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Nadezhda Krupskaya Надежда Константиновна Крупская
Born	(1869-02-26)26 February 1869 St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Died	27 February 1939(1939-02-27) (aged 70) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union

Nadezhda Konstantinovna "Nadya" Krupskaya (Template:Lang-ru, scientific transliteration Nadežda Konstantinovna Krupskaja) (26 February [O.S. 14 February] 1869 - February 27, 1939) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary. She was the daughter of a military officer. She married the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin in 1898.

Early life

Nadya’s father, Konstantin Ignat’evich Krupsky, was orphaned in 1847 at nine years of age. He was educated and given a commission as an infantry officer in the Russian Army. Just before leaving for his assignment in Poland he married Nadya’s mother. After six years of service, Krupsky lost favor with his supervisors and was charged with “un-Russian activities.” He may have been suspected of being involved with revolutionaries. Following this time he worked in factories or wherever he could find work until later in life when he was recommissioned just before his death.

Her mother, Elizaveta Vasilyevna Tistrova was the daughter of landless nobles. Elizaveta’s parents died when she was young and she was enrolled in The Pavlovskoy Institute, which happened to be the highest formal education available to women in Russia during this time. After earning her degree Elizaveta went on to work as a governess for noble families until she married Krupsky.

Having parents who were well educated combined with firsthand experience with lower class working conditions probably lead to the formation of many of Nadya’s ideologies. “From her very childhood Krupskaya was inspired with the spirit of protest against the ugly life around her.”

One of Nadya’s friends from gymnasium, Ariadne Tyrkova, described Krupskaya as “a tall, shy, quiet girl, who did not flirt with the boys, moved and thought with deliberation, and had already formed strong convictions… She was one of those who are forever committed, once they have been possessed by their thoughts and feelings….” Nadya attempted to attend two different secondary schools before finding the perfect fit with Prince A.A. Obolensky's Female Gymnazium “a distinguished private girls’ secondary school in Petersburg.” This education was probably more liberal than most other gymnasiums since it was noted that some of the staff were former revolutionaries.

After her father’s death Krupskaya and her mother gave lessons as a source of income. Krupskaya had expressed an interest in entering the education field from a young age. She was particularly drawn to Tolstoy’s theories on education, which were fluid instead of structured. They focused on the personal development of each individual student and centered on the importance of the teacher-student relationship.

This led Krupskaya to study many of Tolstoy’s works, including his theories of reformation. These were peaceful, law abiding ideologies, which focused on people abstaining from unneeded luxuries and being self dependent instead of hiring someone else to tend your house, etc. Tolstoy had a lasting impression on Krupskaya, since it was said she had “a special contempt for stylish clothes and comfort.” She was always modest in dress, as were her furnishings in her home and office.

Revolutionary period

As a devoted, lifelong student, Krupskaya began to participate in several discussion circles. These groups got together to study and discuss particular topics for the benefit of everyone involved. It was later, in one of these circles that Krupskaya was first introduced to the theories of Marx. This piqued her interest as a potential way of making life better for her people. Krupskaya began an in-depth study of the subject. This was difficult since such books had been banned by the Russian government. Consequently, revolutionaries had been collecting such books and keeping them in underground libraries.

It was at a similar discussion circle that Krupskaya first met Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, a dedicated Marxist who later came to be called Lenin. Krupskaya was impressed by his speeches, but not by his personality, at least not at first. Lenin was often described as flawless or god-like by Stalinist hagiography. It is hard to know very much of the courtship between Lenin and Krupskaya as neither party spoke often of personal matters.

In October 1896, several months after Lenin was arrested, Krupskaya was also arrested. After some time Lenin was sentenced to exile in Siberia. They had very little communication while in prison but before leaving for Siberia, Lenin wrote a “secret note” to Krupskaya which was delivered by her mother. It suggested that she could be permitted to join him in Siberia as his if she told people she was his fiancée. At that time Krupskaya was still awaiting sentencing in Siberia. Krupskaya was permitted to accompany Lenin, but only under the stipulation that they were to be married as soon as she arrived. Whether she married for love or for the cause is unknown. Upon his release Lenin went off to Europe and settled in in Munich where Krupskaya later met up with him upon her release. After she had arrived the couple moved to London.

