| Revision as of 11:35, 24 December 2005 editNode ue (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users7,238 editsm remove anon vandalism← Previous edit | Revision as of 11:36, 24 December 2005 edit undo203.196.136.19 (talk) stop this vandalism node ue or i will report you!Next edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{language | |||
| |name=Moldovan (Romanian) | |||
| |nativename=moldovenească,<br>молдовеняскэ{{ref|name}}, română | |||
| |familycolor=Indo-European | |||
| |states=], ], ] | |||
| |speakers=2,664,000 in ] (1979 census), 181,020 in ] (2001 census){{ref|ukraine}} | |||
| |fam2=] | |||
| |fam3=] | |||
| |fam4=] | |||
| |fam5=] | |||
| |nation=] (including the ] of ]) | |||
| |agency=] (Romanian language) | |||
| |iso1=mo|iso2=mol|iso3=mol|notice=nonotice}} | |||
| The '''Moldovan language''' (]: ''limba moldovenească'', ]: ''лимба молдовеняскэ'', sometimes translated into English as ''Moldavian'') is the official name of the state language of the ] as specified by its constitution, as well as of the disputed territory of ].{{ref|pmr-gagauz}}. Opinions vary on the status of Moldovan as a language. | |||
| Title I, Article 13 of the Moldovan Constitution, names it the "national language" (limba de stat) of the country. In the ] of ], it is co-official with ] and ]. The 1989 law on language of the ], which has not been superseded in Moldova, asserts the existence of "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity". | |||
| Most linguists consider ] Moldovan to be virtually identical to standard ]{{ref|linguists}}, an ], although a few linguists dispute this, including Vasile Stati{{ref|stati}} and ]. There are, however, more differences between the colloquial spoken languages of Moldova and ], most significantly due to the influence of ] in Moldova which was not present in Romania. The matter of whether or not Moldovan is a separate language is a hotly contested political issue within and beyond the ]. | |||
| The number of Moldovan speakers depends on one's view of the status of Moldovan. If taken as a separate language, then about 2.7 million people speak Moldovan. If Moldovan is taken to mean Romanian spoken in Romania and Moldova and by the Romanian/Moldovan diaspora, then there may be as many as 29 million speakers. | |||
| "Moldovan" (''graiul moldovenesc'', in older sources ''limba moldovenească'') can also refer to the speech of the historical region of ] in Romania, one of the northern varieties or ] of colloquial Romanian. | |||
| ==History and politics== | |||
| ===Before 1812=== | |||
| References to a "Moldavian language" can be found in works as early as ]'s "The Chronicles of the land of Moldavia", where it is noted that in actuality one language prevailed over the territory of ], ] as well as ]. | |||
| The Moldavian scientist ] presented a theory in ] (] ]): that the Moldavians spoke the same language as Wallachians and ]ns. Cantemir also introduced the idea that some Romanian words had ] roots. | |||
| ===Language in imperial Russian Bessarabia=== | |||
| In the first years of Russian occupation (after 1812), because 95% of the population were Romanians who only knew their mother tongue, Romanian was admitted as an official language in the institutions of ], used along with ]. | |||
| Gradually the Russian language gained importance. According to the dates offered by the Department for ruling the Bessarabia from ], the papers from bureau were published only in Russian, and around 1835 it is established a term of 7 years time in which the state institutions would still accept acts in Romanian language. | |||
| Romanian was admitted as language of teaching only until ], after that being taught as a separate subject. Thus, at the ] of ], the Romanian language was found on the list of compulsory subjects, with 10 hours weekly, until ], when the Department of Romanian was closed. At High School No.1 in ] the pupils had the right to choose between Romanian, ], and ] until ] ], when the State Counselor of the Russian Empire forbade teaching of the Romanian language, giving the justification: "the pupils know this language in the practical mode, and its teaching follows other goals". | |||
| Around ], the tsar published an '']'' "On the suspension of teaching the Romanian language in the schools from Bessarabia," because "in the Russian Empire local speeches are not taught". | |||
| ===Language shift in Bessarabia=== | |||
