| Revision as of 23:17, 23 August 2009 editPernambuko (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,605 editsm link← Previous edit | Revision as of 16:16, 22 October 2009 edit undoVarsovian (talk | contribs)1,649 edits Slight rewrite to relect that some sources say fourth best, some say the best. Edited intro to state "one of the best scoring"Next edit → | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
| |aircraft_transport= | |aircraft_transport= | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''No. 303 ("Kościuszko") Polish Fighter Squadron''' (''{{lang-pl|303 Dywizjon Myśliwski "Warszawski im. Tadeusza Kościuszki"}}'') was one of ] in the ] during ]. It |
'''No. 303 ("Kościuszko") Polish Fighter Squadron''' (''{{lang-pl|303 Dywizjon Myśliwski "Warszawski im. Tadeusza Kościuszki"}}'') was one of ] in the ] during ]. It was one of the highest scoring RAF units during the ] and the highest scoring ]-equipped squadron during that battle. | ||
| The squadron was named after the ] and ] hero General ], and the eponymous ] founded by ], that served Poland in the 1919-1921 ]. The 303 was formed in ] as part of an agreement between the ] and the ]. The squadron was disbanded in December 1946. | The squadron was named after the ] and ] hero General ], and the eponymous ] founded by ], that served Poland in the 1919-1921 ]. The 303 was formed in ] as part of an agreement between the ] and the ]. The squadron was disbanded in December 1946. | ||
| Line 59: | Line 58: | ||
| On 30 August 1940, the squadron scored its first victory while still officially non-operational, against a German ] (initially incorrectly recorded as a ]) fighter shot down by ] during a training flight. The wreck was dug out in 1982.<ref name=cynk/> 303 Squadron claimed the greatest number of aircraft destroyed of the 66 ] fighter squadrons engaged in the ], even though it joined the fray two months after the battle had begun. Its success in combat can be attributed to the years of extensive and rigorous pre-war training many of the long-serving Polish veterans had received in their homeland and surviving previous encounters with the Luftwaffe in inferior aircraft; far more than many of their younger and inexperienced RAF comrades being thrown into the battle. In its first seven days of combat, the squadron claimed nearly 40 enemy aircraft. Withdrawn from battle for a rest on the 11 October, the squadron had claimed 126 kills in six weeks. However, losses had also been heavy, with 18 Hurricanes lost, seven pilots killed and five badly wounded. | On 30 August 1940, the squadron scored its first victory while still officially non-operational, against a German ] (initially incorrectly recorded as a ]) fighter shot down by ] during a training flight. The wreck was dug out in 1982.<ref name=cynk/> 303 Squadron claimed the greatest number of aircraft destroyed of the 66 ] fighter squadrons engaged in the ], even though it joined the fray two months after the battle had begun. Its success in combat can be attributed to the years of extensive and rigorous pre-war training many of the long-serving Polish veterans had received in their homeland and surviving previous encounters with the Luftwaffe in inferior aircraft; far more than many of their younger and inexperienced RAF comrades being thrown into the battle. In its first seven days of combat, the squadron claimed nearly 40 enemy aircraft. Withdrawn from battle for a rest on the 11 October, the squadron had claimed 126 kills in six weeks. However, losses had also been heavy, with 18 Hurricanes lost, seven pilots killed and five badly wounded. | ||
| Although the number of Battle of Britain claims was overestimated (as with virtually all fighter units), 303 Squadron was one of top fighter units in the battle and the best ]-equipped one. According to historian John Alcorn, 44 victories are positively verified, which makes 303 Squadron the fourth best fighter squadron of the battle, after Squadron Nos. 603, 609 and 41, which all flew Spitfires.<ref name=cynk>Letter of Jerzy Cynk to ''Skrzydlata Polska'' 1/2006 magazine, pp. 61–62 (in Polish)</ref>. Considering that these victories were scored in only 17 days of combat, it was also the most efficient unit, with high kill-to-loss ratio of 2.8:1. However, J. Alcorn was not able to attribute 30 aircraft shot down to any particular unit, and according to Jerzy Cynk and some other Polish historians, the real number of victories of 303 Squadron was in fact about 55–60.