Misplaced Pages

Forbidden relationships in Judaism: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 11:21, 15 February 2010 editNewman Luke (talk | contribs)3,500 editsm →Exclusions from the assembly: these subsections are a bit too small for the subdivision to be necessary← Previous edit Revision as of 11:22, 15 February 2010 edit undoNewman Luke (talk | contribs)3,500 editsm →With married women: sex during niddah doesn't permanently prohibit a group of people - it only forbids a sex act, so grouping it under this section is a bit over artificialNext edit →
Line 75: Line 75:
Although the first century destruction of the ] resulted in the priesthood being redundant, the Torah frequently portrays the Israelite priesthood as an hereditary position, and so the rabbis of the middle ages regarded these regulations as applying, still, to all men who claim to be descended from such priests; such claims can often be detected in modern surnames resembling the Hebrew word ''kohen'', the term used in most parts of the ] to mean ''priest'' (the ]s in related languages, however, mean '']''<ref>{{EncyclopaediaBiblica|article=Priest|section=Praetorium-Prophet_(False)}}</ref>). Although the first century destruction of the ] resulted in the priesthood being redundant, the Torah frequently portrays the Israelite priesthood as an hereditary position, and so the rabbis of the middle ages regarded these regulations as applying, still, to all men who claim to be descended from such priests; such claims can often be detected in modern surnames resembling the Hebrew word ''kohen'', the term used in most parts of the ] to mean ''priest'' (the ]s in related languages, however, mean '']''<ref>{{EncyclopaediaBiblica|article=Priest|section=Praetorium-Prophet_(False)}}</ref>).


== With married women == == Adultery ==


According to the ], and the ], ] is forbidden<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|18:20|}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|20:10|}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|22:22|}}</ref>. In the ] of the ], it is required that a pregnant<ref>''Peake's commentary on the Bible'' ad loc</ref> woman suspected of adultery be subjected to the ], a form of ], if her husband had become fiercely ''jealous'' about the pregnancy (literally ''has the storm-wind of jealousy''), and there are not enough witnesses able to confirm the woman's guilt or innocence<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|5:11-31|}}</ref>. According to the ], and the ], ] is forbidden<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|18:20|}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|20:10|}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|22:22|}}</ref>. In the ] of the ], it is required that a pregnant<ref>''Peake's commentary on the Bible'' ad loc</ref> woman suspected of adultery be subjected to the ], a form of ], if her husband had become fiercely ''jealous'' about the pregnancy (literally ''has the storm-wind of jealousy''), and there are not enough witnesses able to confirm the woman's guilt or innocence<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|5:11-31|}}</ref>.

==Intercourse during menstruation==


Sexual intercourse with a ] woman is often regarded with disgust<ref name="PaulMenses">Paula Weideger, ''Menstruation and menopause : the physiology and psychology, the myth and the reality'', (1975), pages 126-127</ref>; the Torah is no different, as the Holiness Code twice prohibits it<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|18:19|}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|20:18|}}</ref>. Israelite society is not the only culture with a formal prohibition against intercourse during menstruation; the ], for example, also strictly forbid it<ref>Beverly Strassmann, ''Predictors of fecundability and conception waits among the Dogon of Mali'' in ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' (1996), volume 105, pages 167-184</ref>. Sexual intercourse with a ] woman is often regarded with disgust<ref name="PaulMenses">Paula Weideger, ''Menstruation and menopause : the physiology and psychology, the myth and the reality'', (1975), pages 126-127</ref>; the Torah is no different, as the Holiness Code twice prohibits it<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|18:19|}}</ref><ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|20:18|}}</ref>. Israelite society is not the only culture with a formal prohibition against intercourse during menstruation; the ], for example, also strictly forbid it<ref>Beverly Strassmann, ''Predictors of fecundability and conception waits among the Dogon of Mali'' in ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' (1996), volume 105, pages 167-184</ref>.

Revision as of 11:22, 15 February 2010

Forbidden relationships in Judaism (Hebrew עריות Arayot, or איסורי ביאה Isurey bi'ah) are those intimate relationships which are forbidden per the various prohibitions in the Torah, as interpreted by Rabbinic Judaism, or by Karaite Judaism, together with a number of other subsequent injunctions. Engaging in some forbidden relationships is considered such a serious sin in Jewish law that that one should be willing to die, rather than commit them; the Talmud argues that most other biblical commandments are not so important that one need commit self-sacrifice, in order to obey them

Animals

Bestiality is prohibited by the Covenant Code of the Book of Exodus, and by the Holiness Code of Leviticus; the prohibition occurs in two distinct parts of the latter, both of which emphasise that bestiality is prohibited both for men and for women.

The Covenant Code sets the death penalty as the punishment for the crime. The second time the Holiness Code forbids bestiality, it goes further than the Covenant Code, insisting that not just the human perpetrators, but also the animal participants, should be killed if bestiality is committed; according to the Talmud, the purpose of also killing the animals involved was to obliterate all physical memory of the crime.