| The linguistic situation in ] from ] to ] was the gradual development of ]. ] continued to develop as the official language of priviledge, whereas ] remained the principal vernacular. The evolution of this linguistic situation, and the development of ''Moldovan'', can be divided into five phases.{{fact}} | |||
| ====Phase one: 1812 to 1828==== | |||
| The period from ] to ] was on of neutral or functional bilingualism. Whereas Russian has official dominance, Romanian is not without influence, especially in the spheres of public administration, education (particularly religious education) and culture. In the years that immediately follow the annexation, loyalty to the Romanian language and customs becomes important. The Theological Seminary (''Seminarul Teologic'') and Lancaster Schools are opened in 1813 and 1824 respectively, Romanian grammar books are published, and the printing press at ] begins to produce religious books.{{fact}} | |||
| ====Phase two: 1828 to 1843==== | |||
| The period from ] to ] is one of partial ''diglossic'' ]. During this time, use of Romanian was forbidden in the sphere of administration. This was carried out by negative means: Romanian was imply excluded from the ]. Romanian continued to be used in education, but only as a separate subject. Bilingual manuals, such as the Russian-Romanian ''Bucoavne'' grammar of Iacob Ghinculov, were publishedto meet the new need for bilingualism. Religious books and Sunday ]s remained the only monolingual public outlet for Romanian. By ], the removal of Romanian from public administration was complete.{{fact}} | |||
| ====Phase three: 1843 to 1871==== | |||
| The period from ] to ] was one of assimilation. Romanian continued to be a taught subject for some time — until ] at the Liceul Regional (]), until ] at the Seminarul Teologic (Theological Seminary) and until ] at regional schools — until the teaching of the language was forbidden by law.{{fact}} | |||
| ====Phase four: 1871 to 1905==== | |||
| The period from ] to ] was one of official ] in Russian. All public use of Romanian was phased out, and substituted with Russian. Romanian continued to be used as the colloquial language of home and family. This was the era of the highest level of assimilation in the ]. In ], the priest Pavel Lebedev ordered that all church documents be written in Russian, and, in ], the press at Chişinău was closed by order of the holy ].{{fact}} | |||
| ====Phase five: 1905 to 1917==== | |||
| The period from ] to ] was one of increasing linguistic conflict, with the re-awakening of Romanian national consciousness. In 1905 and 1906, the Bessarabian '']'' asked for the re-introduction of Romanian in schools as a "compulsory language", and the "liberty to teach in the mother language (Romanian langauge)". At the same time, the first Romanian-language newspapers and journals began to appear: ''Basarabia'' (1906), ''Viaţa Basarabiei'' (1907), ''Moldovanul'' (1907), ''Luminătorul'' (1908), ''Cuvînt moldovenesc'' (1913), ''Glasul Basarabiei'' (1913). From 1913, the synod permitted that "the churches in Besserabia use the Romanian language".{{fact}} | |||
| The term ''Moldovan language'' ("limbă moldovenească") was newly employed to create a state-sponsored '']'' to distinguish it from Romanian Romanian. Thus, Şt. Margeală, in 1827, states that the aim of his book is to "offer the 800,000 Romanians who live in Besserabia,...as well as to the millions of Romanians from the other part of Prut, the possibility of knowing the Russian language, and also for the Russians who want to study the Romanian language". In 1865 Ioan Doncev, editing his Romanian primer and grammar, affirmed that Moldovan is ''valaho-româno'', or Romanian. However, after this date, the label ''Romanian language'' appears only sporadically in the correspondance of the educational authorities. Gradually, ''Moldovan'' became the sole label for the language: a situation that proved useful to those who wished for a cultural separation of Bessarabia from Romania. Although referring to another historical period, Kl. Heitmann stated that the "theory of two languages — Romanian and Moldovan — was served both in Moscow as well as in Chişinău to combat the nationalistic veleities of the Republic of Moldova, being, in fact, an action against Romanian nationalism".