<ref name=cynk/> | Although the number of Battle of Britain claims was overestimated (as with virtually all fighter units), 303 Squadron was one of top fighter units in the battle and the best ]-equipped one. According to historian John Alcorn, 44 victories are positively verified, which makes 303 Squadron the fourth best fighter squadron of the battle, after Squadron Nos. 603, 609 and 41, which all flew Spitfires.<ref name=cynk>Letter of Jerzy Cynk to ''Skrzydlata Polska'' 1/2006 magazine, pp. 61–62 (in Polish)</ref>. Considering that these victories were scored in only 17 days of combat, it was also the most efficient unit, with high kill-to-loss ratio of 2.8:1. However, J. Alcorn was not able to attribute 30 aircraft shot down to any particular unit, and according to Jerzy Cynk and some other Polish historians, the real number of victories of 303 Squadron was in fact about 55–60.<ref name=cynk/> Some sources state that 303 Squadron was not only the top scoring ]-equipped squadron but the highest scoring of any RAF squadron. <ref>Olson and Cloud 2003</ref><ref></ref> | ||
| During 1941–43, 303 Squadron flew on Fighter Command's offensive sweeps over North West Europe, flying various marks of the ]. During ], 303 Squadron claimed the highest number of aircraft shot down of all Allied squadrons participating. On 11 April 1942, when an aerial gunnery contest was staged within ], the three competing ] squadrons—303, ] and ]—took the first three places out of all 22 air squadrons, 303 Squadron coming first by a very healthy margin (808 hits, while 316 Squadron scored 432 hits, and the best British squadron 150 hits<ref name=cynk/>). After ], the squadron remained with ADGB ("Air Defence Great Britain"), moving to ] for operations over Holland. April 1945 saw the unit equipped with ]s. | During 1941–43, 303 Squadron flew on Fighter Command's offensive sweeps over North West Europe, flying various marks of the ]. During ], 303 Squadron claimed the highest number of aircraft shot down of all Allied squadrons participating. On 11 April 1942, when an aerial gunnery contest was staged within ], the three competing ] squadrons—303, ] and ]—took the first three places out of all 22 air squadrons, 303 Squadron coming first by a very healthy margin (808 hits, while 316 Squadron scored 432 hits, and the best British squadron 150 hits<ref name=cynk/>). After ], the squadron remained with ADGB ("Air Defence Great Britain"), moving to ] for operations over Holland. April 1945 saw the unit equipped with ]s. | ||
Revision as of 16:16, 22 October 2009
| No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron | |
|---|---|
 303 Squadron badge | |
| Active | 2 August 1940 – 11 December 1946 |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Allegiance |  Polish government in exile |
| Branch |  Royal Air Force |
| Role | Fighter Squadron |
| Part of | RAF Fighter Command |
| Nickname(s) | "Rafałki" |
| Scarf colour | Scarlet |
| Anniversaries | 1 September Squadron holiday |
| Battle honours | Battle of Britain 1940, Fortress Europe 1941-1944, France and Germany 1944-1945 |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Zdzisław Krasnodębski Witold Urbanowicz Jan Zumbach Witold Łokuciewski |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Codes | RF (Aug 1940 - Apr 1945) PD (Apr 1945 – Dec 1946) |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Fighter | Hawker Hurricane Supermarine Spitfire Mustang IV |
No. 303 ("Kościuszko") Polish Fighter Squadron (Template:Lang-pl) was one of 16 Polish squadrons in the Royal Air Force during World War II. It was one of the highest scoring RAF units during the Battle of Britain and the highest scoring Hurricane-equipped squadron during that battle. The squadron was named after the Polish and American Revolution hero General Tadeusz Kościuszko, and the eponymous 111th Fighter Escadrille (Poland) founded by Merian C. Cooper, that served Poland in the 1919-1921 Polish-Soviet War. The 303 was formed in Britain as part of an agreement between the Polish Government in Exile and the United Kingdom. The squadron was disbanded in December 1946.
