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{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Russian federal subject2
|EnglishName=Chechen Republic
|RussianName=Чеченская Республика
|LocalName1=Нохчийн Республика
|LocalLangName1=Chechen
|Map=Map of Russia - Chechen Republic (2008-03).svg
|LatDeg=43
|LatMin=24
|LonDeg=45
|LonMin=43
|CoatOfArms=Coat of arms of Chechnya.svg
|CoatOfArmsLink=]
|Flag=Flag of Chechen Republic since 2004.svg
|FlagLink=]
|Anthem=]
|AdmCtrType=Capital
|AdmCtrName=]
|DateEstablished=January 11, 1991
|DateEstablishedRef
|PoliticalStatus=Republic
|PoliticalStatusLink=Republics of Russia
|FederalDistrict=]
|EconomicRegion=]
|CodeNumber=20
|ISO=RU-CE
|Area=15300
|AreaRank=75th
|Population=1103686
|PopulationRank=49th
|UrbanPopulation=33.8%
|RuralPopulation=66.2%
|OfficialLanguages=], ]
|OfficialLanguagesRef=<ref name="Languages">Constitution, Article 10.1</ref>
|GovernmentAsOf=October 2008
|HeadTitle=]
|HeadTitleRef=<ref name="HeadLegis">Constitution, Article 5.1</ref>
|HeadName=]
|HeadNameRef=<ref name="President">Official website of the Chechen Republic. {{ru icon}}</ref>
|Legislature=]
|LegislatureRef=<ref name="HeadLegis" />
|BasicLawType=Constitution
|BasicLawTitle=]
| timezone1 = ]
| utc_offset1 = +3
| timezone1_DST = ]
| utc_offset1_DST = +4
|Website=http://chechnya.gov.ru/
|WebsiteRef
}}
{{Portalpar|Chechnya}}

] in Chechnya, photographed at some point between 1905 and 1915]]

The '''Chechen Republic''' ({{pron-en|ˈtʃɛtʃɨn}}; {{lang-ru|Чече́нская Респу́блика}}, ''Chechenskaya Respublika''; {{lang-ce|Нохчийн Республика}}, ''Noxçiyn Respublika''), or, informally, '''Chechnya''' ({{IPA|/ˈtʃɛtʃniə/}}; {{lang-ru|Чечня́}}; {{lang-ce|Нохчийчоь}}, '''Noxçiyçö'''), sometimes referred to as ''']''', '''Chechnia''', '''Chechenia''' or '''Noxçiyn''', is a ] of ]. It is located in the ] mountains, in the ].

After the ] in 1991, the ] was split into two&nbsp;— the ] and Republic of Chechnya. The latter proclaimed the ''']''', which sought independence. Following the ] with Russia, Chechnya gained ''de facto'' independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Russian federal control was restored during the ]. Since then there has been a systematic reconstruction and rebuilding process, though sporadic fighting continues in the mountains and southern regions of the republic.

See "]" for etymology of the name. In 2006 the former president, ], proposed changing the official name of the republic to '''Noxçiyn''' (or '''Nokhchiin''') which is a ] of the name in the ].<ref>{{cite news | last = BBC News | title = New name for Chechnya suggested | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5313594.stm | accessdate = 2007-01-23}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Chechnya}}

===Prehistory===
The oldest settlement found in the region goes back to the 125.000 BC. In these mountain cave settlements were living people that utilized tools, mastered fire and used animal skin for warmth and other purposes.<ref name="chechhand">{{cite book|last=Jaimoukha|first=Amjad M.|title=The Chechens: a handbook|publisher=Routledge|date=2005-03-01|edition=1st|page=110|isbn=978-0415323284|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PnjAlei9fe0C&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=Deela-Malkh&source=bl&ots=cBbztAi8mC&sig=29XfftH681vf6iFbZRGDHzt0UYU&hl=en&ei=BliFSoDDKtOQtgf5tJSwCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=Deela-Malkh&f=false|accessdate=2009-08-14}}</ref>
<ref></ref> Trace of human settlement that date back to 40.000 BC were found near lake of Lake Kezanoi. Cave paintings, artifacts and other archaeological findings indicate that there has been continuous habitation for some eight thousand years.<ref name="chechhand" />

===Early history===
In classical times the northern slopes of the ] mountains were inhabited by the ] on the west and the ] on the east. In between them, the ] occupied ]{{Fact|date=August 2008}}, the areas of north ], the ], the ] and the Chechen republics today. Chechnya is a region in the Northern Caucasus which has been in almost constant battle against foreign rule since the 15th century. Eventually the Chechens converted to ] and tensions began to die down with the Turks; however conflicts with their Christian neighbours, the ] and the ], as well as with their Buddhist ] neighbours intensified. The Russian ] was secretly established in Chechnya in 1577 by free Cossacks resettled from the ] to the ].