(Heitmann, 1965). The objective of the Russian glotopolitics in Besserabia was the ''dialectization'' of the Romanian language. A. Arţimovici, official of the Education Department based in ], wrote a letter, dated ] ], to the Minister of Public Instructions stating: "I have the opinion that it will be hard to stop the Romanian population of Besserabia using the language of the neighbouring principalities, where the concentrated Romanian population may develop the language based on its Latin elements, not good for Slavic language. The government's directions pertaining to this case aim to make a new dialect in Besserabia, mor closely based on Slavic language, will be, as it will be seen, of no use: we cannot direct the teachers to teach a language that will soon be dead in Moldova and Wallachia...parents will not want their children to learn a different language to the one they currently speak". Although some clerks, like Arţimovici, realised that the creation of a dialect apart from the Romanian spoken in the United Principalities could never be truly effective, most of them "with the aim of fulfilling governmental policy, tendentiously called the majority language ''Moldovan'', even in the context where ''Romanian'' had always been used previously".{{fact}} | |||
| === Beginnings of the Moldovan language=== | |||
| ] | |||
| The territory of ] which forms most of the present-day Republic of Moldova, historically the eastern part of the principality of ], was annexed from the ] by ] in ] and remained a Russian territory until the ] of ]. In ], Bessarabia united with ]. | |||
| With the creation in ] of the ] within the ], the ] authorities declared the variety spoken by the majority of Moldavians to be "Moldavian language", allegedly for the purpose of giving the region its own identity separate from Romania. {{ref|ASSRM}} The ] which had been used for writing the language for the past 80 years was changed to a version of the ] derived from the Russian variant. To justify this, the government noted that up until just 80 years prior, the language was usually written in Cyrillic. (See: ]) | |||
| As a result of the transfers of the territory and the accompanying migration of the population, including ] and encouraged migration from the rest of the USSR, by the mid-20th century Bessarabia acquired large communities of Russian speakers, among the Moldovan natives. Also, during Soviet rule, Moldovan speakers were encouraged to learn the ] as a prerequisite for access to higher education, social status and political power. All this contributed to proliferation of Russian loanwords in spoken Moldovan. | |||
| === Romanizators and Originalists === | |||
| At these times there were discussions between the supporters ("Romanizators" or "Romanists") and opponents ("Originalists") of the convergence of Moldavian and Romanian languages. | |||
| In particular, Originalists strove to base the literary Moldavian language on local dialects. Neologisms were created to cover technical areas that had no native Moldavian equivalent. As a result, the textbooks, e.g., in ] or ] were barely readable to the uninitiated. | |||
| In ] Moldovan communists received a directive from the Communist Party of Ukraine to switch Moldovan writing to the ]. This was part of the massive campaign in the USSR of latinization of the alphabets of lesser nationalities, based on the theory of Soviet linguist ] postulating the convergence to a single world language, expected to be a means of communication in the future classless society (]). This directive was passively sabotaged by the "originalist" majority, until ] (] of the Ukrainian Communist Party) and some Moldovan communists visited ], who reportedly insisted on faster latinization with the ultimate goal of the convergence of Moldavian and Romanian cultures, hinting at the possibility that in future Moldova and Romania would be reunited. Nevertheless, the resistance to Romanization persisted, and after 1933 a number of prominent "originalists" were repressed, their books destroyed, and their neologisms banned. | |||
| After the infamous February-March (1937) ] ] ], which escalated the ], both Romanizators and Originalists were declared "imperialist spies": Originalists, because they sabotaged the Latinization, and Romanizators, because they were "agents of ] Romania" ("Боярская Румыния"). | |||
| In February ] the Moldavian communists issued a declaration transferring Moldavian writing to the Cyrillic alphabet once again, which in August 1939 was made into the law of the republic. The motivation was that the Latinization was used by "]-nationalist elements" to "distantance the Moldavian populace from the Ukrainian and Russian ones, with the ultimate goal of the separation of Soviet Moldavia from the USSR". | |||
| ===Moldavian in Soviet Moldova === | |||
