p. 5</ref> In December 1922, when Hadley was travelling from Paris to Geneva to join him with a suitcase filled with his manuscripts the suitcase was lost at Gare de Lyons and never found — an event that hounded Hemingway for years.<ref name = "Meyers pp. 69-70">Meyers pp. 69-70</ref> A few months later Hadley became pregnant and the couple returned to Toronto where their son, John Hadley Nicanor, was born on October 10, 1923.<ref name = "Meyers p. 123">Meyers p. 123</ref> In early 1924, they returned to Paris and Hemingway decided to stop writing for the ''Toronto Star'', recreate the lost stories and submit them for publication.<ref name ="Desnoyers p. 4">Desnoyers p. 4</ref> | |||
| Ezra Pound introduced Hemingway to ] early in 1924, and Hemingway helped Ford edit "The Transatlantic Review" which published works by Pound, ], and Gertrude Stein. In addition, Ford published some of Hemingway's early stories such as "]" in the "The Transatlantic Review".<ref name = "Meyers p. 126">Meyers p. 126</ref> When Hemingway's first collection of fiction, "]" was published in 1925, the dust jacket included comments from Ford.<ref name="HRC">{{cite web |title=Ernest Hemingway Biography:The Paris Years |url=http://www.lostgeneration.com/paris.htm |date= |work= |publisher= The Hemingway Resource Center|accessdate=6 September 2009}}</ref><ref name = "Meyers p. 127">Meyers p. 127</ref> Six months earlier, Hemingway met ], and two began a friendship of "admiration and hostility."<ref name = "Meyers pp. 159-160">Meyers pp. 159-160</ref> | |||
| In the summer of 1925, Hemingway and Hadley travelled with a group of American and British ex-patriates to ] to the Festival of ] as they had twice before, and, the events during that trip directly inspired Hemingway's first novel, '']'', which he began writing a month later, and finished the first draft in two months. During the next six months he revised the manuscript as his marriage to Hadley disintegrated. Scribner's published the book in October 1926.<ref name = "Meyers p. 189">Meyers p. 189</ref> | |||
| Hemingway divorced Hadley in January 1927, and in May married ].<ref name = "Meyers p. 172">Meyers p. 172</ref> Pfeiffer wrote for fashion magazines such '']'' and worked for '']'' in Paris.<ref name="HRC"/><ref name ="Desnoyers p. 8">Desnoyers p. 8</ref><ref name = "Meyers p. 174">Meyers p. 174</ref> Hemingway converted to Catholicism to marry Pauline.<ref name = "Meyers pp.184 - 185">Meyers pp.184 - 185</ref> In October 1927 '']'', a collection of ], containing '']'', one of Hemingway's best-known and most-anthologized stories, was published.<ref name = "Meyers p. 195">Meyers p. 195</ref> By the end of the year Pauline was pregnant and on the recommendation of Dos Passos the Hemingways moved to ]. After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city."<ref name = "Meyers p. 204">Meyers p. 204</ref> | |||
| ===Key West and the Caribbean=== | |||
| ] On June 28, 1928, Hemingway's second son, Patrick, was born in Kansas City. Pauline suffered a difficult labor and had a ].<ref name ="Meyers p. 208">Meyers p. 208</ref> Living at the ] in ], Hemingway worked on '']'' before leaving to travel to Wyoming, Massachusetts and New York. In December he received a cable with the news of his father's death who, suffering from ill health, depression, and financial trouble, shot himself with his father's ] ].<ref name ="Meyers p. 208">Meyers p. 208</ref><ref>Meyers p.2</ref><ref name = "HRCKeyWest">{{cite web |title=Ernest Hemingway Biography: Key West |url=http://www.lostgeneration.com/childhood.htm |date= |work= |publisher=The Hemingway Resource Center |accessdate=29 August 2009}}</ref> | |||
| ] on ]]] | |||
| Hemingway continued to travel extensively, returning to France and Spain in the summer of 1929 to gather material for ]. ] was published in September of that year.<ref name ="Meyers p. 215">Meyers p. 215</ref> Following a pattern begun in childhood, Hemingway spent the winters in Key West and began to summer in Wyoming where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West" and where the hunting included deer, elk and grizzly bear.<ref name ="Meyers p. 222">Meyers p. 222</ref> In 1931 he established ], a present from Pauline's uncle, which has since been converted to a museum.<ref name = "HRCKeyWest"/><ref name ="Meyers p. 226">Meyers p. 226</ref> Later that year, his third son, Gregory, was born on November 12, 1931.<ref name ="Meyers p. 224">Meyers p. 224</ref> The property, located on Whitehead Street, had a converted den on the second floor of the "carriage house" in which Hemingway found a space to work quietly.<ref name ="Meyers p. 227">Meyers p. 227</ref> When in residence in Key West, Hemingway fished in the waters around the ] with his longtime friend ], and went to the famous bar ].<ref>Mellow p. 361</ref><ref>Mellow p. 402</ref><ref name ="Meyers p. 205">Meyers p. 205</ref> | |||
| ])]] | |||
| In 1933, Hemingway fulfilled a boyhood dream and travelled to Africa for ten weeks. The trip provided material for '']'', and the short stories "]" and "]".<ref name ="Desnoyers p. 9">Desnoyers p. 9</ref><ref name="Independent"> {{cite news |first=Christopher |last=Ondaatje |authorlink= |title= Bewitched by Africa's strange beauty|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/christopher-ondaatje--bewitched-by-africas-strange-beauty-633122.html |newspaper= The Independent|publisher=independent.co.uk |date=30 October 2001 |accessdate=16 September 2009}}</ref> | |||
| He visited ], ], and ] in ], then Tanganyika on ], where he hunted in the ], around ] and west and southeast of the present-day ]. Hemingway contracted amoebic dysentery causing a prolapsed intestine and he was evacuated to Nairobi by plane, an experience which is reflected in his story "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". On this trip Hemingway's guide was ], who had guided ] on his 1909 safari. Hemingway began writing ''Green Hills of Africa'' as soon as he returned, which was published in 1935.<ref name ="Meyers pp. 261-264">Meyers pp. 261-264</ref> | |||
| In 1934, Hemingway bought a boat, named it the "Pilar" and began sailing the ].<ref name ="Meyers p. 280">Meyers p. 280</ref> In 1935 he discovered ] where he spent considerable time from 1935 to 1937.<ref name ="Desnoyers p. 9">Desnoyers p. 9</ref> During this period he also worked on '']'', the only novel he wrote during the 1930s. ''To Have and Have Not'' was published in 1937, when he was in Spain.<ref name ="Meyers p. 292">Meyers p. 292</ref> | |||