===Caucasian Wars===
{{Main|Caucasian War}}

In 1783, Russia and the eastern Georgian kingdom of ] (which was devastated by Turkish and Persian invasions) signed the ], according to which Kartl-Kakheti received protection by Russia. In order to secure communications with Georgia and other regions of the Transcaucasia, the Russian Empire began spreading its influence into the Caucasus mountains. The current resistance to Russian rule has its roots in the late 18th century (1785–1791), a period when Russia expanded into territories formerly under the dominion of ] and ] (see also the ] and ]), under ]—a Chechen ] (]) Sheikh—with wavering support from other North Caucasian tribes. Mansur hoped to establish a ] Islamic state under ] law, but was unable to do so because of Russian resistance and opposition from many Chechens (many of whom had not been converted to Islam at the time). Its banner was again picked up by the ] ], who fought against the Russians from 1834 until 1859.

===Soviet rule===
] and the districts established after the ] (Diagram in ])]]

Chechen rebellion would characteristically flare up whenever the Russian state faced a period of internal uncertainty. ]s occurred during the ], the ], the ], the ] (see ]), and ]. Under Soviet rule, Chechnya was combined with ] to form the ] republic of ] in the late 1930s.

The Chechens again ] during the 1940s, resulting in the ] of ] to the ] (later ]) and ]{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} in 1944 near the end of ].<ref>{{cite web| last=Kavkazcenter.com| title=European Parliament recognizes deportation of Chechens as act of genocide| url=http://www.kavkazcenter.com/eng/content/2004/02/26/2469.shtml| accessdate=2007-01-23}}</ref><ref></ref> ] and others argued this was punishment to the Chechens for providing assistance to the German forces. Although the German front never made it to the border of Chechnya, an active ] movement threatened to undermine the Soviet defenses of the ] (noted writer ] claims that while the city of Grozny was preparing for a siege in 1942, all of the air bombers stationed on the Caucasian front had to be re-directed towards quelling the Chechen ] instead of fighting Germans at the ]). Chechen-Ingushetia was abolished and the Chechens were allowed to return to their "own ethnic land" after 1956 during ] under ].

The ] policies towards Chechens continued after 1956, with ] proficiency required in many aspects of life and for advancement in the Soviet system.{{Fact|date=April 2009}}

===Recent events===
With the impending collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, an ] movement, initially known as the ''Chechen National Congress'', was formed and led by ex-] general and new Chechen President ] that rallied for the recognition of Chechnya as a separate nation. This movement was ultimately opposed by ]'s ], which first argued that Chechnya had not been an independent entity within the Soviet Union—as the Baltic, Central Asian, and other Caucasian States had—but was part of the ] and hence did not have a right under the Soviet constitution to secede; second, that other ], such as ], would consider seceding from the Russian Federation if Chechnya were granted that right; and third, that Chechnya was a major hub in the oil infrastructure of the Federation and hence its secession would hurt the country's economy and energy access.

In the ensuing decade, the territory was locked in an ongoing struggle between various factions, usually fighting unconventionally and forgoing the position held by the several successive Russian governments through the current administration. Various demographic factors including religious ones have continued to keep the area in a near constant state of war.

====First Chechen War====
{{Main|First Chechen War}}

The First Chechen War occurred in a two year period lasting from 1994 to 1996, when Russian forces attempted to stop Chechnya from seceding. Despite overwhelming manpower, weaponry and ], the Russian forces were unable to establish effective control over the mountainous area due to many successful ] ] raids. The ] in 1995 shocked the Russian public and discredited Chechen guerrillas. Widespread ] of the Russian forces in the area and a successful offensive on Grozny by Chechen independantist forces lead by Aslan Maskhadov prompted ] ] to declare a ] in 1996 and sign a ] a year later.