| In June ], twenty-two years after the union with Romania, the ] annexed Bessarabia. A year later, in ], Romania invaded the Soviet Union as part of ] and retook Bessarabia, along with the territory between Dnestr and ] rivers. These territories were taken back by the Soviet Union 3 years later in ], and remained under Soviet administration until the ] in ]. | |||
| In 1956, during the ] of the victims of Stalinist repression, a special report was issued about the state of the Moldavian language, which stated, in part, that the discussions of 1920-30s between the two tendencies were mostly non-scientific, since in the republic there were very few linguists, and that the grammar and the basic lexicon of literary Romanian and Moldovan languages are identical, while differences are secondary and nonessential. Once again, the planned convergence of the Romanian and Moldovan languages was approved, bearing in mind the political situation in the ]. | |||
| === Reversion to Latin script, and beyond === | |||
| In ], the contemporary Romanian version of the Latin alphabet was made the ] of the Moldavian SSR. | |||
| After the independence of ] in ], "Romanian" was declared the official language, but the 1994 constitution changed the name of the language to "Moldovan". | |||
| When in ] the Romanian Academy changed the official orthography of Romania, the Institute of Linguistics at the ASM did not make the same changes, and the official orthography continued as before (for more detail, see below). | |||
| A ] attempt by Moldovan president ] to change the official language to "Romanian" was dismissed by the Moldovan Parliament as promoting Romanian expansionism. | |||
| In ], the government of Moldova gave the Russian language the same privileges as Moldovan, since after Soviet rule and the massive Russian and Ukrainian settlement it invited, a significant proportion of the population were mother-tongue speakers of Russian. It was declared to be a mandatory foreign language in schools. This created a wave of indignation among the Moldovan-speaking majority of the population, and rallies against this decision were organized in ] and other major cities. They were largely attended by students and youths {{fact}}. Just as the population of Russian-speakers in the Baltic States has been declining over the past 15 years, so as that of Moldova. | |||
| In ], a Romanian-Moldovan dictionary (Stati 2003) was published. The linguists of the ] in Romania declared that all the Moldovan words are also Romanian words, although some of its contents are disputed as being neologism resulting from Russification. In Moldova, the head of the ]' Institute of Linguistics, ], described the dictionary as "an absurdity, serving political purposes". Supporters of Stati, however, accused both of promoting "Romanian colonialism". | |||
| On the ] census, about two thirds of the Romanian-Moldovans, which are the majority population in the Republic of Moldova, declared their mother tongue to be "Romanian", and one third "Moldovan", which is, according to the press, why the release of the official census results was delayed. | |||
| == Linguistic view == | |||
| The main debate surrounding the status of Moldovan is its status in relation to Romanian, specifically, whether it is a dialect of Romanian (or vice-versa), a separate language, or whether "Romanian" and "Moldovan" are in fact two different names for the same thing. This situation is roughly analogous to the situation of ], ] and ] languages or ] and ]. | |||
| This debate is not scientific, however, since ] as a science considers all divisions of languages and dialects as arbitrary groupings of ]s.{{ref|arbitrary}} There is a ] in ]; the only sharp break at the ] is the official name of the language, not how it is spoken. | |||
| However, in practice, it is sometimes necessary for linguists to designate separate "dialects" and "languages", despite the fact that there are no widely agreed-upon criteria for doing so. The ] classifies Moldovan as a Romanian dialect, and states that the official and primary language of Moldova is Romanian{{ref|ethnologue}}. | |||
| The spoken language in most of Moldova is part of the Moldavian dialect of Romanian, also spoken in Eastern Romania{{fact}}. | |||
| == Official view == | |||
| The ] of the Republic of ] refers to the country's language as ''Moldovan'' rather than ''Romanian'', although "'''Romanian'''" was the official language between ] and ]. In practice, however, it is often referred to as "Romanian" or "the language of the state". | |||