Exogamy

Main article: Interfaith marriage in Judaism

The Biblical position on exogamous marriage is somewhat unspecified, except in relation to intermarriage with a Canaanite, which the majority of the Israelite patriarchs are depicted as criticising. This attitude is formalised in the Deuteronomic Code, which forbids intermarriage with Canaanites. Marriage with other nationalities is forbidden by the Talmudic sages. Two special classes of people in Israelite society - Nethinim and Gibeonites - were regarded as foreigners in relation to this rule, and hence the Talmud forbids marriage to them..

However, intermarriage to non-Canaanites clearly occurs on several occasions in the Torah, and early parts of the Deuteronomic history, without direct criticism; for example, King David is described as marrying the daughter of the king of Geshur, and Bathsheba as having married Uriah the Hittite. The Talmud accounts for this, on the basis that marriage between a Jew and a convert to Judaism was not regarded as intermarriage. Hence, all the Biblical passages which appear to support intermarriages, such as that of Joseph to Asenath, and that of Ruth, were regarded by the classical rabbis as having occurred only after the foreign spouse had converted to Judaism.

The situation is slightly complicated by the fact that the Talmudic writers viewed Christianity as being at the gate of Judaism, and hence marriages between Christians and Jews were not seen by them as prohibited. Nevertheless, in 1236 Moses of Coucy tried to break up such marriages

Incest

Main articles: Jewish views of incest and Incest

As with most religions, incest is forbidden by Jewish religious law. However, the exact definition of incest does not necessarily correspond to the laws which western nations have against incest; in particular, they are not based on degree of relation. The Book of Leviticus outlines the categories of kinship which constitute "incest" according to Jewish religious law. As literally stated in Leviticus, they are:

Rabbinically prohibited relationships

In addition to the relationships biblically prohibited to Jews, rabbis have gone further to prohibit certain additional relationships with various blood relatives and in-laws.. These additional relationships were termed seconds (Hebrew: sheniyyot), and included:

Exclusions from the assembly

The Bible prohibits men from taking part in the qahal of Yahweh if they are members of certain categories of people. Jewish tradition considers this to be solely a limitation on marriage.

Jewish people are prohibited from marrying with the following groups:

  • Male Moabite and Ammonite converts (Deut. 23:4)
  • Egyptian converts up to the third generation (Deut. 23:8-9)
  • Edomite converts up to the third generation (Deut. 23:8-9)

As the people currently living in those areas may not be be descended from the original peoples, these three prohibitions do not apply today.

The Talmud forbids marriage to a mamzer. This includes children resulting from an incestuous marriage, and children resulting from adultery, but does not include the children of two unmarried people, who are not related to each other. A convert may marry a mamzer, but the children are still mamzerim.

Jewish tradition also forbids marriage to a man who has been forcibly emasculated; the Greek term spadones, which is used to refer to such people, is used in the Septuagint to denote certain foreign political officials (resembling the meaning of eunuch). The Jewish prohibition does not include men who were born without visible testicles (conditions including cryptorchidism), or without a visible penis (conditions including hermaphroditism). There is dispute, even in traditional Judaism, about whether this prohibited group of men should include those who have become, at some point since their birth, emasculated as the result of a disease.

Special rules for priests

According to the bible, Israelite priests are not allowed to marry:

  • divorcees
  • a zonah (Lev. 21:7)
  • a woman who was born of the prohibited relations of a kohen (called a chalalah) (Lev. 21:7)

The Kohen Gadol must also not marry a widow (Lev. 21:14). Sexual relations with a widow outside of marriage are also forbidden (Lev. 21:15). He is required to marry a virgin maiden (Lev. 21:13), and may not marry converts. However, if he was married to such woman prior to becoming high priest, he may remain married to her.

The Talmudic writers also forbade marriage between a priest and:

Although the first century destruction of the temple in Jerusalem resulted in the priesthood being redundant, the Torah frequently portrays the Israelite priesthood as an hereditary position, and so the rabbis of the middle ages regarded these regulations as applying, still, to all men who claim to be descended from such priests; such claims can often be detected in modern surnames resembling the Hebrew word kohen, the term used in most parts of the masoretic text to mean priest (the cognates in related languages, however, mean soothsayer).

Adultery

According to the Holiness Code, and the Deuteronomic Code, Adultery is forbidden. In the Priestly Code of the Book of Numbers, it is required that a pregnant woman suspected of adultery be subjected to the Ordeal of Bitter Water, a form of trial by ordeal, if her husband had become fiercely jealous about the pregnancy (literally has the storm-wind of jealousy), and there are not enough witnesses able to confirm the woman's guilt or innocence.

Intercourse during menstruation

Sexual intercourse with a menstruating woman is often regarded with disgust; the Torah is no different, as the Holiness Code twice prohibits it. Israelite society is not the only culture with a formal prohibition against intercourse during menstruation; the Dogon, for example, also strictly forbid it.

Homosexuality

Main article: LGBT topics and Judaism

The Holiness Code of Leviticus forbids certain activity involving two men together.