Krupskaya's political life was active: some would put her in the same category as Alexandra Kollontai. She was a functionary of the bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from 1903. After the October Revolution, she was appointed deputy to Anatoliy Lunacharskiy, the People's Commissar for Education, where she took charge of Vneshkol'nyi Otdel the Adult Education Division. She was also fundamental in the development of Soviet librarianship. Her relationship with Lenin was more professional than marital - which Kollontai compared to slavery - but she remained loyal, never once considering divorce.

Krupskaya is believed to have suffered from Graves' disease, an illness affecting the thyroid gland in the neck which causes the eyes to bulge and the neck to tighten. In female sufferers it can also disrupt the menstrual cycle, which may explain why Lenin and Krupskaya never had children (and the rumors about Lenin allegedly choosing to have an affair with Inessa Armand).

Krupskaya apparently favored Stalin in the great debates between the Left Opposition and the CPSU majority of the 1920s. In 1925, she attacked Trotsky in a polemic that was in response to Trotsky's tract The Need To Study October. In it, she stated that "Marxist analysis was never Comrade Trotsky’s strong point." In relation to the debate around Socialism in one country versus Permanent Revolution, she asserted that Trotsky "under-estimates the role played by the peasantry." Furthermore, she held that Trotsky had misinterpreted the revolutionary situation in post-WWI Germany.

Krupskaya is the author of the biography Reminiscences of Lenin, which chronicles the life of her husband. Her biography is the most detailed account of Lenin’s life before coming to power. It ends in 1919, shortly after the Bolsheviks took power.

Soviet education and libraries

Before Krupskaya’s arrest she worked five years as an instructor for a factory owner who offered evening classes for his employees. Legally, reading, writing and arithmetic were taught. Illegally, classes with a revolutionary influence were taught for those students who might be ready for them. Krupskaya and other instructors were relieved of duty when nearly 30,000 factory workers in the area went on strike for better wages. Even after the revolution her emphasis was on “the problems of youth organization and education.” In order to educate they needed better access to books and materials.

Before the revolution Russian libraries had a tendency to exclude particular members. Some were exclusively for higher classes and some were only for employees of a particular company called Trade Unions. In addition to their exclusive nature they also had narrow, Orthodox literature. It was hard to find any books with new ideas, which is exactly why the underground libraries began. Another problem was that many people did not know how to use libraries and even more people were illiterate.

The revolution did not cause an overnight improvement in the libraries. In fact, for a while there were even more problems. The Trade Unions opened up their doors to family members of employees, but refused to open their doors to the general public. As could be expected, funds for purchasing books and materials were short during the change, however it was not expected that there would be no new books to purchase. The books that were already a part of the libraries were falling apart. In addition there was a low interest in the library career field due to low income and the libraries were sorely in need of organization. The libraries had definitely found themselves in a worse situation than before the revolution.

Krupskaya held censuses of the libraries and boldly addressed the issues. She encouraged libraries to collaborate and to open their doors to the general public so that all could benefit from their resources. Krupskaya also encouraged librarians to use layman’s terms when speaking with patrons and to speak in jargon everyone could understand, regardless of education. Knowing your readers was encouraged; knowing what kind of books you should have, the subjects readers were interested in, and organizing the materiel in a fashion to better serve the readers. Committees were held to improve card catalogs.

Krupskaya stated at a library conference: “We have a laughable number of libraries, and their book stocks are even more inadequate. Their quality is terrible, the majority of the population does not know how to use them and does not even know what a library is.” Krupskaya’s intention was not to scold but to motivate her people to accomplish the large task they had to do. Krupskaya’s influence made a huge change in the Soviet Library systems. Between 1928 and 1933 there was a rise from 58-90% literacy and even still she pushed for better quality.