| In schools, the language is called Romanian, and textbooks from Romania are used significantly in the Moldovan education system.{{ref|textbook1}}{{ref|textbook2}}{{ref|textbook3}}{{ref|textbook4}} The ] calls the language ''Romanian'' {{ref|ASM}}. Additionally, several government departments call the language Romanian, and their websites are offered in Romanian, Russian and often English, but not "Moldovan". These include the Ministry of Education , the Ministry of Justice , the Ministry of Transport and Roads , the Ministry of Internal Affairs , the Office of Statistics and the Department of Migration . | |||
| There is a growing international recognition that Moldovan language is in fact Romanian. {{fact}} In particular, in factsheets by US Department of State and in documents of some other countries Romanian is listed as the official language of Moldova.{{ref|statedept}} | |||
| In 2002, the Moldovan Minister of Justice, ], said that Romanian and Moldovan are the same language and that the Constitution of Moldova should be amended, not necessarily by changing the word ''Moldovan'' into ''Romanian'', but by adding that "Romanian and Moldovan are the same language"{{ref|morei}}. | |||
| Education Minister Valentin Beniuc said "I have stated more than once that the notion of a Moldovan language and a Romanian language reflects the same lingustic phenomenon in essence."{{ref|beniuc-mlecico}}. | |||
| Additionally, Tatiana Mlecico continually referred to the language as Romanian during a press conference when she was the chief of the Department of Interethnic Relations.{{ref|beniuc-mlecico}}. | |||
| According to newspaper reports about the most recent Moldovan census, about 45% of all mother language speakers of ] declared their native language to be "Moldovan", while 55% declared their native language to be "Romanian". There is no official statement from the Moldovan center of statistics yet. | |||
| == Alphabet and spelling== | |||
| Cyrillic was replaced by Latin as the official alphabet for the Moldovan language in 1989. Nearly all urban Moldovans can read the Latin alphabet, although many over 30 are more comfortable writing in Cyrillic, as it was compulsorily script of their education. In the countryside, many people over 30 — especially peasants — prefer Cyrillic, but may write in the Latin alphabet, though with difficulty. {{ref|cyrillic}} | |||
| The Romanian characters â and î are both written as î in Moldovan. Although â and î sound identical in speech, the Romanian justification for using these two characters is to bring Romanian closer orthographically to other Romance languages, and that etymologically, â and î are separate. In the Moldovan language, only the word "română" (Romanian) and "România" (Romania) are written with â, officially. Only very rarely are "română" and derivatives are written using "î", and most people from either country will consider it to be incorrect usage. | |||
| Romanian ''sunt'' is written as ''sînt'' in Moldovan. However, in Moldovan Cyrillic, it is variably written ''сунт''(''sunt'') or ''сынт''(''sînt''). Although it is actually pronounced ''sînt'' in both languages, the Romanian justification for writing ''sunt'' is that it is etymologically correct and that it brings Romanian closer orthographically to other Romance languages. | |||
| Before the ], Romanian used the same orthography as Moldovan (with just the character î and sînt). The decision to change the orthography to the â/î/sunt format was made by the ] in 1993. | |||
| In both countries, the official versions are not always respected. For example, some Romanian newspapers use the "î"/"sînt" spelling ('']'' among others), while some Moldovan newspapers use "î/â/sunt" spelling. (''Accente'', ''Garda'', ''Timpul'', etc). | |||
| == Spoken language in Chişinău and its suburbs== | |||
| The colloquial Moldovan of Chişinău and its suburbs tends to use a much higher number of Russian and Ukrainian loanwords than in Romania, though such words are generally avoided in formal situations. Residents of rural areas tend to use less slang and foreign words, and their speech is reported to be more conservative than that of residents of urban areas. | |||
| In ], most strangers, even ethnic Moldovans, address one another in Russian, despite the fact that Moldovan is official language. {{ref|cyrillic}} In the autonomous regions of ] and ], Russian predominates while Moldovan is spoken by a minority. | |||