Orthodox

Orthodox Judaism inteprets this regulation as forbiding men from lying with other men in the manner in which they would with a woman. Leviticus 18:14 specifically prohibits such relationships with one's father or uncle.

There are three reasons Orthodox rabbis give for homosexuality being prohibited in Jewish law:

  1. It is a defiance of gender anatomy, which is unlike God's intention of procreation and sexual activity
  2. The sexual arousal involved results in a vain emission of semen
  3. It may lead a man to abandon his family

Reform

Reform Judaisim interprets the regulation as forbidding men from using sex as a form of ownership over men. Reform Jewish authors have revisited the Leviticus text and ask why the text mentions that one should not lie with a man “as with a woman.” If it is to be assumed that the Torah does not waste words, the authors ask why the Torah includes this extra clause. Most Reform Jews suggest that since intercourse involved possession (one of the ways in which a man ‘acquired’ a wife was to have intercourse with her), similar to the Christian theology of using sex to 'consumate' a marriage, it was abhorrent that a man might acquire another man – it is not the act of homosexual intercourse itself which is abhorrent, but using this act to acquire another man and therefore confuse the gender boundary.

Lesbianism

In Orthodox Judaism, lesbianism is prohibited, on the assumption that it falls under the category of "the activities of (ancient) Egypt (see Lev. 18:3)". However, it is not considered adultery, and does not prohibit the woman to a kohen.

Age

Main article: Marriagable Age in Judaism

The average age of puberty was deemed to occur at 14 years of age; it was strictly forbidden, by classical rabbinical literature, for parents to allow their boys to marry before reaching this age. Despite the young threshold for marriage, marriages with a large age gap between the spouses (eg. between a young man and an old woman) were thoroughly opposed by the classical rabbis

Ability to give consent

A girl younger than the age of majority could be compelled to marry against her will, although she also had the right to an subsequently annul the marriage. However, the Talmud did not allow the marriage to be annulled if it was the girl's first marriage, if it had been arranged by her father. If she exercised this right, it lead to a true annulment, not a divorce; a divorce document (get) was not necessary, and a girl who did this was not regarded by legal regulations as a divorcee, in relation to the marriage.

The mentally handicapped, and deaf-mutes, were also regarded, by traditional Jewish law, as being unable to give their consent; indeed, marriage to such people was completely forbidden. However, the rabbis allowed deaf-mutes to marry each other.

References

  1. ^ Eisenberg 2005, p. 324.
  2. Sanhedrin, 74a
  3. ^ Exodus 22:19
  4. Leviticus 18:23
  5. ^ Leviticus 20:15
  6. ^ Leviticus 20:16
  7. This article incorporates text from the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia article "crimes", a publication now in the public domain.
  8. Genesis 24:2–4
  9. Genesis
  10. Deuteronomy 7:3
  11. Kiddushin 68b
  12. Yadayim 4:4
  13. 2 Samuel 3:3
  14. 2 Samuel 11:3
  15. Berakhot 28a
  16. Kiddushin 5:4 (Tosefta)
  17. Genesis Rabbah, 65
  18. Isaac ben Sheshet, Responsa, No. 119
  19.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Intermarriage". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  20. Moses of Coucy, Sefer Mitzvot ha-Gadol, 112
  21. Rabbi Joseph Karo, Shulchan Aruch, III:4:10 and commentaries, Habahir edition, Leshem publishers
  22. Yebamot, 4:13
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference JELaws was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. Maimonidies, Mishneh Torah, Sanctity, Laws of Sexual Prohibitions, 15:7-8
  25. Jacob ben Asher, Eben ha-'Ezer, 5
  26. Leviticus 21:17 (in the King James Version, it is verse 14 instead)
  27. Ketubot 22a
  28. Ketubot 27a
  29. Yebamot 24a
  30. This article incorporates text from the 1903 Encyclopaedia Biblica article "Priest", a publication now in the public domain.
  31. Leviticus 18:20
  32. Leviticus 20:10
  33. Deuteronomy 22:22
  34. Peake's commentary on the Bible ad loc
  35. Numbers 5:11–31
  36. Paula Weideger, Menstruation and menopause : the physiology and psychology, the myth and the reality, (1975), pages 126-127
  37. Leviticus 18:19
  38. Leviticus 20:18
  39. Beverly Strassmann, Predictors of fecundability and conception waits among the Dogon of Mali in American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1996), volume 105, pages 167-184
  40. Leviticus 18:22
  41. Eisenberg 2005, p. 327.
  42. Eisenberg 2005, p. 325
  43. http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/a-to-z-of-reform-judaism/contemporary-issues/homosexuality.html
  44. Rabbi Joseph Karo, Shulchan Aruch, III:20:2
  45. Beit Sh'muel, ad. loc. based on Maimonidies
  46. ^ Sanhedrin 76b
  47. Yebamot 44a
  48. Sanhedrin 76a
  49.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Majority". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  50. Yebamot 107a
  51. Yebamot 108a
Halakha (Jewish religious law)
Ethics
Ritual purity
Modesty
Agrarian laws
Halakhic principles
Punishment
Related boxes
Category: