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Revision as of 20:10, 18 December 2009 edit98.14.117.238 (talk) The community and the Congress calls itself Bukharian. For example, Bukharian Jewish Congress.Bukharian is used in our synagogues, organizations, etc. And lieberson called us "Bukharian" in his quote← Previous edit Revision as of 23:19, 19 December 2009 edit undoJayjg (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Administrators134,922 edits Reverted 1 edit by 98.14.117.238; Per name of article, and name used in reliable sources. (TW)Next edit →
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==Background== ==Background==


There is a tradition among the Bukharian Jews tracing their ancestry to the ] to the ] and to the ]<ref>Ehrlich, M. Avrum. ''Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture'' ABL-CIO, October 2008, ISBN 9781851098736, p. 84.</ref> who may have been exiled during the ] in 7th century BCE.<ref name="bukharacity.com">, Bukharacity.com website. Retrieved December 13, 2009.</ref> A second wave of Jews into Central Asia are said to have been descendants of the Israelites who never returned from the ] after exile in the 6th-5th century BCE. There is a tradition among the Bukharan Jews tracing their ancestry to the ] to the ] and to the ]<ref>Ehrlich, M. Avrum. ''Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture'' ABL-CIO, October 2008, ISBN 9781851098736, p. 84.</ref> who may have been exiled during the ] in 7th century BCE.<ref name="bukharacity.com">, Bukharacity.com website. Retrieved December 13, 2009.</ref> A second wave of Jews into Central Asia are said to have been descendants of the Israelites who never returned from the ] after exile in the 6th-5th century BCE.


] ]
The Bukharian Jews of ] were essentially cut off from the rest of the ] for more than 2,500 years but somehow managed to survive and preserve their ] identity and heritage in the face of tremendous odds. They are considered one of the oldest ] groups of Central Asia and over the years they have developed their own distinct culture. Throughout the years, Jews from other Eastern countries such as ], ], ], ], and ] migrated into Central Asia (usually by taking the ]), as did Jews who were exiled from ] during the ]{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}; all these joined the Central Asian Jewish community and were later collectively known as Bukharan Jews. In Central Asia, the Bukharan Jewish community survived for centuries, despite being subject to many conquering influences and much persecution. The Bukharan Jews of ] were essentially cut off from the rest of the ] for more than 2,500 years but somehow managed to survive and preserve their ] identity and heritage in the face of tremendous odds. They are considered one of the oldest ] groups of Central Asia and over the years they have developed their own distinct culture. Throughout the years, Jews from other Eastern countries such as ], ], ], ], and ] migrated into Central Asia (usually by taking the ]), as did Jews who were exiled from ] during the ]{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}; all these joined the Central Asian Jewish community and were later collectively known as Bukharan Jews. In Central Asia, the Bukharan Jewish community survived for centuries, despite being subject to many conquering influences and much persecution.


Most Bukharian Jews lived in the ] (currently ] and ]), while a small number lived in ], ], ], ], ], ] and some other parts of the former ]. In the Emirate of Bukhara, the largest concentrations were in ], ], Bukhara, and ]. In ], they similarly were mainly concentrated in the capital, ]. Most Bukharan Jews lived in the ] (currently ] and ]), while a small number lived in ], ], ], ], ], ] and some other parts of the former ]. In the Emirate of Bukhara, the largest concentrations were in ], ], Bukhara, and ]. In ], they similarly were mainly concentrated in the capital, ].


Prior to the ], some Bukharian Jews could be found among the ] population of ], a city in what is now ]. After partition and the creation of ], nearly all of these Jews left for ] and other countries. One synagogue still exists in ] and there are two main synagogues and several Jewish cemeteries that were annexed by local Muslims and still function in the port city of ]. Prior to the ], some Bukharan Jews could be found among the ] population of ], a city in what is now ]. After partition and the creation of ], nearly all of these Jews left for ] and other countries. One synagogue still exists in ] and there are two main synagogues and several Jewish cemeteries that were annexed by local Muslims and still function in the port city of ].


==Name and language== ==Name and language==
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The term "Bukharan" was coined by ]an travelers who visited Central Asia around the 16th century. Since most of the Jewish community at the time lived under the ], they came to be known as ''Bukharan'' Jews. The name by which the community called itself is "]" (Israelites). The term "Bukharan" was coined by ]an travelers who visited Central Asia around the 16th century. Since most of the Jewish community at the time lived under the ], they came to be known as ''Bukharan'' Jews. The name by which the community called itself is "]" (Israelites).


The appellative "Bukharian" was adopted by Bukharian Jews who moved to English-speaking countries, in an ] of the Hebrew "Bukhari." However, "Bukharan" was the term used historically by English writers, as it was for other aspects of ]. The appellative "Bukharian" was adopted by Bukharan Jews who moved to English-speaking countries, in an ] of the Hebrew "Bukhari." However, "Bukharan" was the term used historically by English writers, as it was for other aspects of ].


Bukharian Jews used the ] to communicate among themselves and later developed "]", a distinct dialect of the ] with certain linguistic traces of ]. This language provided easier communication with their neighboring communities and was used for all cultural and educational life among the Jews. It was used widely until the area was "]" by the Russians and the dissemination of "religious" information was halted. The elderly Bukharian generation use Bukhori as their primary language but speak Russian with a slight Bukharian accent. The younger generation use ] as their primary language, but do understand or speak Bukhori. Bukharan Jews used the ] to communicate among themselves and later developed "]", a distinct dialect of the ] with certain linguistic traces of ]. This language provided easier communication with their neighboring communities and was used for all cultural and educational life among the Jews. It was used widely until the area was "]" by the Russians and the dissemination of "religious" information was halted. The elderly Bukharan generation use Bukhori as their primary language but speak Russian with a slight Bukharan accent. The younger generation use ] as their primary language, but do understand or speak Bukhori.