| Unlike in the villages or towns, where a more conservative form of the language is observed, the colloquial speech of the larger cities is, to some extent, an amalgamation of Romanian and Russian. Only some nationally-conscious members of the elite urban intelligentsia make any effort to purge Russian words from their everyday speech. In the countryside, Russian linguistic influences tend to be far fewer, excepting the regions of ] and ]. Speakers of Moldovan tend to ] their language with Russian. | |||
| In some cases, Russian words take on Romanian inflectional paradigms (examples after <!--El Noel{{ref|ElNoel}}, -->D. Dyer {{ref|DyerEx}}): | |||
| Original: "''Maşina'' '''bucsu'''''ieşte''"<br /> | |||
| Translation: "The car is skidding"<br /> | |||
| Explanation: "Bucsuieşte" is from the Russian root word ''буксовать'' (bucs-ova-ti), "to skid", and the Romanian inflectional suffix ''(i)-eşte'', the 3rd person singular present tense ending for a 4th conjugation verb. | |||
| Original: "''Pe Ion l-au '''''sud'''''it pe doi ani''"<br /> | |||
| Translation: "John was sentenced to two years"<br /> | |||
| Explanation: "Sudit" is from the Russian verbal root ''суд'' (sud), "to judge" or "to sentence", and the Romanian inflectional suffix ''-t'', the passive participle ending. | |||
| In other cases, sentences are patterned after Russian syntax: | |||
| Original: "''La mine rochia'i nouă''"<br /> | |||
| Translation: "I have a new dress"<br /> | |||
| Explanation: "La mine rochia" and the Russian "У меня ... платье" both mean literally "At me the dress", as opposed to the standard Romanian "Rochia mea", literally "my dress". | |||
| Original: "''La tine mama'''i bolnavă"<br /> | |||
| Translation: "Your mom is sick"<br /> | |||
| Explanation: "La tine mama" and "У тебя мать" both mean literally "At you the mother", as opposed to the standard Romanian "Mama ta", literally "your mother". | |||
| Original: "''La noi mama trăieşte în sat''"<br /> | |||
| Translation: "Our mother lives out in the countryside"<br /> | |||
| Explanation: "La noi mama" means literally "At us the mother", as opposed to the standard Romanian "mama noastră", literally "our mother". | |||
| Original: "''La mine fratele'i în armată''"<br /> | |||
| Translation: "I have a brother in the military"<br /> | |||
| Explanation: "La mine" and "У меня" both mean literally "At me...", as opposed to the standard Romanian "mea", literally "my". | |||
| Original: "''Ion lucrează şofer''"<br /> | |||
| Translation: "Ion works as a driver"<br /> | |||
| Explanation: In Romanian, there is no instrumental case, so the preposition ''ca'' (as) or the phrase ''în calitate de'' (in the capacity of) is used instead. In Russian, the instrumental case is marked by the suffix ''-ом''. Colloquial Moldovan extends the function of the nominative case to the function of instrumental case as well, thus eliminating the Romanian prepositional phrases. Unlike most Russian influence, this is beginning to appear in the literary language as well. | |||
| == Comparison with Romanian == | |||
| The sample below taken from the ]s of ] and ] proves that a formal text in Romanian and Moldovan may be identical. The colloquial languages show more difference, which varies over the area. | |||
| {| | |||
| ! Moldova ] || Romania ]|| English ] | |||
| |------------------------------------------------------------------- | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | TITLUL I: Principii Generale | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | TITLUL I: Principii Generale | |||
| | style="vertical-align: top" | FIRST TITLE: General Principles | |||
| |------------------------------------------------------------ | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | Articolul 1 | |||
| Statul Republica Moldova | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | Articolul 1 | |||
| Statul român | |||
| | style="vertical-align: top" | Article 1 (Romanian/Republic of Moldova State) | |||
| |------------------------------------------------------------ | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | (1) Republica Moldova este un stat suveran şi independent, unitar şi indivizibil. | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | (1) România este stat naţional, suveran şi independent, unitar şi indivizibil. | |||
| | style="vertical-align: top" | (1) Romania/Republic of Moldova is a national, independent, united, and indivisible state. | |||