History
No. 303 (Polish) Squadron was formed on 2 August 1940, and became operational on 31 August of the same year, its initial cadre being 13 Officer and 8 NCO pilots and 135 Polish ground staff. Initially English-speaking serving RAF officers were appointed to serve as CO and Flight Commanders alongside their Polish compatriates, as the Polish pilots were unfamiliar with RAF Fighter Command language, procedures and training. The name chosen by the squadron was in honour of the famous Polish Kosciuszko Squadron which fought during the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. No. 303 Squadron was also linked to the original Kosciuszko Escadrille through personnel that had served in the squadron. Later, further air force units from the aforementioned unit were renamed the 7th, 121st and 111th Escadrilles of the Polish Air Force.
On 30 August 1940, the squadron scored its first victory while still officially non-operational, against a German Bf 110 (initially incorrectly recorded as a Do-17) fighter shot down by Ludwik Paszkiewicz during a training flight. The wreck was dug out in 1982. 303 Squadron claimed the greatest number of aircraft destroyed of the 66 Allied fighter squadrons engaged in the Battle of Britain, even though it joined the fray two months after the battle had begun. Its success in combat can be attributed to the years of extensive and rigorous pre-war training many of the long-serving Polish veterans had received in their homeland and surviving previous encounters with the Luftwaffe in inferior aircraft; far more than many of their younger and inexperienced RAF comrades being thrown into the battle. In its first seven days of combat, the squadron claimed nearly 40 enemy aircraft. Withdrawn from battle for a rest on the 11 October, the squadron had claimed 126 kills in six weeks. However, losses had also been heavy, with 18 Hurricanes lost, seven pilots killed and five badly wounded.
Although the number of Battle of Britain claims was overestimated (as with virtually all fighter units), 303 Squadron was one of top fighter units in the battle and the best Hurricane-equipped one. According to historian John Alcorn, 44 victories are positively verified, which makes 303 Squadron the fourth best fighter squadron of the battle, after Squadron Nos. 603, 609 and 41, which all flew Spitfires.. Considering that these victories were scored in only 17 days of combat, it was also the most efficient unit, with high kill-to-loss ratio of 2.8:1. However, J. Alcorn was not able to attribute 30 aircraft shot down to any particular unit, and according to Jerzy Cynk and some other Polish historians, the real number of victories of 303 Squadron was in fact about 55–60. Some sources state that 303 Squadron was not only the top scoring Hurricane-equipped squadron but the highest scoring of any RAF squadron.
During 1941–43, 303 Squadron flew on Fighter Command's offensive sweeps over North West Europe, flying various marks of the Spitfire. During Operation Jubilee, 303 Squadron claimed the highest number of aircraft shot down of all Allied squadrons participating. On 11 April 1942, when an aerial gunnery contest was staged within No. 11 Group RAF, the three competing Polish squadrons—303, 316 and 315—took the first three places out of all 22 air squadrons, 303 Squadron coming first by a very healthy margin (808 hits, while 316 Squadron scored 432 hits, and the best British squadron 150 hits). After D-Day, the squadron remained with ADGB ("Air Defence Great Britain"), moving to RAF Coltishall for operations over Holland. April 1945 saw the unit equipped with Mustang IVs.
303 Squadron was the most effective Polish squadron during the Second World War. Its pilots were the only representatives of the Polish Army invited to the London Victory Parade in 1946; they refused the invitation because no other Polish units were invited. After the end of the war, squadron morale decreased due to the treatment of Poles by the Allies, and the squadron was eventually disbanded in December 1946.
The dry statistics are insufficient to convey the frequently suicidal bravery exhibited by the pilots of 303 Squadron during the Battle of Britain. Even though the Hurricanes flown by the Polish pilots were inferior to the main German fighter (the Messerschmitt Bf 109), they were far superior to the outdated Polish fighter aircraft that defended the country's skies during the German invasion in September 1939. Due to critical shortage of Allied aircraft and pilots, 303 Squadron frequently intercepted and engaged large formations of German bombers and fighters which outnumbered the squadron by as much as 10 to one. On one occasion a pilot of 303—Sergeant Stanislaw Karubin—resorted to extreme tactics to bring down a German fighter. Following a prolonged air battle, Karubin was chasing a German fighter at treetop level. As he closed in on the tail of the German fighter, Karubin realized that his Hurricane had run out of ammunition. Rather than turning back to base, he closed the distance and climbed right above the German fighter. The German pilot was so shocked to see the underside of the Hurricane within arm's reach of his cockpit that he instinctively reduced his altitude to avoid a collision and crashed into the ground.