The Bukharian Jews are ]<ref name="bjews.com" /> and have been introduced to and practice ]. The Bukharan Jews are ]<ref name="bjews.com" /> and have been introduced to and practice ].


==History== ==History==
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Around 1620, the first synagogue had been constructed at Bukhara city. This was done in contravention of the law of ] who forbade the construction of new synagogues as well as forbade the destruction of those that existed in the pre-Islamic period. There was a case when Caliph Umar had ordered to destroy a mosque, which was built illegally on Jewish land . Before the construction of the first synagogue, Jews had shared a place in a mosque with Muslims. This mosque was called the ], i.e. the "Mosque in pit". Some say that Jews and Muslims worshipped alongside each other in the same place at the same time. Other sources insist that Jews worshipped after Muslims <ref>Mosque and the story of Synagogue in Bukhara. , '']''.</ref>. The construction of the first Bukhara synagogue was credited to two people: Nodir Divan-Begi, an important grandee, and an anonymous widow, who reportedly outwitted an official. Around 1620, the first synagogue had been constructed at Bukhara city. This was done in contravention of the law of ] who forbade the construction of new synagogues as well as forbade the destruction of those that existed in the pre-Islamic period. There was a case when Caliph Umar had ordered to destroy a mosque, which was built illegally on Jewish land . Before the construction of the first synagogue, Jews had shared a place in a mosque with Muslims. This mosque was called the ], i.e. the "Mosque in pit". Some say that Jews and Muslims worshipped alongside each other in the same place at the same time. Other sources insist that Jews worshipped after Muslims <ref>Mosque and the story of Synagogue in Bukhara. , '']''.</ref>. The construction of the first Bukhara synagogue was credited to two people: Nodir Divan-Begi, an important grandee, and an anonymous widow, who reportedly outwitted an official.


During the 1700s, Bukharian Jews faced considerable discrimination and persecution. Jewish centers were closed down, the Muslims of the region usually forced conversion on the Jews, and the Bukharan Jewish population dramatically decreased to the point where they were almost extinct.<ref>, everyculture.com website. Retrieved December 13, 2009.</ref> Due to pressures to convert to ], persecution, and isolation from the rest of the Jewish world, the Jews of Bukhara began to lack knowledge and practice of their Jewish religion. They only had three of five books of the ], did not know ], and replaced ]s with Tefillin-banons.<ref name="bukharacity.com"/> During the 1700s, Bukharan Jews faced considerable discrimination and persecution. Jewish centers were closed down, the Muslims of the region usually forced conversion on the Jews, and the Bukharan Jewish population dramatically decreased to the point where they were almost extinct.<ref>, everyculture.com website. Retrieved December 13, 2009.</ref> Due to pressures to convert to ], persecution, and isolation from the rest of the Jewish world, the Jews of Bukhara began to lack knowledge and practice of their Jewish religion. They only had three of five books of the ], did not know ], and replaced ]s with Tefillin-banons.<ref name="bukharacity.com"/>


By the middle of the 18th century, practically all Bukharian Jews lived in the ]. By the middle of the 18th century, practically all Bukharan Jews lived in the ].


====Yosef Maimon==== ====Yosef Maimon====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2009}} {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2009}}
In 1793, a ] Jew from ], ], named ] traveled to ] and found the local Jews in a very bad state. He decided to settle there. Maimon was disappointed to see so many Jews lack knowledge and observance of their religious customs and ]. He became a spiritual leader, aiming to educate and revive the Jewish community's observance and faith in Judaism. He changed their Persian religious tradition to ]ish tradition. During this time, the Jews of Bukhara were almost extinct, and Middle Eastern Jews came to Central Asia and joined the Bukharian Jewish community. Mammon's work and the Middle Eastern Jewish move to Central Asia helped revive the almost extinct Bukharan Jewish community. Yosef Mammon is an ancestor of ], author ], and the ] ]. In 1793, a ] Jew from ], ], named ] traveled to ] and found the local Jews in a very bad state. He decided to settle there. Maimon was disappointed to see so many Jews lack knowledge and observance of their religious customs and ]. He became a spiritual leader, aiming to educate and revive the Jewish community's observance and faith in Judaism. He changed their Persian religious tradition to ]ish tradition. During this time, the Jews of Bukhara were almost extinct, and Middle Eastern Jews came to Central Asia and joined the Bukharan Jewish community. Mammon's work and the Middle Eastern Jewish move to Central Asia helped revive the almost extinct Bukharan Jewish community. Yosef Mammon is an ancestor of ], author ], and the ] ].


===Nineteenth century=== ===Nineteenth century===
In 1843 the Bukharian Jews were visited by the so-called "Eccentric Missionary", ], a ] who had set himself the broad task of finding the ] and the narrow one of seeking ] who had been captured by the Emir, ]. Wolff wrote prolifically of his travels, and the journals of his expeditions provide valuable information about the life and customs of the peoples he travelled amongst, inclluding the Bukharan Jews. In 1843, for example, they collected 10,000 silver '']'' and purchased land in ], known as '']'', close to Registon. In 1843 the Bukharan Jews were visited by the so-called "Eccentric Missionary", ], a ] who had set himself the broad task of finding the ] and the narrow one of seeking ] who had been captured by the Emir, ]. Wolff wrote prolifically of his travels, and the journals of his expeditions provide valuable information about the life and customs of the peoples he travelled amongst, inclluding the Bukharan Jews. In 1843, for example, they collected 10,000 silver '']'' and purchased land in ], known as '']'', close to Registon.