| ===Spanish Civil War=== | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1937, Hemingway traveled to Spain to report on the ] for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA). He arrived in France in March 1937, and arrived in Spain with Dutch filmmaker ] ten days later.<ref name="Koch p. 87">Koch p. 87</ref> Ivens was filming '']'' with John Dos Passos as screen writer; however, upon receiving news that his friend ] had been arrested Dos Passos turned his work over to Hemingway.<ref name ="Meyers p. 311">Meyers p. 311</ref> When his friend was executed, Dos Passos changed his opinion of the Republicans; as a result the two novelists broke their relationship. As Dos Passos left Spain, Hemingway subsequently spread a rumor that he was a coward, which caused an irrevocable split. Dos Passos was the last of Hemingway's friends from the Paris era.<ref name="Koch p. 164">Koch p. 164</ref><ref name ="Meyers p. 308-309">Meyers p. 308-309</ref> | |||
| In addition, journalist ], whom Hemingway had met in Key West in 1936, joined him in Spain, and his relationship with her is inextricably tied to the Spanish Civil War.<ref name ="Putnam"/><ref name ="Meyers p. 298">Meyers p. 298</ref> Hemingway and Gellhorn continued their relationship throughout the war, before Hemingway divorced Pauline in 1940.<ref name = "HRCKeyWest"/> Pauline was a devout Catholic and sided with the pro-Catholic nationalists, whereas Hemingway supported the Republicans.<ref name = "HRCKeyWest"/> During this time, Hemingway wrote "The Denunciation", which would not be published until 1969 in the ''Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War'' that includes his only piece of drama written during the bombardment of Madrid in 1937.<ref name ="Meyers p. 316-317">Meyers p. 316-317</ref><ref name="Koch p. 134">Koch p. 134</ref> Hemingway's involvement with the republicans and the ] may have extended so far as teaching young Spaniards how to use rifles.<ref name = "Thomas p.385">Thomas p. 385</ref> In 1938, after having returned home to Key West for a few months, Hemingway returned to Spain and was present at the ], the last republican stand. With fellow British and American journalists, Hemingway rowed across the river, some of the last to leave the battle.<ref name ="Meyers p. 321">Meyers p. 321</ref><ref name = "Thomas p.833">Thomas p. 833</ref> | |||
| Some health problems characterized this period of Hemingway's life: ], toothache, ], ] trouble from fishing, torn ] muscle, finger gashed to the bone in an accident with a punching ball, ] (to arms, legs, and face) from a ride on a runaway horse through a deep ] forest, and a broken arm from a car accident.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} | |||
| ===Cuba and World War II=== | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1940, Hemingway divorced Pauline and married Martha Gellhorn.<ref name = "Desnoyers p. 10">Desnoyers p. 10</ref> In 1939, he and Martha had moved to ], and in 1940 he bought the "]" which they had been renting.<ref name = "Desnoyers p. 11">Desnoyers p. 11</ref> During that period he also finished writing ''],'' which he began in March 1939, finished in July 1940, and was published in October 1940.<ref name="Meyers p. 334">Meyers p. 334</ref> During the period he worked on ''For Whom the Bells Toll'' he travelled from Cuba to Wyoming to ].<ref name= "Meyers p. 326">Meyers p. 326</ref> After the divorce and remarriage he also changed the location of his homes, as he had after his split with Hadley, moving his primary summer residence to ], (just outside of the newly built resort Sun Valley) in addition to the move from Key West to Cuba.<ref name= "Meyers p. 342">Meyers p. 342</ref> In January 1941, Martha was sent to China on assignment for ] magazine, and Hemingway accompanied her.<ref name ="Meyers p. 356">Meyers p. 356</ref> Hemingway wrote dispatches for ], but in general had little affinity for China.<ref name = "Meyers p. 361">Meyers p. 361</ref> | |||
| When he returned to Cuba, after the beginning of ], Hemingway refitted the Pilar and took to the waters to hunt down German submarines.<ref name ="Putnam"/> Later, from June to December 1944, he was in Europe,<ref name= "Meyers p. 398">Meyers p. 398</ref> and was present at the D-Day landing.<ref name= "Meyers p. 400">Meyers p. 400</ref> He then attached himself to "the 22nd Regiment commanded by Col. Charles "Buck" Lanham as it drove toward Paris", and also had a small band of village militia in ] outside of Paris.<ref name= "Meyers p. 405">Meyers p. 405</ref> Of Hemingway's exploits, a war historian remarks: " 'Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well.' "<ref name ="Putnam"/> On August 25 he was present at the ], though the assertion that he was first in the city, or that he liberated the Ritz is considered part of the Hemingway legend.<ref name= "Meyers p. 408">Meyers p. 408</ref><ref name= "Mellow p. 535">Mellow p. 535</ref> While in Paris he attended a reunion hosted by Sylvia Beach and also made up his long feud with Gertrude Stein.<ref name= "Mellow p. 541">Mellow p. 541</ref> During the late autumn of 1944, Hemingway was present at heavy fighting in the ].<ref name= "Meyers p. 411">Meyers p. 411</ref> | |||
| When Hemingway arrived in Europe, he met ] correspondent ] in London.<ref name= "Meyers p. 394">Meyers p. 394</ref> During the war his marriage to Martha disintegrated and the last time he saw her was in March 1945 as he was preparing to return to Cuba.<ref name= "Meyers p. 416">Meyers p. 416</ref> In 1947 Hemingway was awarded a ] for his bravery during World War II. His valor for having been " 'under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions,' " was recognized, with the commendation that " 'Through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat.' "<ref name ="Putnam"/> | |||