Squadron statistics
(From 19 July 1940 until 8 May 1945)
| 1940 | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | Overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combat sorties | 1,049 | 2,143 | 1,348 | 2,075 | 2,653 | 632 | 9,900 |
| Hours of flight time | 1,086 | 2,743 | 1,967 | 3,693 | 5,259 | 1,118 | 15,866 |
Scores
Claims during Battle of Britain
| Score | |
|---|---|
| destroyed | 126 |
| probables | 13 |
| damaged | 9 |
(4.7% of all enemy aeroplanes during the battle. In fact some 44-60 victories, this however produces a similar percentage.)
Claims from 1 September 1940 until 8 May 1945)
| Score | |
|---|---|
| destroyed | 297 1/6 |
| probables | 35 |
| damaged | 25 |
(include 3-0-3 enemy aircraft on the ground)
Locations
- 2 August 1940 - RAF Northolt
- 11 October 1940 - RAF Leconfield
- 3 January 1941 - RAF Northolt
- 17 July 1941 - RAF Speke
- 7 October 1941 - RAF Northolt
- 15 June 1942 - Kirton-in-Lindsey
- 16 August 1942 - Redhill
- 20 August 1942 - Kirton-in-Lindsey
- 1 February 1943 - RAF Northolt
- 5 February 1943 - RAF Heston
- 3 March 1943 - RAF Debden
- 12 March 1943 - RAF Heston
- 26 March 1943 - Martlesham Heath
- 8 April 1943 - RAF Heston
- 1 June 1943 - RAF Northolt
- 12 November 1943 - Ballyhalbert
- 30 April 1944 - Horne
- 19 June 1944 - Westhampnett
- 27 June 1944 - Merston
- 9 August 1944 - Westhampnett
- 25 August 1944 - RAF Coltishall
- 4 April 1945 - Andrews Field
- 16 May 1945 - RAF Coltishall
- 9 August 1945 - Andrews Field
- 28 November 1945 - Turnhouse
- 4 January 1946 - Wick
- 31 March 1946 - Charterhall
- 23 March 1946 - RAF Hethel
Squadron equipment
- 8 August 1940 - Hurricane I (inter alia, August, 1940: L1696 -T; at the beginning of August, Flight "A": P3700 -E, P3974, R2688, R4178 -G, V7244 -C, Flight "B": P2985, P3975 -U, R4175 -R, R4179, V7235; later: L2026 -Q, L2099 -O, N2460 -D, P3120 -A, P3544 -H, P3939 -H, V6684 -F, V7067 -T, V7235 -M; November: V6577 -P, V7384 -H, V7503 -U, V7504 -G, V7624 -B; December 1940 - February 1941: N2661 -J, P3162 -T, P3585 -C, P3814 -Y, R4081 -O, V6533 -R, V6637 -G, V6757 -E, V6956 -C, V7182 -U, V7466 -S, V7606 -A, V7619 -M, V7644 -Z, V7727 -H, W9129 -W); since 13 July 1941 until 24 August 1941 again Hurricane I (inter alia, P3932 -RF-C).
- 22 January 1941 - Spitfire I (inter alia, N3026 -A, N3108 -P, N3122 -Y, N3285 -J, P9519 -M, R6972 -N); 3 March 1941 - Spitfire IIA (inter alia, P7546 -T, P7786 -C, P7858 -H, P7989 -U, P8039 -R, P8040 -D, P8041 -E, P8073 -Z); 20 May 1941 - Spitfire IIB (inter alia, P8208 -F, P8325 -B, P8329 -P, P8330 -D, P8331 -M, P8333 -S, P8334 -E, P8335 -R, P8336 -W, P8346 -T, P8382 -C, P8385 -A, P8507 -V, P8524 -H, P8531 -Y, P8567 -D, P8642 -X, P8672 -F); since 25 August 1941 until 6 October 1941 again Spitfire I (inter alia, P9429, R6773 -P).