The war was disastrous for both sides. Most estimates give figures of between 3,500 and 7,500 Russian ] dead, between 3,000 and 15,000 Chechen ] dead, and no fewer than 35,000 ] deaths—a total of at least 41,500 dead. Others have cited figures in the range of 80,000 to 100,000.<ref>{{cite web | last = Wood, Tony, New Left Review | title = The case for Chechnya | url=http://www.newleftreview.org/shtml.cgi?number=26401 | accessdate = 2007-01-23}}</ref>

====Inter-war period====
{{Main|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}}

After the war, ]ary and ] took place in January 1997 in Chechnya and brought to power new President ], chief of staff and ] in the Chechen ] government, for a five-year term. Maskhadov sought to maintain Chechen sovereignty while pressing ] to help rebuild the republic, whose formal economy and infrastructure were virtually destroyed.<ref></ref> Russia continued to send money for the rehabilitation of the republic; it also provided pensions and funds for schools and hospitals. Most of these funds were taken by Chechen authorities and divided between favoured warlords.<ref>Leon Aron. . ], 01.02.2003</ref> Nearly half a million people (40% of Chechnya's prewar population) have been internally displaced and lived in ] or overcrowded villages.<ref name="dissident">
] and Marina Litvinenko. ISBN 978-1416551652.</ref> The economy was destroyed. Two Russian brigades were permanently stationed in Chechnya.<ref name="dissident"/>

In lieu of the devastated economic structure, ] emerged as the principal source of income countrywide, procuring over $200 million during the three year independence of the chaotic fledgling state,<ref>Tishkov, Valery. ''Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Page 114.</ref> although victims were rarely killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9812/08/chechnya.01/ |title=Four Western hostages beheaded in Chechnya |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20021203141902/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9812/08/chechnya.01/ |archivedate=2002-12-03}}</ref> In 1998, 176 people were kidnapped, 90 of whom were released, according to official accounts. President Maskhadov started a major campaign against hostage-takers, and on October 25, 1998, Shadid Bargishev, Chechnya's top anti-kidnapping official, was killed in a remote-controlled car bombing. Bargishev's colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead with their offensive. Political violence and religious extremism, blamed on "]", was rife. In 1998, Grozny authorities declared a ]. Tensions led to open clashes between the Chechen National Guard and Islamist militants, such as the July 1998 confrontation in Gudermes.

====Second Chechen War====
{{Main|Second Chechen War}}

In August 1999, the ] began an unsuccessful incursion into the neighbouring Russian republic of ] in favor of the ] who sought independence from Russia. (see ]). In September, a series of ] that killed three hundred Russian civilians took place in several Russian cities, including Moscow, which were blamed on the ]. In response, after a prolonged air campaign of retaliatory strikes against the ]n regime, a ground offensive began in October 1999 which marked the beginning of the Second Chechen War. Much better organized and planned than the first Chechen War, the military actions by the Russian Federal forces enabled them to re-establish control over most regions. The Russian forces used brutal force, killing sixty Chechen civilians during a mop-up operation in Aldy, Chechnya on February 5, 2000. However, Chechen rebel forces continued to conduct terrorist attacks, <ref>Andrew Meier. Chechnya: To the Heart of a Conflict</ref>seizing a theater in Moscow in April 2002. Russian forces refused to negotiate and gassed the entire building, killing one hundred and thirty of the Russian hostages as well as all of the terrorists. After the re-capture of ] in February 2000, the Ichkerian regime fell apart. Russia has severely disabled the Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the ]. Nonetheless, Russia was successful in installing a pro-] Chechen regime, and the most prominent separatist leaders were killed, including former ] ] and ]. In April 2009, Russia ended its counter-terrorism operation and pulled out the bulk of its army.<ref name="bbc-endwar">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8001495.stm|title=Russia 'ends Chechnya operation' |date=April 16, 2009|accessdate=2009-04-14}}</ref> Three months later, leader of the separatist government, Akhmed Zakayev, called for a halt to armed resistance against the Chechen police force starting on August 1.<ref> ] Retrieved on July 29, 2009</ref>

==Geography==
Situated in the eastern part of the ], partially in ], Chechnya is surrounded on nearly all sides by Russian Federal territory. In the west, it borders North ] and ], in the north, ], in the east, ], and to the south, ]. Its capital is Grozny.
*Area: {{convert|15300|km}}
*Borders:
**''Internal Russian'':
***] (NE)
***] (W)
***] (W)
***] (NW)
**''Foreign'':
***] (S)

'''Rivers:'''
*]
*]
*]

===Cities and towns with over 20,000 people===
*] (Грозный) (capital)
*] (Шали)
*] (Урус-Мартан)

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Chechnya}}

Since 1990, the Chechen Republic has had many legal, military, and civil conflicts involving separatist movements and pro-Russian authorities. Today, Chechnya is a relatively stable ], although there is still some separatist movement activity. Its regional constitution entered into effect on April 2, 2003 after an all-Chechen referendum was held on March 23, 2003. The independent observers alleged that the officially reported voter turnout seemed to be much higher than the reality.<ref>{{cite web | last = ISHR Germany | title = Some thoughts about the referendum in Chechnya | url = http://www.ishr.org/chechnya.htm | accessdate = 2007-01-23}}</ref> Some Chechens were controlled by regional ]s, or clans, despite the existence of pro- and anti-Russian political structures.
]

Russian and Chechen motivations in these conflicts are complicated. Russia believes that if Chechnya becomes independent more territories will break away leading to Russia's disintegration. Economic interest (specifically oil) is another longstanding factor.

There are various rebel groups within Chechnya fighting the Russians, each with different political, economic and/or ideological motivations.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Some of these derive from a desire for revenge for past Russian military and political action in the region, especially the forced relocation in the 1940s of the entire population to ], resulting in the estimated death of a quarter of the population. Adding in Chechnya's military culture, unemployment and poverty, it is easy to see why the cycle of violence and hatred common to regional conflicts of this nature exists.

===Regional government===
The former separatist religious leader (mufti) ], looked upon as a traitor by many separatists, was elected president with 83% of the vote in an internationally monitored election on October 5, 2003. Incidents of ] and voter intimidation by Russian soldiers and the exclusion of separatist parties from the polls were subsequently reported by the ] monitors. On May 9, 2004, Kadyrov was assassinated in Grozny football stadium by a ] explosion that was planted beneath a VIP stage and detonated during a parade, and ] was appointed to the position of acting prime minister after the incident. However, since 2005 ] (son of Akhmad Kadyrov) has been caretaker prime minister, and in 2007 was appointed a new president. Many allege he is the wealthiest and most powerful man in the republic, with control over a large private militia referred to as the '']''. The militia, which began as his father's security force, has been accused of killings and kidnappings by human rights organizations such as ].

In 2009, the American organization ] included Chechnya in the “Worst of the Worst” list of most repressive societies in the world, together with ] and ]’s ].<ref> (]), '']'', March 2009</ref>

===Separatist government===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2008}}

In addition to the Russian regional government, there was a separatist Ichkeria government that was not recognized by any state (although members have been given political asylum in European and Arab countries, as well as the United States). The separatist government was recognised for a short while by Georgia (when Georgian President was ] and Chechen President was ]). In 1999 the ] government of Afghanistan recognized independent Chechnya and opened an embassy in Kabul on January 16, 2000; recognition ceased with the fall of the Taliban in 2001. The president of this government was ], the Foreign Minister was ], who was the spokesman for Maskhadov. Aslan Maskhadov had been elected in an internationally monitored election in 1997 for 4 years, which took place after signing a peace agreement with Russia. In 2001 he issued a decree prolonging his office for one additional year; he was unable to participate in the 2003 presidential election, since separatist parties were barred by the Russian government, and Maskhadov faced accusations of terrorist offences in Russia. Maskhadov left Grozny and moved to the separatist-controlled areas of the south at the onset of the ]. Maskhadov was unable to influence a number of warlords who retain effective control over Chechen territory, and his power was diminished as a result. Russian forces killed Maskhadov on March 8, 2005, and the assassination of Maskhadov was widely criticized since it left no legitimate Chechen separatist leader to conduct peace talks with. ], Deputy Prime Minister and a Foreign Minister under Maskhadov, was appointed shortly after the 1997 election and is currently living under asylum in ]. He and others chose ], a relatively unknown Islamic judge who was previously the host of an Islamic program on Chechen television, to replace Maskhadov following his death. On June 17, 2006, it was reported that Russian special forces killed Abdul Khalim Saidullayev in a raid in a Chechen town Argun. The successor of Saidullayev became ]. On October 31, 2007 Umarov abolished the ] and its presidency and in its place proclaimed the ] with himself as its ]. This change of status has been rejected by many Chechen politicians and military leaders who continue to support the existence of the republic.

==Human rights==
In 2006 ] reported that pro-Moscow Chechen forces under the effective command of President ], as well as federal police personnel, used torture to get information about separatist forces. "If you are detained in Chechnya, you face a real and immediate risk of torture. And there is little chance that your torturer will be held accountable," said Holly Cartner, Director Europe and Central Asia division of HRW.<ref>]:</ref>

Human rights groups criticized the conduct of the 2005 parliamentary elections as unfairly influenced by the central Russian government and military.<ref>, Morning Edition, NPR, November 28, 2005.</ref>

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre reports that after hundreds of thousands fled their homes following inter-ethnic and separatist conflicts in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999, more than 150,000 people still remain displaced in Russia today.<ref>, IDMC, August 13, 2007</ref>

On February 1, 2009, the New York Times released extensive evidence to support allegations of consistent torture and executions under the Kadyrov government. The accusations were sparked by the assassination in Austria of a former Chechen rebel who had gained access to Kadyrov's inner circle, 27-year old Umar Israilov.<ref>]:, February 1, 2009.</ref>

On July 1, 2009, ] released a detailed report covering the human rights violations committed by the ] against Chechnyan citizens. Among the most prominent features was that those abused had no method of redress against assaults, ranging from kidnapping to torture, while those responsible were never held accountable. This lead to the conclusion that Chechnya was being ruled without law, being run into further devastating destabilization <ref>]:, July 1, 2009.</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Chechnya}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Chechen people}}

According to the 2004 estimates, the population of Chechnya is approximately 1.1 million. As per 2002 ], ] at&nbsp;1,031,647 make up 93.5% of the republic's population. Other groups include ] (40,645, or 3.7%), ] (8,883, or 0.8%), ] (2,914 or 0.3%) and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. Birth rate was 25.41 in 2004. (25.7 in Achkhoi Martan, 19.8 in Groznyy, 17.5 in Kurchaloi, 28.3 in Urus Martan and 11.1 in Vedeno). According to the Chechen State Statistical Committee, Chechnya's population had grown to 1.205 million in January 2006.<ref></ref>

At the end of the Soviet era, ethnic Russians comprised about 23% of the population (269,000 in 1989). Due to widespread lawlessness and ethnic cleansing under the government of ] most non-Chechens (and many Chechens as well) fled the country during the 1990s or were killed.<ref>Sokolov-Mitrich, Dmitryi. . Izvestia. Retrieved on July 17, 2002.</ref><ref></ref><ref>Jennifer Jackson Preece, </ref>

The languages used in the Republic are ] and ]. Chechen belongs to the Vaynakh or ] linguistic family, which also includes ] and ]. Some scholars place it in a wider ].

Chechnya has one of the youngest populations in the generally ageing Russian Federation; in the early 1990s, it was among the few regions experiencing natural population growth.
*'''Population''': 1,103,686 (2002) - numbers are disputed
**''Urban'': 373,177 (33.8%)
**''Rural'': 730,509 (66.2%)
**''Male'': 532,724 (48.3%)
**''Female'': 570,962 (51.7%)
*'''Average age''': 22.7 years
**''Urban'': 22.8 years
**''Rural'': 22.7 years
**''Male'': 21.6 years
**''Female'': 23.9 years
*'''Number of households''': 195,304 (with 1,069,600 people)
**''Urban'': 65,741 (with 365,577 people)
**''Rural'': 129,563 (with 704,023 people)
*'''Vital statistics''' (2005)
**''Births'': 28,652 (birth rate 24.9)
**''Deaths'': 5,857 (death rate 5.1)
For the first half of 2007, the birth rate was 26.4<ref></ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! 1926 census
! 1939 census
! 2002 census
|-
| ]
| 293,190 (72.0%)
| 360,598 (64.4%)
| 1,031,647 (93.5%)
|-
| ]
| 77,274 (19.0%)
| 157,621 (28.1%)
| 40,645 (3.7%)
|-
| ]
| 2,217 (0.5%)
| 3,305 (0.6%)
| 8,883 (0.8%)
|-
| ]
| 154 (0.0%)
| 4,336 (0.8%)
| 2,914 (0.3%)
|-
| Others
| 34,112 (8.4%)
| 34,088 (6.1%)
| 19,597 (1.8%)
|}

Most Chechens are ] ], the country having converted to Islam between the 16th and the 19th centuries. Most of the population follows either the ], ], or ] schools of jurisprudence. The Shafi'i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens,<ref> Chechnya, Wahhabism and the invasion of Dagestan</ref><ref> Djihad in the Northern Caucus Ch3</ref> and thus it remains the most practiced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jamestown.org/chechnya_weekly/article.php?articleid=2372572 |title=The Kremlin's War on Islamic Education in the North Caucasus |author=Mairbek Vatchagaev |date=September 8, 2006 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011204749/http://jamestown.org/chechnya_weekly/article.php?articleid=2372572 |archivedate=2007-10-11}} Chechnya Weekly -- Volume 7, Issue 34 (September 8, 2006)</ref>

The once-strong Russian minority in Chechnya, mostly ], are predominately ], although presently only one church exists in Grozny. The ] community, which used to number around 20,000 in Grozny alone, has dwindled to a couple of families.<ref>{{cite web | last = Ishkhanyan, Vahan, ArmeniaNow.com | title = The case for Chechnya | url=http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=2638 | accessdate = 2008-05-12}}</ref>

==Economy==
During the war, the Chechen economy fell apart. ], if reliably calculable, would be only a fraction of the prewar level. Problems with the Chechen economy had an effect on the federal Russian economy&nbsp;— a number of financial crimes during the 1990s were committed using Chechen financial organizations. Chechnya has the highest ratio within Russian Federation of financial operations made in ] to operations in ]s. There are many ] U.S. dollars printed there.<ref></ref> In 1994, the separatists planned to introduce a new currency, the ], but that did not happen due to Russian troops re-taking Chechnya in the ].{{Facts|date=June 2007}} As an effect of the war, approximately 80% of the economic potential of Chechnya was destroyed. Much of the money spent by the Russian federal government to rebuild Chechnya has been wasted. According to the Russian government, over $2 billion was spent on the reconstruction of the Chechen economy since 2000. However, according to the Russian central economic control agency (''Schyotnaya Palata''), not more than $350 million was spent as intended.{{Facts|date=June 2007}} That being said, the economic situation in Chechnya has improved considerably since 2000. According to the ''New York Times'', major efforts to rebuild Grozny have been made, and improvements in the political situation have led some officials to consider setting up a tourism industry, though there are claims that construction workers are being irregularly paid and that poor people have been displaced.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/30/world/europe/30grozny.html</ref> See the main article ].

==See also==
*]
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==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{sourcesstart}}
*{{Cite Russian law
|ru_date=23 марта 2003 г.
|ru_title=Конституция Чеченской Республики
|en_date=March 23, 2003
|en_title=Constitution of the Chechen Republic
}}
{{sourcesend}}

==Further reading==
*Khassan Baiev. ''The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire''. ISBN 0-8027-1404-8
*Vyacheslav Mironov. ''Ya byl na etoy voyne.'' (I was in this war) Biblion&nbsp;— Russkaya Kniga, 2001. Partial translation available online
*[http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/CHECHNYA/chechen_war.txt Vyacheslav Mironov. Assault on Grozny Downtown
*Matthew Evangelista, ''The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?''. ISBN 0-8157-2499-3.
*
*Olga Oliker, ''Russia's Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat''. ISBN 0-8330-2998-3. (A strategic and tactical analysis of the Chechen Wars.)
*Charlotta Gall & Thomas de Waal. ''Chechnya: A Small Victorious War''. ISBN 0-330-35075-7
*Paul J., Ph. D. Murphy. ''The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror''. ISBN 1-57488-830-7
*Anatol Lieven. ''Chechnya : Tombstone of Russian Power'' ISBN 0-300-07881-1
*John B Dunlop. ''Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict'' ISBN 0-521-63619-1
*Paul Khlebnikov. ''Razgovor s varvarom'' (Interview with a barbarian). ISBN 5-89935-057-1.
*]. ''The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World''. ISBN 1-85065-069-1
*Anna Politkovskaya. ''A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya'' ISBN 0-226-67432-0
*Chris Bird. ''"To Catch a Tartar: Notes from the Caucasus"''
*Carlotta Gall, Thomas de Waal, ''Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus''
*Yvonne Bornstein and Mark Ribowsky, "Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story Of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture And Historic FBI & KGB Rescue" AuthorHouse, 2004. ISBN 1-4184-9302-3.
*Ali Khan,
*''Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World's Gone Mad, by Robert Young Pelton'' (ISBN 1-58574-416-6)
*Arkady Babchenko "''One Soldier's War In Chechnya''" Portobello, London ISBN 978 1 84627 039 0
*Asne Seirstad. The Angel of Grozny. ISBN 1-84408-395-4
*Scott Anderson. The Man Who Tried to Save the World. ISBN 0-385-48666-9
* Book review in ], 2007

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}

*{{Dmoz|Regional/Europe/Russia/Administrative_Regions/Chechnya/}}
* at the

{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
{{Countries and regions of the Caucasus}}



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Revision as of 00:26, 19 November 2009

Muslim scum