| ===Cuba and later years=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Hemingway married Mary Welsh in March 1946, and five months later she suffered an ].<ref name="Meyers pp. 420-421">Meyers pp. 420-421</ref> Hemingway and Mary suffered a series of accidents after the war: in 1945 Hemingway had a car accident and injured his knee, and over the next five years Mary suffered a number of broken bones.<ref name="Meyers pp. 420-421">Meyers pp. 420-421</ref> In 1947 his sons Patrick and Gregory had a car accident and Gregory suffered a serious illness as a consequence.<ref name="Meyers pp. 420-421">Meyers pp. 420-421</ref> Also the 1940s was a decade when many of Hemingway's friends died. In 1939 ] and Ford Madox Ford died; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald died; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce died; in 1946 Gertrude Stein died; and the following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long time editor and friend, died.<ref name ="Mellow pp. 548-550">Mellow pp. 548-550</ref> | |||
| Hemingway began to suffer from ill health: headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, depression, and eventually diabetes, all of which combined with the results of numerous accidents left him unhappy. He began writing a book titled ''The Garden of Eden''.<ref name = "Desnoyers p. 12">Desnoyers p. 12</ref> In 1948 Hemingway and Mary travelled to Europe and in Italy he visited the site of the his World War I accident.<ref name ="Meyers p. 440">Meyers p. 440</ref> Soon thereafter he began work on ''Across the River and Into the Woods'', which he worked on through 1949<ref name ="Meyers p. 440">Meyers p. 440</ref> and published it in 1950.<ref name ="Meyers p. 465">Meyers p. 465</ref> For the first time he received bad reviews to which he retorted in an interview for the New York Time:" 'Sure they can say anything about nothing happening in ''Across the River'', all that happens is the defense of the lower Piave, the breakthrough in Normandy, the taking of Paris...plus a man who loves a girl and dies.' "<ref name ="Mellow pp. 561">Mellow pp. 561</ref> In 1951, in eight weeks he completed the draft of ''Old Man and the Sea'' and considered it "the best I can write ever for all of my life."<ref name = "Desnoyers p. 12">Desnoyers p. 12</ref> The book was featured in ], became a Book of the Month selection, and Hemingway became a celebrity.<ref name = "Desnoyers p. 13">Desnoyers p. 1</ref> ''The Old Man and the Sea'' won the ] in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa.<ref name ="Meyers p. 489">Meyers p. 489</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| On a safari, he was seriously injured in two successive plane crashes; he sprained his right shoulder, arm, and left leg, had a grave ], temporarily lost vision in his left eye and the hearing in his left ear, suffered paralysis of the spine, a crushed ], ruptured liver, spleen and kidney, and first degree burns on his face, arms, and leg. Some American newspapers mistakenly published his obituary, thinking he had been killed.<ref name ="Meyers p. 505–506">Meyers p. 505–506</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_461577223/Ernest_Hemingway_Quick_Facts.html|title=Ernest Hemingway Quick Facts|publisher=]}}</ref> Hemingway was then badly injured one month later in a ] accident, which left him with second degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm.<ref name ="Meyers p. 507">Meyers p. 507</ref> | |||
| In October 1954, Hemingway received the ] for the ''Old Man and the Sea'' but, having just returned home to Havana after an absence of almost a full year, he chose not to accept the prize in ], mostly due to excruciating pain resulting from the African accidents.<ref name ="Meyers p. 509">Meyers p. 509</ref> The speech he wrote and sent to be read, reflected his own life as a writer: "Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate his lonliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature and as he sheds his lonliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it each day."<ref name ="Meyers p. 507">Meyers p. 507</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| During the mid-1950s, Hemingway was often ill and was bedridden for some months in late 1956 to early 1957.<ref name ="Meyers p. 512">Meyers p. 512</ref> The Finca Vigia became a destination for guests and for tourists.<ref name ="Mellow p. 594">Mellow p. 594</ref> He became disaffected with life in Cuba and considered a permanent move to Idaho.<ref name ="Mellow p. 595">Mellow p. 595</ref> In 1959 he bought a home, overlooking the ], outside of Ketchum and left Cuba, although he apparently remained on easy terms with the Castro government, going so far as telling the ''New York Times'' he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Havana.<ref name ="Mellow p. 595">Mellow p. 595</ref><ref name ="Meyers p. 516–519">Meyers p. 516–519</ref> However, the Hemingway account "The Shot" is used by ] and others as evidence of conflict between Hemingway and Fidel Castro dating back to 1948 and the killing of "Manolo" Castro, a friend of Hemingway.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonzalez Echevarria |first1= Roberto |year= 1980|title=The Dictatorship of Rhetoric/the Rhetoric of Dictatorship: Carpentier, Garcia Marquez, and Roa Bastos |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=15 |issue= 3|pages=205–228 |url= |doi=|quote="For example, the assassination of Manolo Castro is retold by alluding to Hemingway's "The Shot,…"" }}</ref> In 1960, he left the island for the last time and Finca Vigía, his estate outside Havana, that he owned for over twenty years. The official Cuban government account is that after her husband's death, Mary Welsh Hemingway deeded the home to the Cuban government, which made it into a museum devoted to the author,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnpc.cult.cu/cnpc/museos/heming%20restauration%20works.htm|title=Restauracion Museo Hemingway (Official website) - Finca Vigía|date=2009|publisher=Consejo Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural- Cuba|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> although the house was appropriated after the ] complete with Hemingway's collection of "four to six thousand books".<ref name ="Mellow p. 599">Mellow p. 599</ref> In addition to the home, unpublished manuscripts left in a Havana bank vault, and a collection of art, were also lost to the Hemingways.<ref name ="Mellow p. 599">Mellow p. 599</ref> | |||
| In 1957, a trunk containing writings from Paris in the 1920s was recovered and Hemingway began '']'', on which he worked in Cuba and Idaho from 1957 to 1960.<ref name ="Meyers p. 533">Meyers p. 533</ref><ref name=Hotchner>{{cite news |first=A.E. |last=Hotchner |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Don't Touch 'A Movable Feast' |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/opinion/20hotchner.html?_r=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |publisher= |date=July 19 2009 |accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref> In 1959, his passion for bullfighting was renewed when he spent the summer in Spain for a series of bullfight articles he was to write for ].<ref name ="Meyers p. 520">Meyers p. 520</ref> The following winter the manuscript grew to 63,000 words—''Life'' only wanted 10,000 words—and he asked his friend A.E Hotchner for help organizing the manuscript.<ref name ="Meyers p. 542">Meyers p. 542</ref><ref name ="Mellow pp. 598–600">Mellow pp. 598–600</ref> Hemingway's mental deterioration was noticeable, although he managed to plan a return trip to Spain to gather photographs for the manuscript which would become '']''. Alone in Spain, without Mary, Hemingway's mental state disintegrated and he was upset by the photographs to be used in ''The Dangerous Summer''.<ref name ="Mellow pp. 598–600">Mellow pp. 598–600</ref> Hemingway persuaded Lang to let him print the manuscript, along with a picture layout, before it came out in hardcover. Although not a word of it was on paper, the proposal was agreed upon. The first installment was published in September 1960, to good reviews<ref name ="Mellow pp. 598–600">Mellow pp. 598–600</ref>. | |||
| ===Ketchum and suicide=== | |||
| <!-- ] --> | |||
| ] | |||
| Hemingway left Spain and travelled straight to Idaho and November he entered the ].<ref name="Mellow p. 601"> Mellow p. 601</ref> At the Mayo, Hemingway was registered as George Saviers.<ref name="Mellow p. 601"> Mellow p. 601</ref><ref name="Meyers p. 546"> Meyers p. 546</ref> He had been receiving treatment in Ketchum for high blood pressure and liver problems and may have believed he was going to be treated for ].<ref name="Meyers p. 545"> Meyers p. 545</ref> Hemingway believed he was being watched by the FBI which contributed to his paranoia. In fact, the FBI had opened a file on Hemingway during WWII when he used the Pilar to patrol the waters off Cuba, and ] had an agent in Havana watching Hemingway during the 1950s.<ref name="Mellow pp. 597-598"> Mellow pp. 597-598</ref> Also, the FBI knew Hemingway was at the Mayo, as an agent documented the fact in a letter written in January, 1961.<ref name="Meyers p. 543"> Meyers p. 543</ref> Moreover, Hemingway had real problems: his eyesight was failing; his health was poor; and his home and possessions had been lost in Cuba.<ref name="Meyers p. 544"> Meyers p. 544</ref> | |||
| In the spring of 1961, three months after his initial treatment at the Mayo where he received a series of ] treatment, Hemingway attempted suicide. Mary convinced Saviers to hospitalize Hemingway at Sun Valley hospital and from there he returned to the Mayo where he was "given ten more shock treatments." <ref name="Meyers pp. 551"> Meyers pp. 551</ref> Weighing only 155 pounds, Hemingway was released from the Mayo in late June and arrived in Ketchum on June 30. On the morning of July 2, 1961, he committed suicide.<ref name="Meyers pp. 560"> Meyers pp. 560</ref> Arriving at 7:40 a.m., Dr. Scott Earle certified the death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Carlos|authorlink=Carlos Baker|coauthors=|title=Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story|year=1969|publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons|location=New York|pages = 668|isbn=0-684-14740-8}}</ref> At request of the family, the coroner did not do an autopsy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wais.stanford.edu/Spain/spain_hemingway0799.html|title=Ernest Hemingway}}</ref> | |||
| Other members of Hemingway's immediate family also committed ], including his father, Clarence Hemingway, his siblings Ursula and Leicester, and his granddaughter ]. Some believe that certain members of Hemingway's paternal line had a hereditary disease known as ] in which an excess of iron concentration in the blood causes damage to the ] and also causes depression or instability in the cerebrum. Wagner-Martin describes his condition in August 1947 as including high blood pressure, ], depression and possible ]..<ref name="Wagner-Martin">Wagner-Martin p. 43</ref> Hemingway's father is known to have developed haemochromatosis in the years prior to his suicide at age fifty-nine. Throughout his life, Hemingway had been a heavy drinker, succumbing to ] in his later years.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Hemingway is interred in the town cemetery in ], at the north end of town. A memorial was erected in 1966 at another location, overlooking Trail Creek, north of Ketchum. It is inscribed with a eulogy he wrote for a friend, Gene Van Guilder: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| <poem> | |||
| Best of all he loved the fall | |||
| The leaves yellow on the cottonwoods | |||
| Leaves floating on the trout streams | |||
| And above the hills | |||
| The high blue windless skies | |||
| Now he will be a part of them forever | |||
| Ernest Hemingway - Idaho - 1939 | |||
| </poem> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| Celebrating Hemingway's love for Idaho and the frontier, The Ernest Hemingway Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ernesthemingwayfestival.org|title=www.ernesthemingwayfestival.org<!--INSERT TITLE-->}}</ref> takes place annually in Ketchum and Sun Valley in late September with scholars, a reading by the PEN/Hemingway Award winner and many more events, including historical tours, open mic nights and a sponsored dinner at Hemingway's home in Warm Springs now maintained by the Nature Conservancy in Ketchum. | |||
| ==Writings== | |||
| {{See also|Bibliography of Ernest Hemingway}} | |||
| ===Early writing=== | |||
| During his Paris years, in addition to filing stories for the ''Toronto Star'', Hemingway published short stories in various journals, the short story collection ''in our time'' (1925), '']'' (1926), '']'' (1926), and ''Men Without Women'' (1927) a second short story collection. | |||
| ===''A Farewell to Arms''=== | |||
| {{Main|A Farewell to Arms}} | |||
| Published in 1929, ''A Farewell to Arms'' recounts the romance between ], an American soldier, and Catherine Barkley, a British nurse. The novel is heavily autobiographical: the plot was directly inspired by his relationship with Agnes von Kurowsky in Milan, and Catherine's ] was inspired by the intense labor pains of Pauline in the birth of Patrick. | |||
| ===''Death in the Afternoon''=== | |||
| {{Main|Death in the Afternoon}} | |||
| ''Death in the Afternoon'', a book about ], was published in 1932. Hemingway had become an aficionado of the sport after seeing the ] fiesta of 1925, fictionalized in '']''. In ''Death in the Afternoon'', Hemingway extensively discussed the metaphysics of bullfighting: the ritualized, almost religious practice. Hemingway considered becoming a bullfighter himself and showed middling aptitude in several novieros before deciding that writing was his true and only suitable professional metier. In his writings on Spain, he was influenced by the Spanish master ]. When Hemingway won the Nobel Prize, he traveled to see Baroja, then on his death bed, specifically to tell him he thought Baroja deserved the prize more than he. Baroja agreed and something of the usual Hemingway tiff with another writer ensued despite his original good intentions. | |||
| ===''The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories''=== | |||
| {{Main|The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories}} | |||
| ], Spain]] | |||
| In 1938—along with his only full-length play, titled ''The Fifth Column''—49 stories were published in the collection '']''. Hemingway's intention was, as he openly stated in his foreword, to write more. Many of the stories that make up this collection can be found in other abridged collections, including ''],'' ''],'' ''],'' and '']''. | |||
| Some of the collection's important stories include ''Old Man at the Bridge'', ''On The Quai at Smyrna'', '']'', ''One Reader Writes'', ''The Killers'' and (perhaps most famously) '']''. While these stories are rather short, the book also includes much longer stories, among them '']'' and '']''. | |||
| ===''For Whom the Bell Tolls''=== | |||
| {{Main|For Whom the Bell Tolls}} | |||
| ] | |||
| In the spring of 1939, ] and the Nationalists defeated the Republicans, ending the ]. Hemingway lost an adopted homeland to Franco's fascists, and would later lose his beloved ], home due to his 1940 divorce. | |||
| A few weeks after the divorce, he married his companion of four years in Spain, ], his third wife. | |||
| His novel '']'' was written in Cuba, Key West, and at the Sun Valley Lodge in 1939. It was finished in July 1940, and published the same year. Hemingway would have been familiar with, and probably borrowed the title from the last line of John Donne's 1624 '']'', ''Meditations No. 17'': "And therefore never send to know for whom the bells tolls; it tolls for thee.”<br /> | |||
| The long work, which is set during the ], was based on real events and tells of an American named Robert Jordan fighting with Spanish soldiers on the Republican side. It was largely based on Hemingway's experience of living in Spain and reporting on the war. It is one of his most notable literary accomplishments. | |||
| ===''Across the River and into the Trees''=== | |||
| {{Main|Across the River and into the Trees}} | |||
| Hemingway's first novel after ''For Whom the Bell Tolls'' was '']'' (1950), set in post-World War II ]. He may have derived the title from the last words of ] Confederate General ]. | |||
| Enamored of a young Italian girl (]) at the time, Hemingway wrote ''Across the River and into the Trees'' as a romance between a war-weary Colonel Cantwell (based on his friend, then Colonel ]) and the young Renata (clearly based on Adriana; "Renata" has an assonance with "rinata", meaning "reborn" in Italian). The novel received largely bad reviews, many of which accused Hemingway of tastelessness, stylistic ineptitude, and sentimentality; however this criticism was not shared by all critics. | |||
| ===Later writing=== | |||
| After the World War II, Hemingway started work on '']'', which was never finished and would be published posthumously in a much-abridged form in 1986. At one stage, he planned a major trilogy which was to comprise "The Sea When Young", "The Sea When Absent" and "The Sea in Being" (the latter eventually published in 1952 as '']''). He spent time in a small Italian town called ] (located approximately 136 km south of ]). There was also a "Sea-Chase" story; three of these pieces were edited and stuck together as the posthumously published novel '']'' (1970). | |||
| One section of the sea trilogy was published as '']'' in 1952. That ]'s great success, both commercial and critical, satisfied and fulfilled Hemingway. It earned him the ] in 1953. The next year he was awarded with the ]. Upon receiving the latter he noted that he would have been "happy; happier…if the prize had been given to that beautiful writer ]".<ref>From ''The New York Times Book Review, November 7, 1954''.</ref> These awards helped to restore his international reputation. | |||
| ===Posthumous works=== | |||
| Hemingway was still writing up to his death; most of the unfinished works which were Hemingway's sole creation have been published posthumously; they are ''],'' ''],'' '']'' (portions of which were previously unpublished), ''],'' and '']''.<ref>Information about these posthumous Hemingway works was taken from Charles Scribner, Jr.'s 1987 Preface to ''The Garden of Eden''.</ref> | |||
| In 1956 Hemingway was reminded of a trunk left in the basement of the ] in Paris that contained notebooks of his Paris years. He had his secretary transcribe the notebooks, and during the period he worked on ''A Dangerous Summer'' he finished the Paris manuscript also; he gave both manuscripts to Hotchner to deliver to Scribner's. After Hemingway's suicide, Scribner's published the memoir in 1964 with the title '']''. A new edition of the novel has been published with revisions made by Hemingway's grandson.<ref name="Hotchner"/> | |||
| In a note forwarding '']'', Mary Hemingway indicated that she worked with Charles Scribner, Jr. on "preparing this book for publication from Ernest's original manuscript."μ She also stated that "beyond the routine chores of correcting spelling and punctuation, we made some cuts in the manuscript, I feel that Ernest would surely have made them himself. The book is all Ernest's. We have added nothing to it." Some controversy has surrounded the publication of these works, insofar as it has been suggested that it is not necessarily within the jurisdiction of Hemingway's relatives or publishers to determine whether these works should be made available to the public. For example, scholars often disapprovingly note that the version of '']'' published by Scribner's in 1986, though in no way a revision of Hemingway's original words, nonetheless omits two-thirds of the original manuscript.<ref> makes this quantitative note; it also reveals some more information about the publication of ''The Garden of Eden'' and offers some discussion of thematic content.</ref> | |||
| '']'' appeared posthumously in 1972. What is now considered the definitive compilation of all of Hemingway's short stories was published as ''],'' first compiled and published in 1987. As well, in 1969 ''The Fifth Column and Four Stories Of The Spanish Civil War'' was published. It contains Hemingway's only full length play, ''The Fifth Column'', which was previously published along with the ''First Forty-Nine Stories'' in 1938, along with four unpublished works written about Hemingway's experiences during the Spanish Civil War. | |||
| Hemingway was a prolific correspondent and, in 1981, many of his letters were published by ] in '']''. It was met with some controversy as Hemingway himself stated he never wished to publish his letters. Further letters were published in a book of his correspondence with his editor Max Perkins, ''The Only Thing that Counts'' ]. | |||
| In 1999, another novel entitled '']'' appeared under the name of Ernest Hemingway, though it was heavily edited by his son ]. Six years later, ''],'' a re-edited and considerably longer version of '']'' appeared. In either edition, the novel is a fictional account of Hemingway's final African safari in 1953–1954. He spent several months in Kenya with his fourth wife, Mary, before his near-fatal plane crashes.<ref> is the official source for this new novel's release.</ref> Anticipation of the novel, whose manuscript was completed in 1956, adumbrates perhaps an unprecedentedly large critical battle over whether it is proper to publish the work (many sources mention that a new, light side of Hemingway will be seen as opposed to his canonical, macho image<ref>See the feature of editor Robert W. Lewis, for example.</ref>), even as editors ] of ] and ] of ] have pushed it through to publication; the novel was published on September 15, 2005. | |||
| Also published posthumously were several collections of his work as a journalist. These contain his columns and articles for Esquire Magazine, The North American Newspaper Alliance, and the Toronto ''Star''; they include ''Byline: Ernest Hemingway'' edited by William White, and ''Hemingway: The Wild Years'' edited by Gene Z. Hanrahan. Finally, a collection of introductions, forwards, public letters and other miscellanea was published as ''Hemingway and the Mechanism of Fame'' in 2005. | |||
| A long-term project is now underway to publish the thousands of letters Hemingway wrote during his lifetime. The project is being undertaken as a joint venture by ] and the ]. Sandra Spanier, Professor of English and wife of ] president ], is serving as general editor of the collection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psu.edu/ur/archives/intercom_2002/May9/hemingway.html|title=hemingwayx.html<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> | |||
| ==Influence and legacy== | |||
| The influence of Hemingway's writings on ] was considerable and continues today. ] called "A Clean, Well Lighted Place" "one of the best stories ever written". (The same story also influenced several of ]'s best known paintings, most notably "]."<ref>Wells, Walter, '''Silent Theater: The Art of Edward Hopper''', London/New York: Phaidon, 2007</ref> ) ] and "]" crime fiction (which flourished from the 1920s to the 1950s) often owed a strong debt to Hemingway. | |||
| During World War II, ] met and corresponded with Hemingway, whom he acknowledged as an influence.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamb|first=Robert Paul|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_n4_v42/ai_20119140/pg_17|title=Hemingway and the creation of twentieth-century dialogue - American author Ernest Hemingway|publisher=Twentieth Century Literature|date=Winter 1996|accessdate=2007-07-10|format=reprint}}</ref> In one letter to Hemingway, Salinger wrote that their talks "had given him his only hopeful minutes of the entire war," and jokingly "named himself national chairman of the Hemingway Fan Clubs."<ref name= "baker">{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Carlos|authorlink=Carlos Baker|coauthors=|title=Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story|year=1969|publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons|location=New York|pages = 420, 646|isbn=0-02-001690-5}}</ref> | |||
| ] often compared himself to Hemingway, and terse Hemingway-esque sentences can be found in his early novel, '']''. | |||
| Hemingway's terse prose style--"Nick stood up. He was all right."-- is known to have inspired ], ], ] and many ] writers. Hemingway's style also influenced ] and other ] writers. Hemingway also provided a role model to fellow author and hunter ], who is frequently referred to as "the poor man's Ernest Hemingway." | |||
| Popular novelist ], who has authored scores of western- and crime-genre novels, cites Hemingway as his preeminent influence, and this is evident in his tightly written prose. Though Leonard has never claimed to write serious literature, he has said: "I learned by imitating Hemingway.... until I realized that I didn't share his attitude about life. I didn't take myself or anything as seriously as he did." | |||
| ==Family== | |||
| {{Cleanup-laundry|date=September 2009}} | |||
| ===Parents=== | |||
| * Father: Clarence Hemingway. Born September 2, 1871, died December 6, 1928. ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Modernism and Tradition in Ernest Hemingway's "In our Time": A Guide for Students and Readers|first=Matthew|last=Stewart|publisher=]|year=2001|isbn=1-57113-017-9, 9781571130174|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NRxflHtRVWYC&pg=PA2}}</ref> | |||
| * Mother: Grace Hall Hemingway. Born June 15, 1872, died June 28, 1951 | |||
| ===Siblings=== | |||
| * Marcelline Hemingway. Born January 15, 1898, died December 9, 1963 | |||
| * Ursula Hemingway. Born April 29, 1902, died October 30, 1966 | |||
| * Madelaine Hemingway. Born November 28, 1904, died January 14, 1995 | |||
| * Carol Hemingway. Born July 19, 1911, died October 27, 2002 | |||
| *]. Born April 1, 1915, died September 13, 1982 | |||
| ===Own families=== | |||
| *]. Married September 3, 1921, divorced April 4, 1927, died January 22, 1979. | |||
| :Son, ] (aka Bumby). Born October 10, 1923, died December 1, 2000. | |||
| ::Granddaughter, Joan (Muffet) Hemingway | |||
| ::Granddaughter, ]. Born February 16, 1954, died July 2, 1996 | |||
| ::Granddaughter, ]. Born November 22, 1961 | |||
| ::Great-Granddaughter, ]. Born 1987 | |||
| *]. Married May 10, 1927, divorced November 4, 1940, died October 21, 1951. | |||
| :Son, Patrick. Born June 28, 1928. | |||
| ::Granddaughter, Mina Hemingway | |||
| :Son, ] (called 'Gig' by Hemingway; later called himself 'Gloria'). Born November 12, 1931, died October 1, 2001. | |||
| ::Grandchildren, Patrick, Edward, Sean, Brendan, Vanessa, Maria, Adiel, ] and ] | |||
| *]. Married November 21, 1940, divorced December 21, 1945, died February 15, 1998. | |||
| *]. Married March 14, 1946, died November 26, 1986. | |||
| :On August 19, 1946, she miscarried due to ]. | |||
| ==Honors== | |||
| {{Cleanup-laundry|date=September 2009}} | |||
| During his lifetime Hemingway was awarded:{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} | |||
| *] (''medaglia d'argento'') in ]; | |||
| *] (War Correspondent-Military Irregular in ]), 1947; | |||
| *] Award of Merit, 1954; | |||
| *] for '']'', 1953; | |||
| *] for lifetime literary achievement, 1954; | |||
| * two medals for ]. | |||
| A ], discovered in 1978 by ] astronomer ], was named for him—].<ref>{{cite book|last = Schmadel|first = Lutz D.|coauthors =|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|pages = 307|edition = 5th|year = 2003|publisher = Springer Verlag|location = New York|url = http://books.google.com/books?q=3656+Hemingway+1978+QX|isbn = 3-540-00238-3}}</ref> | |||
| On July 17, 1989, the ] issued a 25-cent ] honoring Hemingway.<ref>] # 2418.</ref> | |||
| ==Tributes== | |||
| {{Cleanup-laundry|date=September 2009}} | |||
| ]'' with ]'s caricature of Ernest Hemingway]] | |||
| * Hemingway is the implied subject of the ] story ''The Kilimanjaro Device''. Using the plot device of a time machine, the tale creates a loving tribute that undoes his suicide. The story appears in the Bradbury collection ''I Sing The Body Electric''. | |||
| * In 1999, ] retraced the footsteps of Hemingway, in '']'', a ] television documentary, one hundred years after the birth of his favorite writer. The journey took him through many sites including ], ], Italy, Africa, ], ], and ]. Together with photographer ], Palin also created a ]. The text of the book is available for free on . Four years earlier, Palin also wrote a book, Hemingway's Chair, about an assistant post-office manager with an obsession with Hemingway. | |||
| * Since 1987, actor-writer ] has portrayed the life of Ernest Hemingway in his one-man stage show, ''Hemingway: On The Edge'', featuring stories and anecdotes from Hemingway's own life and adventures. Metzger quotes Hemingway, "My father told me never kill anything you're not going to eat. At the age of 9, I shot a porcupine. It was the toughest lesson I ever had." More information about the show is available at his | |||
| * Hemingway's World War II experiences in Cuba have been novelized by ] as a spy thriller, '']''. | |||
| * Hemingway, played by ], was a recurring character in '']''. In one episode, set in Northern Italy in 1916, Hemingway the ambulance driver gives ] (]) advice about women—only to discover that he and Indy are rivals for the heart of the same woman. (The episode shows Indy unwittingly influencing Hemingway's future writing, by reciting the Elizabethan poem, '']'' by ].) In another episode, set in Chicago in 1920, Hemingway the newspaper reporter helps Indy and a young ] in their investigation of the murder of gangster ]. | |||
| * The 1993 motion picture '']'', about the friendship of two retired men, one Irish, one Cuban, in a seaside town in Florida, starred ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
| * The 1996 motion picture '']'', based on the book ''Hemingway in Love and War'' by Henry S. Villard and James Nagel, is the story of the young reporter Ernest Hemingway (played by ]) as an ambulance driver in Italy during World War I. While bravely risking his life in the line of duty, he is injured and ends up in the hospital, where he falls in love with his nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky (]). | |||
| * In the 1989 ] film '']'', Bond (played by ]) meets with M at the Hemingway House. When asked for his gun after handing in his resignation, Bond exclaims "I guess it's a Farewell To Arms," in reference to the work of the same name. | |||
| *] wrote a loosely biographical short story of the last days of Hemingway called ''Papa at Ketchum, 1961'' in her 2008 book ''Wild Nights''. | |||
| * Ska/Punk band ] references Hemingway in their 2003 song "Here's to LIfe". The song discusses Streetlight Manifesto's lead singer ] heroes which include Hemingway. "Hemingway never seemed to mind the banalities of a normal life and I find, it gets harder every time So he aimed the shotgun into the blue Placed his face in between the twoand sighed, "Here's To Life!" | |||
| * Every year for the past thirty years the ], also knowing as the "Bad Hemingway," has held a competition for the best worst story written in the style of Ernest Hemingway.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Works== | |||
| ] | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{portal|World War I}} | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{refbegin|2}} | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Carlos|authorlink=Carlos Baker|coauthors=|title=Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story|year=1969|publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-02-001690-5}} | |||
| *{{citation|last=Baker|first=Carlos|title=Hemingway: The Writer as Artist|publisher=]|year=1972|edition=4th|note=1st ed. 1952|isbn=0-691-01305-5}} | |||
| *{{citation|first=Carlos|last=Baker|title=Ernest Hemingway: Critiques of Four Major Novels|publisher=]|series=A Scribner research anthology|year=1962|isbn=0-684-41157-1}} | |||
| *{{cite web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Hemingway+Archive/Online+Resources/eh_storyteller+Page+3.htm|last =Desnoyers|first=Megan Floyd|title=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Online Resources: Ernest Hemingway: A Storyteller's Legacy}} | |||
| *{{cite book |title=The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles |last= Koch|first=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Counterpoint |location=New York |isbn=1-58243-280-5 |oclc= |page= |pages=87–164 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zax4-2pV8gsC&dq=stephen+koch+hemingway+dos+passos&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=pgKKhV8mzA&sig=vD0uGLSRMCtrMlot5U3bgApwDcg&hl=en&ei=lvazSpWANNTQlAegsYn5Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |accessdate= September 18, 20009}} | |||
| *{{cite book |title= Hemingway: A Biography|last=Meyers |first=Jeffrey |authorlink= |year=1985 |publisher=Macmillan|location=London|isbn=0-333-42126-4 |page=|pages=|accessdate= August 28, 2009}} | |||
| *{{cite book |title= Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences|last=Mellow |first=James R. |authorlink= |year=1992 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=New York|isbn=0-395-37777-3 |page=|pages=|accessdate=}} | |||
| *{{cite web |last=Putnam|first= Thomas |title=Hemingway on War and Its Aftermath |url=http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/hemingway.html|work=|date = 2006|publisher= The National Archives|accessdate=2008-05-05 }} | |||
| *{{cite book |title=The Spanish Civil War |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=Modern Library |location=New York |isbn=0-375-75515-2 |oclc= |page= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6I126r99NQ4C&pg=RA3-PA302&lpg=RA3-PA302&dq=spanish+civil+war+hugh+thomas+hemingway&source=bl&ots=GEwV-ASQYk&sig=FkC-e1R8AXaEzmZUbYbOKKP84bo&hl=en&ei=EjG0StDIKdK8lAfU9ZWhBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=hemingway&f=false |accessdate= September 18, 2009}} | |||
| *{{cite book|title=Modernism and Tradition in Ernest Hemingway's "In our Time": A Guide for Students and Readers|first=Matthew|last=Stewart|publisher=]|year=2001|isbn=1-57113-017-9, 9781571130174|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NRxflHtRVWYC&pg=PA2}} | |||
| *{{cite book |title=A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway |last=Wagner-Martin |first=Linda |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0–19–512512 |oclc= |page= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JLZFiayzJ-0C&pg=PT1&lpg=PT1&dq=wagner+martin+hemingway&source=bl&ots=jVkeiRR-AP&sig=mF2SP3hbEW6Bbe3yILoYEAi-z5I&hl=en&ei=KdPHSv-NJ8uY8Aa0uv3hCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false |accessdate=}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| {{refbegin|2}} | |||
| *{{citation|first=Denis|last=Brian|title=The True Gen: An Intimate Portrait of Hemingway by Those Who Knew Him|publisher=]|year=1987|isbn=0-8021-0006-6}} | |||
| *{{citation|author=Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph|title=Scott and Ernest: The Authority of Failure and the Authority of Success|publisher=]|year=1978|isbn=0-370-30140-4}} | |||
| *{{citation|author=Burgess, Anthony|title=Ernest Hemingway|location=London|publisher=]|year=1978|publication-date=1986|series=Literary lives|isbn=0-500-26017-6}} | |||
| *{{citation|last=Cappel|first=Constance|title=Hemingway in Michigan|publisher=]|publication-date=1977|year=1966|isbn=0-915248-13-1}} | |||
| *{{citation|last=Hemingway|first=Ernest|editor-first=Malcolm|editor-last=Cowley|title=Hemingway (The Viking Portable Library)|publisher=]|year=1944|oclc=505504}} | |||
| *{{citation|author=Lynn, Kenneth Schuyler|title=Hemingway|publisher=]|year=1987|isbn=0-671-49872-X}} | |||
| *{{citation|author=Lynn, Steve|title=Texts and Contexts: Writing About Literature with Critical Theory|publisher=]|year=1994|isbn=0-06-500099-4|page=5–7}} | |||
| *{{citation|first1=Jorge García|last1=Montes|first2=Antonio Alonso|last2=Ávila|title=Historia del Partido Comunista en Cuba|publisher=]|year=1970|page=362|oclc=396804}} | |||
| *{{Citation|last = Reynolds|first = Michael S.|title = The Young Hemingway|year = 1986|publisher = Basil Blackwell|isbn = 0-631-14786-1}} | |||
| *{{citation|title=A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway|first=Linda|last=Wagner-Martin|year=2000|isbn=0-19-512151-1|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York}} | |||
| *{{citation|author=Young, Philip|title=Ernest Hemingway|location=New York|publisher=]|year=1952|oclc=237958}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| Hemingway's grave at Find A grave: http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1232 | |||
| {{wikisource author}} | |||
| {{wikiquote|Ernest Hemingway}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * (call number M0440; 1.25 linear ft) are housed in the at | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * Based on a PBS lecture series narrated by Michael Palin. | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n78-78534}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * at ] | |||
| {{Hemingway}} | |||
| {{Bancarella Prize}} | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME= Hemingway, Ernest Miller | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION= American writer and journalist | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH= {{birth date|1899|7|21|mf=y}} | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH= ] | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH= {{death date|1961|7|2|mf=y}} | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH= ] | |||
| }} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Hemingway, Ernest}} | |||
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Revision as of 18:39, 6 October 2009
He's GAAAAAYYYYYY!!!!!. duh.