- 7 October 1941 - Spitfire VB (inter alia, at the end of 1941 and in 1942: W3229 -D, W3506 -U, W3765 -P, W3795 -N, W3893 -K, AA882 -G, AA908 -A, AA940 -B, AB174 -Q (Mk VC), AB183 -A, AB824 -S, AB899 -C, AB906 -W, AB929 -R, AD116 -H, AD138 -T, AD179 -F, AD455 -V, BL375 -J, BL432 -K, BL672 -M, BM144 -D, EN951 -D).
- 1 June 1943 - Spitfire F IXC (inter alia, BS451 -M, BS506 -O, BS513, EN172 -J, MA222 -A, MA314, MA593 -Y, MA740 -R, MA754 -K).
- 12 November 1943 - Spitfire VB, Spitfire VC and Spitfire LF VB, Spitfire LF VC (inter alia, Spitfire VB i Spitfire VC: W3380, AA751, AA937, AB272 -D, AD198 -W; Spitfire LF VB and Spitfire VC: AB271, AD237, AD295, AD317, AR513, BL385, BL464, BM207).
- 18 July 1944 - Spitfire F IX, Spitfire LF IX and Spitfire HF IX (inter alia, Spitfire F IX: BS348, BS408, EN122, EN182 -H, EN526 -A, MA528 -E, MA814 -Q, MH692 -C, MH823, MH910 -G; Spitfire LF IX: MH777 -N, MJ120, MJ216; Spitfire HF IX: MK694, ML339)
- 4 April 1945 - Mustang IV and Mustang IVA (inter alia, KH663 -L, KH669 -P, KH770 -Y, KH825 -C, KM112 -D, KM186 -A, KM191 -Z, KM220 -G, KM237 -R, KM297 -K).
Commanding officers
(under British command until 1 January 1941. Abbreviations: mjr: major, kpt.: captain, por.: lieutenant)
- 2 August 1940 - Sqn Ldr (mjr) Zdzisław Krasnodębski
- 7 September 1940 - F/O (por.) Witold Urbanowicz
- 22 October 1940 - F/O (por.) Zdzisław Henneberg
- 7 November 1940 - Sqn Ldr (kpt.) Adam Kowalczyk
- 20 February 1941 - Sqn Ldr (por.) Zdzisław Henneberg
- 13 April 1941 - F/Lt (por.) Tadeusz Arentowicz
- 5 May 1941 - Sqn Ldr (kpt.) Wacław Łapkowski
- 3 July 1941 - Sqn Ldr (kpt.) Tadeusz Arentowicz
- 9 July 1941 - Sqn Ldr (kpt.) Jerzy Jankiewicz
- 21 November 1941 - Sqn Ldr (por.) Wojciech Kołaczkowski
- 7 May 1942 - Sqn Ldr (kpt.) Walerian Żak
- 19 May 1942 - Sqn Ldr (por.) Jan Zumbach
- 1 December 1942 - Sqn Ldr(por.) Zygmunt Witymir Bieńkowski
- 4 July 1943 - Sqn Ldr (kpt.) Jan Falkowski
- 21 November 1943 - Sqn Ldr (kpt.) Tadeusz Koc
- 25 September 1944 - Sqn Ldr (kpt.) Bolesław Drobiński
- 1 February 1946 - Sqn Ldr (mjr) Witold Łokuciewski
Pilots of 303
- Sqn Ldr R G Kellett DSO DFC Original CO of 303 Sqn during the Battle of Britain, (five claims)
- Flt Lt John A. Kent, Canadian Flight commander during the Battle, (11 claims)
- Sgt Josef František, Czech Sgt. pilot flying with 303 Polish Squadron, was the one of the top fighter pilots of the Battle of Britain, with 17 confirmed kills.