| |------------------------------------------------------------ | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | (2) Forma de guvernămînt a statului este republica. | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | (2) Forma de guvernământ a statului român este republica. | |||
| | style="vertical-align: top" | (2) The form of government of the state is republican. | |||
| |------------------------------------------------------------ | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | (3) Republica Moldova este un stat de drept, democratic, în care demnitatea omului, drepturile şi libertăţile ... | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | (3) România este stat de drept, democratic şi social, în care demnitatea omului, drepturile şi libertăţile ... | |||
| | style="vertical-align: top" | Romania/Republic of Moldova is a state of law, democratic and social, in which the human dignity, rights and liberties... | |||
| |------------------------------------------------------------ | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | | |||
| | style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top" | | |||
| | style="vertical-align: top" | Links to the official page of Constitution for both countries | |||
| |} | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| *{{note|name}} The Cyrillic script has not been in official use in the Republic of Moldova since independence 1989, but is official in Transnistria, and is still used by smaller groups elsewhere. | |||
| *{{note|ethnologue}} | |||
| *{{note|stati2}} , Vremea | |||
| *{{note|textbook1}} World Bank, ''Reviews of National Policies for Education: Moldova'', p. 51 | |||
| *{{note|textbook2}} (in Romanian) | |||
| *{{note|textbook3}} (in Romanian) | |||
| *{{note|textbook4}}, from ''Viaţa Liberă'' a Galaţi-based weekly (in Romanian) | |||
| *{{note|morei}} , ''Moldova Azi'', 10 September 2002 | |||
| *{{note|beniuc-mlecico}} , ''Jurnal de Chişinău'', 25 May 2004 | |||
| *{{note|ASM}} website | |||
| *{{note|cyrillic}} by Diana Nissler | |||
| *{{note|ASSRM}} Grenoble 2003, pp 89-93 | |||
| *{{note|linguists}} Kogan Page 2004, p 291 ; IHT, 16 June 2000, p. 2 ; Dyer 1999 , 2005 | |||
| *{{note|stati}} Stati 2003 | |||
| *{{note|arbitrary}} Simpson 2003 | |||
| *{{note|language}} ] article: ] | |||
| *{{note|pmr-gagauz}} Kogan Page 2004, p 242 | |||
| *{{note|Ukraine}} From the official website of the Ukrainian census: | |||
| *{{note|DyerEx}} Dyer 1999 | |||
| == References == | |||
| * Grenoble, Lenore A (2003) ''Language Policy in the Soviet Union'', ], ISBN 1402012985 | |||
| * Dyer, D. (1999). ''The Romanian Dialect of Moldova: A Study in Language and Politics''. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. (ISBN 0773480374) | |||
| * Dyer, Donald Leroy, ed. ''Studies in Moldovan''. New York: Columbia University Press (East European Monographs), 1996. (ISBN 0880333510) | |||
| * Stati, V.N. ''Dicţionar moldovenesc-românesc''. Chişinău: Tipografia Centrală (Biblioteca Pro Moldova), 2003. (ISBN 9975782485) | |||
| * Ильяшенко, Татьяна Павловна. ''Языковые контакты : на материале славиано-молдав, отношений''. Moscow: "Наука" , 1970. (LCCN 78510414) | |||
| * Bruchis, M. (1982). ''One Step Back, Two Steps Forward''. New York: Columbia University Press (East European Monographs). (ISBN 0880330023) | |||
| * Bruchis, M. (1984). ''Nations, Nationalities, Peoples''. New York: Columbia University Press (East European Monographs). (ISBN 0880330570) | |||
| * Bruchis, M. (1988). ''USSR Language and Realities''. New York: Columbia University Press (East European Monographs). (ISBN 088033147X) | |||
| * Dumbrava, V. (2004). ''Sprachkonflikt Und Sprachbewusstsein In Der Republik Moldova: Eine Empirische Studie In Gemischtethnischen Familien (Sprache, Mehrsprachigkeit Und Sozialer Wandel)''. Bern: Peter Lang Publishing. (ISBN 3631507283) | |||
| *Movileanu N. Din istoria Transnistriei (1924-1940), ''Revista de istorie a Moldovei'', 1993, #2. | |||
| *Negru E. Introducerea si interzicerea grafiei latine in R.A.S.S.M, 1999, ''Revista de istorie a Moldovei'', #3-4. | |||
| *(2004). ''Europe Review 2003/2004''. Kogan Page. | |||
| * ], ''{{Unicode|Летописецул Църый Молдовей}}'' (''Letopiseţul Ţărîi Moldovei'', Chronicles of the Moldavian Land) | |||
| * Dyer, Donald Leroy. SEEJ, Vol. 43, No. 1 (1999): pp85-98 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{InterWiki|code=mo}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{Eastern Romance languages}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| <!--]--> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||