In the middle of the 19th century, Bukharian Jews began to move to the ]. The land on which they settled in ] was named the ''Bukharian Quarter'' (Sh'hunat HaBucharim) and still exists today. In the middle of the 19th century, Bukharan Jews began to move to the ]. The land on which they settled in ] was named the ''Bukharan Quarter'' (Sh'hunat HaBucharim) and still exists today.


In 1865, Russian troops took over ], and there was a large influx of Jews to the newly created ] Region. From 1876 to 1916, Jews were free to practice ]. Dozens of Bukharan Jews held prestigious jobs in medicine, law, and government, and many Jews prospered. Many Bukharian Jews became successful and well-respected actors, artists, dancers, musicians, singers, film producers, and sportsmen. Several Bukharian entertainers became artists of merit and gained the title "People's Artist of Uzbekistan," "People's Artist of Tajikistan," and even (in the Soviet era) "]." Jews succeeded in the world of sport also, with several Bukharan Jews in Uzbekistan becoming renowned boxers and winning many medals for the country.<ref>Pinkhasov, Peter. , Bukharian Jewish Global Portal website, p. 2. Retrieved December 13, 2009.</ref> In 1865, Russian troops took over ], and there was a large influx of Jews to the newly created ] Region. From 1876 to 1916, Jews were free to practice ]. Dozens of Bukharan Jews held prestigious jobs in medicine, law, and government, and many Jews prospered. Many Bukharan Jews became successful and well-respected actors, artists, dancers, musicians, singers, film producers, and sportsmen. Several Bukharan entertainers became artists of merit and gained the title "People's Artist of Uzbekistan," "People's Artist of Tajikistan," and even (in the Soviet era) "]." Jews succeeded in the world of sport also, with several Bukharan Jews in Uzbekistan becoming renowned boxers and winning many medals for the country.<ref>Pinkhasov, Peter. , Bukharian Jewish Global Portal website, p. 2. Retrieved December 13, 2009.</ref>


===Twentieth century=== ===Twentieth century===
] ]


Prior to the establishment of the state of ], the Bukharian Jews were one of the most isolated Jewish communities in the world.<ref name=nyt>Moskin, Julia. '']'', January 18, 2006.</ref> Prior to the establishment of the state of ], the Bukharan Jews were one of the most isolated Jewish communities in the world.<ref name=nyt>Moskin, Julia. '']'', January 18, 2006.</ref>


With the establishment of ] rule over the territory in 1917, Jewish life seriously deteriorated.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Jews, fleeing religious oppression, confiscation of property, arrests, and repressions, fled to Israel.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} In Central Asia, the community attempted to preserve their traditions while displaying loyalty to the government. ] and the ] brought a lot of ] ] from the European regions of the ] and ] through Uzbekistan. In the early 1970s, one of the largest Bukharian Jewish emigrations in history occurred as the Jews of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan emigrated to ] and the ], due to looser restrictions on immigration. In the late 1980s to the early 1990s, almost all of the remaining Bukharan Jews left Central Asia for the ], ], ], or ] in the last mass emigration of Bukharan Jews from their ancestral lands. With the establishment of ] rule over the territory in 1917, Jewish life seriously deteriorated.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Jews, fleeing religious oppression, confiscation of property, arrests, and repressions, fled to Israel.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} In Central Asia, the community attempted to preserve their traditions while displaying loyalty to the government. ] and the ] brought a lot of ] ] from the European regions of the ] and ] through Uzbekistan. In the early 1970s, one of the largest Bukharan Jewish emigrations in history occurred as the Jews of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan emigrated to ] and the ], due to looser restrictions on immigration. In the late 1980s to the early 1990s, almost all of the remaining Bukharan Jews left Central Asia for the ], ], ], or ] in the last mass emigration of Bukharan Jews from their ancestral lands.


====After 1991==== ====After 1991====
With the disintegration of the ] and foundation of the independent Republic of ] in 1991, there was an abrupt growth of ], ], and ] in Uzbek public consciousness. The advent of ] in ] and ] caused a sudden increase in the level of emigration of Jews (both Bukharian and ]). Before the collapse of the USSR, there were 45,000 Bukharan Jews in Central Asia. With the disintegration of the ] and foundation of the independent Republic of ] in 1991, there was an abrupt growth of ], ], and ] in Uzbek public consciousness. The advent of ] in ] and ] caused a sudden increase in the level of emigration of Jews (both Bukharan and ]). Before the collapse of the USSR, there were 45,000 Bukharan Jews in Central Asia.


Today, there are about 100,000 Bukharian Jews in Israel, 50,000 in the US (mainly ]), about 100-1,000 still remain in ], about 500 in Canada (mainly Toronto, Ontario), and almost no Bukharian Jews remain in ] (compared to the 1989 Jewish population of 15,000 in Tajikistan). Today, there are about 100,000 Bukharan Jews in Israel, 50,000 in the US (mainly ]), about 100-1,000 still remain in ], about 500 in Canada (mainly Toronto, Ontario), and almost no Bukharan Jews remain in ] (compared to the 1989 Jewish population of 15,000 in Tajikistan).