- Fg Off Witold Urbanowicz, Polish commander of 303 Squadron from 5 September 1940, scored 15 kills during the Battle of Britain (17 total)
- Plt Off Jan Zumbach, commander of 303 Squadron from 19 May 1942, scored eight kills during the Battle of Britain (13 total)
Quotes
I cannot say how proud I am to have been privileged to help form and lead No. 303 squadron and later to lead such a magnificent fighting force as the Polish Wing. There formed within me in those days an admiration, respect and genuine affection for these really remarkable men which I have never lost. I formed friendship that are as firm as they were those twenty-five years ago and this I find most gratifying. We who were privileged to fly and fight with them will never forget and Britain must never forget how much she owes to the loyalty indomitable spirit and sacrifice of those Polish fliers. They were our staunchest Allies in our darkest days; may they always be remembered as such!
Popular culture
The squadron was the subject of the 1942 book "Dywizjon 303" (Squadron 303), written by the well-known Polish writer Arkady Fiedler, which is considered the most famous and popular among this writer's many works and has sold over 1.5 million copies.
As part of an advertising campaign designed to highlight their concerns about the numbers of foreign workers (including Polish migrants) in the United Kingdom, the British National Party used the distinctly British icon of a Spitfire to illustrate their idea of a Battle for Britain. Ironically, the Spitfire shown in their advertising was RF-D from 303 (Polish) Squadron.
See also
 |
| Kościuszko's Squadron |
|---|
- List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
- Polish Air Force
- Polish contribution to World War II
- Western betrayal
- Polish British
References
- Notes
- ^ Letter of Jerzy Cynk to Skrzydlata Polska 1/2006 magazine, pp. 61–62 (in Polish)
- Olson and Cloud 2003
- 303 Polish Fighter Squadron
- Gretzyngier 2001, p. 62.
- ^ Rawlings 1978, p. 391.
- ^ Halley 1988, p. 357.
- ^ Jefford 2001, pp. 86–87.
- Spitfire
- Bibliography
- Cynk, Jerzy B. The Polish Air Force at War: The Official History, 1939-1943. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-7643-0559-X.
- Cynk, Jerzy B. The Polish Air Force at War: The Official History, 1943-1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-7643-0560-3.
- Fiedler, Arkady. Dywizjon 303 (in Polish). London, Roy, 1942. (Translated as Squadron 303: The Polish Fighter Squadron with the R.A.F.. London: Peter Davies Ltd., 1942/New York: Roy Publishers, 1943. New edition Kessinger Publishing, 2007.)
- Gretzyngier, Robert. Poles in Defence of Britain: A Day-by-Day Chronology of Polish Day and Night Fighter Operations, July 1940 - June 1941. London: Grub Street, 2001. ISBN 1-902304-54-3.
- Gretzyngier, Robert. Polskie Skrzydła 4: Hawker Hurricane, część 1 (in Polish). Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus, 2005. ISBN 83-89450-37-2.
- Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918-1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
- Jefford, Wing Commander C.G., MBE, BA, RAF (Retd). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
- Olson, Lynne and Stanley Cloud.A Question of Honor. The Kosciuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II. New York: Knopf, 2003. ISBN 0-37541-197-6.
- Rawlings, John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald & Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 1969 (revised edition 1976, reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
- Zamoyski, Adam. The Forgotten Few: The Polish Air Force in the Second World War. New York: Hippocrene Books Inc., 1995. ISBN 0-718-0421-3.
External links
- Ratuszynski, Wilhelm. No. 303 Polish Squadron History.
- A Question of Honor Listen to Lynn Olsen and Stanley Cloud, authors of "A Question of Honor," about the "Kościuszko" Squadron
- RAF page about 303 Squadron
- 303 Squadron Page at Polish Squadrons Remembered
- 303 Squadron Claims & Losses
- No. 303 Squadron Operations Record Books
| Polish Air Force in the United Kingdom during the Second World War | ||
|---|---|---|
| Wings |
|  |
| Squadrons |
| |
| Other units | ||
| Royal Air Force | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ministry of Defence | |||||||
| formations and units |
| ||||||
| branches and components | |||||||
| reserve forces | |||||||
| equipment | |||||||
| personnel | |||||||
| appointments | |||||||
| symbols and uniform | |||||||
| associated civil organisations | |||||||