==Emigrant populations== ==Emigrant populations==
===United States=== ===United States===
Currently, Bukharian Jews are mostly concentrated in the U.S. in ], ], ], ], ], ].<ref name="bjews.com" /> ]'s 108th Street, often referred to as "Bukharian Broadway"<ref name="Bukharan Broadway">"Bukharan Broadway": Currently, Bukharan Jews are mostly concentrated in the U.S. in ], ], ], ], ], ].<ref name="bjews.com" /> ]'s 108th Street, often referred to as "Bukharan Broadway"<ref name="Bukharan Broadway">"Bukharan Broadway":
*Foner, Nancy. ''New immigrants in New York", ''], 2001, ISBN 9780231124157, p. 133. "Since the 1970s, more than 35,000 "Bukharan" émigrés have created a bustling community in Forest Hills, with restaurants, barbershops, food stores and synagogue that together have given 108th street the nickname 'Bukharan Broadway'". *Foner, Nancy. ''New immigrants in New York", ''], 2001, ISBN 9780231124157, p. 133. "Since the 1970s, more than 35,000 "Bukharan" émigrés have created a bustling community in Forest Hills, with restaurants, barbershops, food stores and synagogue that together have given 108th street the nickname 'Bukharan Broadway'".
*Morel, Linda. , ''] ('']''), September 20, 2002. "...108th Street, recently dubbed 'Bukharan Broadway,'..." *Morel, Linda. , ''] ('']''), September 20, 2002. "...108th Street, recently dubbed 'Bukharan Broadway,'..."
*Victor Wishna, , '']'', October 2003. "Leaving the bakery, we walk along what has been dubbed 'Bukharan Broadway,' where an abundance of restaurants and gift shops sit side by side."</ref> or "Bukharian Broadway"<ref name=nyt/> in Forest Hills, ], is filled with Bukharan restaurants and gift shops. They have formed a tight-knit enclave in this area that was once primarily inhabited by Ashkenazi Jews (many of the Ashkenazi Jews have assimilated to wider American and American Jewish culture with each successive generation). *Victor Wishna, , '']'', October 2003. "Leaving the bakery, we walk along what has been dubbed 'Bukharan Broadway,' where an abundance of restaurants and gift shops sit side by side."</ref> or "Bukharian Broadway"<ref name=nyt/> in Forest Hills, ], is filled with Bukharan restaurants and gift shops. They have formed a tight-knit enclave in this area that was once primarily inhabited by Ashkenazi Jews (many of the Ashkenazi Jews have assimilated to wider American and American Jewish culture with each successive generation).


At the start of the Jewish New Year 5765 (2005), the Bukharian Jewish Community of Queens (mainly ] and ]) celebrated the opening of the Bukharian Jewish Congress. This establishment further reflects the growing Bukharian community in Queens and their desire to preserve their identity in an ever-changing world. At the start of the Jewish New Year 5765 (2005), the Bukharan Jewish Community of Queens (mainly ] and ]) celebrated the opening of the Bukharan Jewish Congress. This establishment further reflects the growing Bukharan community in Queens and their desire to preserve their identity in an ever-changing world.


Bukharian Jews are very proud of their ] heritage and religion, which are the chief components of their culture. Most are ] and strongly support Israel. Bukharan Jews also support the Central Asian governments in their struggle against ]. Charitable funds named after prominent Central Asian cities, such as ] and ], help maintain the Jewish cemeteries of these cities. Bukharan Jews are very proud of their ] heritage and religion, which are the chief components of their culture. Most are ] and strongly support Israel. Bukharan Jews also support the Central Asian governments in their struggle against ]. Charitable funds named after prominent Central Asian cities, such as ] and ], help maintain the Jewish cemeteries of these cities.


In 2007, Bukharian-American Jews initiated lobbying efforts on behalf of their community.<ref name="thejewishweek.com">Ruby, Walter. , '']'', October 31, 2007.</ref> Zoya Maxumova, president of the Bukharian Women’s Organization "Esther Hamalka" said "This event represents a huge leap forward for our community. I am so grateful to God that we are here, that I was able to witness this. Now, for the first time, Americans will know who we are." Senator ] intoned, "God said to Abraham, 'You'll be an eternal people'… and now we see that the State of Israel lives, and this historic community, which was cut off from the Jewish world for centuries in Central Asia and suffered oppression during the Soviet Union, is alive and well in America. God has kept his promise to the Jewish people."<ref name="thejewishweek.com" /> In 2007, Bukharan-American Jews initiated lobbying efforts on behalf of their community.<ref name="thejewishweek.com">Ruby, Walter. , '']'', October 31, 2007.</ref> Zoya Maxumova, president of the Bukharian Women’s Organization "Esther Hamalka" said "This event represents a huge leap forward for our community. I am so grateful to God that we are here, that I was able to witness this. Now, for the first time, Americans will know who we are." Senator ] intoned, "God said to Abraham, 'You'll be an eternal people'… and now we see that the State of Israel lives, and this historic community, which was cut off from the Jewish world for centuries in Central Asia and suffered oppression during the Soviet Union, is alive and well in America. God has kept his promise to the Jewish people."<ref name="thejewishweek.com" />


===Tajikistan=== ===Tajikistan===
In early 2006, the still-active ] in ] as well as the city's ] (ritual bath), ] butcher, and Jewish schools were demolished by the government (without compensation to the community) to make room for a new Presidential residence. After an international outcry, the government of Tajikistan announced a reversal of its decision and publicly claimed that it would permit the synagogue to be rebuilt on its current site. However, in mid-2008, the government of Tajikistan destroyed the whole synagogue and started construction of a Presidential Palace. The Dushanbe synagogue was Tajkistan's only synagogue and the community were therefore left without a centre or a place to pray. As a result, the majority of Bukharian Jews in Tajikistan have very negative views towards the Tajik government. In 2009, the Tajik government rebuilt the synagogue in a different location for the small Jewish community. In early 2006, the still-active ] in ] as well as the city's ] (ritual bath), ] butcher, and Jewish schools were demolished by the government (without compensation to the community) to make room for a new Presidential residence. After an international outcry, the government of Tajikistan announced a reversal of its decision and publicly claimed that it would permit the synagogue to be rebuilt on its current site. However, in mid-2008, the government of Tajikistan destroyed the whole synagogue and started construction of a Presidential Palace. The Dushanbe synagogue was Tajkistan's only synagogue and the community were therefore left without a centre or a place to pray. As a result, the majority of Bukharan Jews in Tajikistan have very negative views towards the Tajik government. In 2009, the Tajik government rebuilt the synagogue in a different location for the small Jewish community.


==Culture== ==Culture==
===Dress Codes=== ===Dress Codes===
Bukharian Jews had their own ], similar to but also different from other cultures (mainly ] cultures) living in Central Asia. On weddings today, one can still observe the bride and the close relatives donning the traditional ] (Jomah-ҷома-ג'ומא in Bukhori and Tajik) and the richly-embroidered fur-lined hats for the wedding dances. Bukharan Jews had their own ], similar to but also different from other cultures (mainly ] cultures) living in Central Asia. On weddings today, one can still observe the bride and the close relatives donning the traditional ] (Jomah-ҷома-ג'ומא in Bukhori and Tajik) and the richly-embroidered fur-lined hats for the wedding dances.


===Music=== ===Music===
The Bukharian Jews have a distinct musical tradition called ''Shashmaqam'', which is an ensemble of stringed instruments, infused with ] rhythms, and a considerable ] influence as well as Muslim melodies, and even ] ]s. Shashamqam music "reflect the mix of Hassidic vocals, Indian and Islamic instrumentals and Sufi-inspired texts and lyrical melodies." The Bukharan Jews have a distinct musical tradition called ''Shashmaqam'', which is an ensemble of stringed instruments, infused with ] rhythms, and a considerable ] influence as well as Muslim melodies, and even ] ]s. Shashamqam music "reflect the mix of Hassidic vocals, Indian and Islamic instrumentals and Sufi-inspired texts and lyrical melodies."


===Cuisine=== ===Cuisine===
{{See also|Uzbek cuisine}} {{See also|Uzbek cuisine}}
Bukharian cuisine consists of many unique dishes, distinctly influenced by ethnic dishes historically and currently found along the ] and many parts of Central and even Southeast Asia. ], or shashlik, as it is often referred to in Russian, are popular, made of ], ] or ]. Pulled noodles, often thrown into a hearty stew of meat and vegetables known as ''lagman'', are similar in style to Chinese ], also traditionally served in a meat broth. ''Samsa'', pastries filled with spiced meat or vegetables, are baked in a unique, hollowed out ] oven, and greatly resemble the preparation and shape of Indian ]s. Bukharan cuisine consists of many unique dishes, distinctly influenced by ethnic dishes historically and currently found along the ] and many parts of Central and even Southeast Asia. ], or shashlik, as it is often referred to in Russian, are popular, made of ], ] or ]. Pulled noodles, often thrown into a hearty stew of meat and vegetables known as ''lagman'', are similar in style to Chinese ], also traditionally served in a meat broth. ''Samsa'', pastries filled with spiced meat or vegetables, are baked in a unique, hollowed out ] oven, and greatly resemble the preparation and shape of Indian ]s.


] is a very popular slow-cooked ] dish spiced with ] and containing ]s, and in some varieties, ], and often topped with beef or lamb. Another popular dish is Baksh which consists of rice, chicken breast and liver cut into small cubes, with ], which adds a shade of green to the rice once it's been cooked. Most Bukharian Jewish communities still produce their traditional breads including ''Lepeshka'', a circular bread with a flat center that has multiple pattern of designs, topped with black and regular ]s, and the other, called ''Non Toki'', bears the dry and crusty features of traditional Jewish ], but with a distinctly wheatier taste. ] is a very popular slow-cooked ] dish spiced with ] and containing ]s, and in some varieties, ], and often topped with beef or lamb. Another popular dish is Baksh which consists of rice, chicken breast and liver cut into small cubes, with ], which adds a shade of green to the rice once it's been cooked. Most Bukharan Jewish communities still produce their traditional breads including ''Lepeshka'', a circular bread with a flat center that has multiple pattern of designs, topped with black and regular ]s, and the other, called ''Non Toki'', bears the dry and crusty features of traditional Jewish ], but with a distinctly wheatier taste.


==Notable Bukharan Jews== ==Notable Bukharan Jews==
Line 125: Line 125:
*] - Soviet actress, "People's Artist of Tajikistan" *] - Soviet actress, "People's Artist of Tajikistan"
*] - Journalist murdered in Tajikistan in 1998 *] - Journalist murdered in Tajikistan in 1998
*] - Bukharian-Israeli Rabbi/ Writer/ One of the founders of the Bukharan Quarter *] - Bukharan-Israeli Rabbi/ Writer/ One of the founders of the Bukharan Quarter
*] - Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu *] - Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu
*] - Billionaire businessman, investor, philanthropist, president of the Bukharian Jewish Congress *] - Billionaire businessman, investor, philanthropist, president of the Bukharian Jewish Congress
Line 141: Line 141:
*] - Shashmakon singer, "People's Artist of Tajikistan" (Queen of ]) *] - Shashmakon singer, "People's Artist of Tajikistan" (Queen of ])
*] – Popular Shashmakom artist, "People's Artist of Uzbekistan" *] – Popular Shashmakom artist, "People's Artist of Uzbekistan"
*] - Bukharian-American Rabbi from ] (member of the Bukharian Rabbinical Counsel) *] - Bukharan-American Rabbi from ] (member of the Bukharian Rabbinical Counsel)
*] - Classical Pianist *] - Classical Pianist
*] - British Businessman, Jewish community leader *] - British Businessman, Jewish community leader

Revision as of 23:19, 19 December 2009

Ethnic group
Bukharan Jews
Total population
approx. 150,000-200,000
Regions with significant populations
 Israel100,000-120,000
 United States50,000-60,000
 European Union5,000-10,000
 Uzbekistan100-1,000
 Tajikistan50-100
 MonacoNA
 The NetherlandsNA
Languages
Traditionally Bukhori, Russian and Hebrew spoken in addition.
Religion
Judaism, Islam (see Chala (Jews)), Agnosticism
Related ethnic groups
Other Jewish groups
(Mizrahi, Sephardi, Ashkenazi, etc.)
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Bukharan Jews, also Bukharian Jews or Bukhari Jews, (Persian: یهودی بخارایی, Russian: Бухарские евреи, Template:Lang-he: Bukharim), also called the Binai Israel, are Jews from Central Asia who speak Bukhori, a dialect of the Persian language. Their name comes from the former Central Asian Emirate of Bukhara, which once had a sizable Jewish community. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the vast majority have emigrated to Israel or to the United States, while others have emigrated to Europe or Australia.

Background

There is a tradition among the Bukharan Jews tracing their ancestry to the Lost Tribes of Israel to the Tribe of Napthali and to the Tribe of Issachar who may have been exiled during the Assyrian captivity of Israel in 7th century BCE. A second wave of Jews into Central Asia are said to have been descendants of the Israelites who never returned from the Babylonian captivity after exile in the 6th-5th century BCE.

Bukharan girl, circa 1900.

The Bukharan Jews of Central Asia were essentially cut off from the rest of the Jewish world for more than 2,500 years but somehow managed to survive and preserve their Israelite identity and heritage in the face of tremendous odds. They are considered one of the oldest ethno-religious groups of Central Asia and over the years they have developed their own distinct culture. Throughout the years, Jews from other Eastern countries such as Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Syria, and Morocco migrated into Central Asia (usually by taking the Silk Road), as did Jews who were exiled from Spain during the Inquisition; all these joined the Central Asian Jewish community and were later collectively known as Bukharan Jews. In Central Asia, the Bukharan Jewish community survived for centuries, despite being subject to many conquering influences and much persecution.

Most Bukharan Jews lived in the Emirate of Bukhara (currently Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), while a small number lived in Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan and some other parts of the former Soviet Union. In the Emirate of Bukhara, the largest concentrations were in Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khokand. In Tajikistan, they similarly were mainly concentrated in the capital, Dushanbe.

Prior to the Partition of British India, some Bukharan Jews could be found among the Afghan population of Peshawar, a city in what is now Pakistan. After partition and the creation of Israel, nearly all of these Jews left for Israel and other countries. One synagogue still exists in Peshawar and there are two main synagogues and several Jewish cemeteries that were annexed by local Muslims and still function in the port city of Karachi.

Name and language

Interior of the Great Synagogue in Bukhara, sketch based on a photograph by Elkan Nathan Adler.

The term "Bukharan" was coined by European travelers who visited Central Asia around the 16th century. Since most of the Jewish community at the time lived under the Emirate of Bukhara, they came to be known as Bukharan Jews. The name by which the community called itself is "Isro'il" (Israelites).

The appellative "Bukharian" was adopted by Bukharan Jews who moved to English-speaking countries, in an anglicisation of the Hebrew "Bukhari." However, "Bukharan" was the term used historically by English writers, as it was for other aspects of Bukhara.

Bukharan Jews used the Persian language to communicate among themselves and later developed "Bukhori", a distinct dialect of the Tajiki-Persian language with certain linguistic traces of Hebrew. This language provided easier communication with their neighboring communities and was used for all cultural and educational life among the Jews. It was used widely until the area was "Russified" by the Russians and the dissemination of "religious" information was halted. The elderly Bukharan generation use Bukhori as their primary language but speak Russian with a slight Bukharan accent. The younger generation use Russian as their primary language, but do understand or speak Bukhori.

The Bukharan Jews are Mizrahi Jews and have been introduced to and practice Sephardic Judaism.

History

Bukharan Jews celebrating Sukkot, c. 1900.

The first primary written account of Jews in Central Asia dates to the beginning of the 4th century CE. It is recalled in the Talmud by Rabbi Shmuel bar Bisna, a member of the Talmudic academy in Pumbeditha, who traveled to Margiana (present-day Merv in Turkmenistan) and feared that the wine and alcohol produced by local Jews was not kosher. The presence of Jewish communities in Merv is also proven by Jewish writings on ossuaries from the 5th and 6th centuries, uncovered between 1954 and 1956.

Having developed over the millennia from Spanish Jewish and northeastern Persian and Arab Jewish communities, this Central Asian community has experienced alternating periods of freedom and prosperity, as well as periods of oppression. With the establishment of the Silk Road between China and the West in the 2nd century BCE that lasted well into the 16th century, many Jews flocked to the Emirate of Bukhara and played a great role in its development. After the Babylonian exile, they came under the Persian Empire, as they prospered and spread through the area. However, around the 5th century, began a period of persecution. Famous Jewish academies in Babylon were closed, while many Jews were killed and expelled (see Mishnah). After Arab Muslim conquest in the early 8th century, Jews (as well as Christians) were considered Dhimmis and were forced, among other things, to pay the jizya head tax. The Mongol invasion in the 13th century also adversely affected the Jews of Bukhara.

Sixteenth to eighteenth centuries

In the beginning of the 16th century, the area was invaded and occupied by nomadic Uzbek tribes who established strict observance of Islamic religious fundamentalism. Confined to city quarters, the Jews were denied basic rights and many were forced to convert to Islam. Under the Uzbeks, they suffered considerable discrimination. They were forced to wear a distinctive black and yellow dress to distinguish themselves from Muslims. Since the Bukharan Jews were considered Dhimmis, their heads of households had to be slapped in the face by Muslims during the annual tax collection.

Around 1620, the first synagogue had been constructed at Bukhara city. This was done in contravention of the law of Caliph Omar who forbade the construction of new synagogues as well as forbade the destruction of those that existed in the pre-Islamic period. There was a case when Caliph Umar had ordered to destroy a mosque, which was built illegally on Jewish land . Before the construction of the first synagogue, Jews had shared a place in a mosque with Muslims. This mosque was called the Magoki Attoron, i.e. the "Mosque in pit". Some say that Jews and Muslims worshipped alongside each other in the same place at the same time. Other sources insist that Jews worshipped after Muslims . The construction of the first Bukhara synagogue was credited to two people: Nodir Divan-Begi, an important grandee, and an anonymous widow, who reportedly outwitted an official.

During the 1700s, Bukharan Jews faced considerable discrimination and persecution. Jewish centers were closed down, the Muslims of the region usually forced conversion on the Jews, and the Bukharan Jewish population dramatically decreased to the point where they were almost extinct. Due to pressures to convert to Islam, persecution, and isolation from the rest of the Jewish world, the Jews of Bukhara began to lack knowledge and practice of their Jewish religion. They only had three of five books of the Torah, did not know Hebrew, and replaced Bar Mitzvahs with Tefillin-banons.

By the middle of the 18th century, practically all Bukharan Jews lived in the Bukharan Emirate.

Yosef Maimon

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In 1793, a Sephardic Jew from Tetuan, Morocco, named Yosef Maimon traveled to Bukhara and found the local Jews in a very bad state. He decided to settle there. Maimon was disappointed to see so many Jews lack knowledge and observance of their religious customs and Jewish law. He became a spiritual leader, aiming to educate and revive the Jewish community's observance and faith in Judaism. He changed their Persian religious tradition to Sephardic Jewish tradition. During this time, the Jews of Bukhara were almost extinct, and Middle Eastern Jews came to Central Asia and joined the Bukharan Jewish community. Mammon's work and the Middle Eastern Jewish move to Central Asia helped revive the almost extinct Bukharan Jewish community. Yosef Mammon is an ancestor of Shlomo Moussaieff, author Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, and the First Lady of Iceland Dorrit Moussaieff.

Nineteenth century

In 1843 the Bukharan Jews were visited by the so-called "Eccentric Missionary", Joseph Wolff, a Jewish convert to Christianity who had set himself the broad task of finding the Lost Tribes of Israel and the narrow one of seeking two British officers who had been captured by the Emir, Nasrullah Khan. Wolff wrote prolifically of his travels, and the journals of his expeditions provide valuable information about the life and customs of the peoples he travelled amongst, inclluding the Bukharan Jews. In 1843, for example, they collected 10,000 silver tan'ga and purchased land in Samarkand, known as Makhallai Yakhudion, close to Registon.

In the middle of the 19th century, Bukharan Jews began to move to the Land of Israel. The land on which they settled in Jerusalem was named the Bukharan Quarter (Sh'hunat HaBucharim) and still exists today.

In 1865, Russian troops took over Tashkent, and there was a large influx of Jews to the newly created Turkestan Region. From 1876 to 1916, Jews were free to practice Judaism. Dozens of Bukharan Jews held prestigious jobs in medicine, law, and government, and many Jews prospered. Many Bukharan Jews became successful and well-respected actors, artists, dancers, musicians, singers, film producers, and sportsmen. Several Bukharan entertainers became artists of merit and gained the title "People's Artist of Uzbekistan," "People's Artist of Tajikistan," and even (in the Soviet era) "People's Artist of the Soviet Union." Jews succeeded in the world of sport also, with several Bukharan Jews in Uzbekistan becoming renowned boxers and winning many medals for the country.

Twentieth century

File:Prokudin-Gorskii-54.jpg
Jewish students with their teacher in Samarkand, ca. 1910.

Prior to the establishment of the state of Israel, the Bukharan Jews were one of the most isolated Jewish communities in the world.

With the establishment of Soviet rule over the territory in 1917, Jewish life seriously deteriorated. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Jews, fleeing religious oppression, confiscation of property, arrests, and repressions, fled to Israel. In Central Asia, the community attempted to preserve their traditions while displaying loyalty to the government. World War II and the Holocaust brought a lot of Ashkenazi Jewish refugees from the European regions of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe through Uzbekistan. In the early 1970s, one of the largest Bukharan Jewish emigrations in history occurred as the Jews of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan emigrated to Israel and the United States, due to looser restrictions on immigration. In the late 1980s to the early 1990s, almost all of the remaining Bukharan Jews left Central Asia for the United States, Israel, Europe, or Australia in the last mass emigration of Bukharan Jews from their ancestral lands.

After 1991

With the disintegration of the Soviet Union and foundation of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991, there was an abrupt growth of nationalism, chauvinism, and xenophobia in Uzbek public consciousness. The advent of Islamic fundamentalism in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan caused a sudden increase in the level of emigration of Jews (both Bukharan and Ashkenazi). Before the collapse of the USSR, there were 45,000 Bukharan Jews in Central Asia.

Today, there are about 100,000 Bukharan Jews in Israel, 50,000 in the US (mainly Queens, New York), about 100-1,000 still remain in Uzbekistan, about 500 in Canada (mainly Toronto, Ontario), and almost no Bukharan Jews remain in Tajikistan (compared to the 1989 Jewish population of 15,000 in Tajikistan).

Emigrant populations

United States

Currently, Bukharan Jews are mostly concentrated in the U.S. in New York, Arizona, Atlanta, Denver, Los Angeles, San Diego. New York City's 108th Street, often referred to as "Bukharan Broadway" or "Bukharian Broadway" in Forest Hills, Queens, is filled with Bukharan restaurants and gift shops. They have formed a tight-knit enclave in this area that was once primarily inhabited by Ashkenazi Jews (many of the Ashkenazi Jews have assimilated to wider American and American Jewish culture with each successive generation).

At the start of the Jewish New Year 5765 (2005), the Bukharan Jewish Community of Queens (mainly Rego Park and Forest Hills) celebrated the opening of the Bukharan Jewish Congress. This establishment further reflects the growing Bukharan community in Queens and their desire to preserve their identity in an ever-changing world.

Bukharan Jews are very proud of their Jewish heritage and religion, which are the chief components of their culture. Most are Zionist and strongly support Israel. Bukharan Jews also support the Central Asian governments in their struggle against Islamic Fundamentalism. Charitable funds named after prominent Central Asian cities, such as Tashkent and Samarkand, help maintain the Jewish cemeteries of these cities.

In 2007, Bukharan-American Jews initiated lobbying efforts on behalf of their community. Zoya Maxumova, president of the Bukharian Women’s Organization "Esther Hamalka" said "This event represents a huge leap forward for our community. I am so grateful to God that we are here, that I was able to witness this. Now, for the first time, Americans will know who we are." Senator Joseph Lieberman intoned, "God said to Abraham, 'You'll be an eternal people'… and now we see that the State of Israel lives, and this historic community, which was cut off from the Jewish world for centuries in Central Asia and suffered oppression during the Soviet Union, is alive and well in America. God has kept his promise to the Jewish people."

Tajikistan

In early 2006, the still-active Dushanbe synagogue in Tajikistan as well as the city's mikveh (ritual bath), kosher butcher, and Jewish schools were demolished by the government (without compensation to the community) to make room for a new Presidential residence. After an international outcry, the government of Tajikistan announced a reversal of its decision and publicly claimed that it would permit the synagogue to be rebuilt on its current site. However, in mid-2008, the government of Tajikistan destroyed the whole synagogue and started construction of a Presidential Palace. The Dushanbe synagogue was Tajkistan's only synagogue and the community were therefore left without a centre or a place to pray. As a result, the majority of Bukharan Jews in Tajikistan have very negative views towards the Tajik government. In 2009, the Tajik government rebuilt the synagogue in a different location for the small Jewish community.

Culture

Dress Codes

Bukharan Jews had their own dress code, similar to but also different from other cultures (mainly Altaic cultures) living in Central Asia. On weddings today, one can still observe the bride and the close relatives donning the traditional kaftan (Jomah-ҷома-ג'ומא in Bukhori and Tajik) and the richly-embroidered fur-lined hats for the wedding dances.

Music

The Bukharan Jews have a distinct musical tradition called Shashmaqam, which is an ensemble of stringed instruments, infused with Central Asian rhythms, and a considerable klezmer influence as well as Muslim melodies, and even Spanish chords. Shashamqam music "reflect the mix of Hassidic vocals, Indian and Islamic instrumentals and Sufi-inspired texts and lyrical melodies."

Cuisine

See also: Uzbek cuisine

Bukharan cuisine consists of many unique dishes, distinctly influenced by ethnic dishes historically and currently found along the Silk Road and many parts of Central and even Southeast Asia. Shish kabob, or shashlik, as it is often referred to in Russian, are popular, made of chicken, beef or lamb. Pulled noodles, often thrown into a hearty stew of meat and vegetables known as lagman, are similar in style to Chinese lamian, also traditionally served in a meat broth. Samsa, pastries filled with spiced meat or vegetables, are baked in a unique, hollowed out tandoor oven, and greatly resemble the preparation and shape of Indian samosas.

Plov is a very popular slow-cooked rice dish spiced with cumin and containing carrots, and in some varieties, chick peas, and often topped with beef or lamb. Another popular dish is Baksh which consists of rice, chicken breast and liver cut into small cubes, with cilantro, which adds a shade of green to the rice once it's been cooked. Most Bukharan Jewish communities still produce their traditional breads including Lepeshka, a circular bread with a flat center that has multiple pattern of designs, topped with black and regular sesame seeds, and the other, called Non Toki, bears the dry and crusty features of traditional Jewish matzah, but with a distinctly wheatier taste.

Notable Bukharan Jews

See also

References

  1. Marks, Gil. The world of Jewish cooking, Simon & Schuster, 1999, ISBN 9780684835594, p. 97.
  2. ^ Goodman, Peter. "Bukharian Jews find homes on Long Island", Newsday, September 2004.
  3. Ehrlich, M. Avrum. Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture ABL-CIO, October 2008, ISBN 9781851098736, p. 84.
  4. ^ "The history of Bukharan Jews", Bukharacity.com website. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  5. Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Aboda Zara, 31b, and Rashi
  6. "A History and Culture of the Bukharian Jews" by D. Ochildiev, R. Pinkhasov, I. Kalontarov. Roshnoyi-Light New York 2007
  7. Sloam, Joanna. "Bukharan Jews", Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  8. Mosque and the story of Synagogue in Bukhara. "Bukharan Jews", Magoki Attoron.
  9. "Bukharan Jews - History and Cultural Relations", everyculture.com website. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  10. Pinkhasov, Peter. "The History of Bukharian Jews", Bukharian Jewish Global Portal website, p. 2. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  11. ^ Moskin, Julia. "The Silk Road Leads to Queens" The New York Times, January 18, 2006.
  12. "Bukharan Broadway":
  13. ^ Ruby, Walter. "The Bukharian Lobby", The Jewish Week, October 31, 2007.

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