In addition, another one of Krupskaya’s significant accomplishments was the establishment of better professional schools for librarians. Formal training was scarce in pre-revolutionary Russia for librarians and it only truly began in the twentieth century. Krupskaya, therefore, advocated the creation of library “seminaries” where practicing librarians would instruct aspiring librarians in the skills of their profession. This was not very significant because similar reforms had already occurred in other societies, particularly those in the West. Its pedagogical characteristics were what made it revolutionary. Instead of the librarian being trained to be a collector and disseminator of a wide variety of materials that suited the readers’ demands, the librarian was trained to determine what materials were suitable to patrons and whether or not they had the ability to appreciate what the resource had to offer. In short, librarians would select the materials patrons could borrow. Also, Krupskaya desired that librarians possess greater oral and writing abilities so that they could more clearly explain why certain reading materials were better than others to their patrons. Important to note, however, is the fact that Krupskaya believed that explaining resource choices to patrons was a courtesy and an opportunity for more education in socialist political values, not something that was required of the librarian. In her view, librarians were not to be trained as public servants. They were to become facilitators of the revolution and, later, those who helped preserve the values of the resulting socialist state.

This librarianship philosophy was important because it enabled censorship. Censorship was the cornerstone of Krupskaya’s library reform. According to her, libraries should be purged of materials that did not advance socialist causes. They should also include literature that focused primarily on historical, social, and political matters and made the budding Marxists more aware of the world around them. In addition, publications were to be cataloged and arranged in ways that encouraged patrons to select these more political materials first. Basically, Krupskaya had no reservations about making the library institution a propaganda hub for the future USSR.

Few who knew Krupskaya would deny the depth of her passion for her personal causes. She wholly believed that Marxism was the ideal way for a country to be run, but each of her causes were interdependent on each other. For Krupskaya, each was a step toward improving the life of her people, granting all individuals access to the tools of education and libraries, needed to forge a more fulfilling life. The fulfillment was education and the tools were education and library systems. Krupskaya’s was a life of service and dedication to improving the quality of life of her people.

Death

According to Nikita Khrushchev, she was poisoned by Stalin with a cake he sent as a present on her seventieth birthday

Legacy

Following her death in 1939 a Leningrad chocolate factory was renamed in her honour. Its chocolate bar product was named Krupskaya and retains that name today.

The asteroid 2071 Nadezhda discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova was named in her honour.

Further reading

• McNeal, Robert Hatch (1973). Bride of the Revolution: Krupskaya and Lenin. Gollancz. ISBN 0472616005.

• Richardson, John (2000). "The Origin of Soviet Education for Librarianship: The Role of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (1869–1939), Lyubov' Borisovna Khavkina-Hamburger (1871–1949) and Genrietta K. Abele-Derman (1882–1954)". Journal of Education for Library and Information Science. 41 (Spring 2000): 106–128. ISSN 0748-5786. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |quotes= ignored (help)

References

1. Robert H. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press,1972), 13.
2. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, 5-9.
3. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, 11-12
4. C. Bobrovskaija, Lenin and Krupskaja (New York City : Workers Library Publishers, Inc., 1940), 4.
5. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, 19.
6. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, 17-19.
7. Tolstoy, Leo. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-13422
8. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, 23.
9. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, 53-57.
10. H. Rappaport, Conspirator (London: Hutchinson, 2009), 200.
11. http://www.marxists.org/archive/krupskaya/works/october.htm
12. ibid.
13. ibid.
14. Boris Raymond, The contribution of N. K. Krupskaia to the development of Soviet Russian Librarianship : 1917-1939 (Ann Arbor : The University of Chicago, 1978), 53-55
15. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, 173
16. Raymond, The contribution of N. K. Krupskaia to the development of Soviet Russian Librarianship : 1917-1939), 171.
17. N. K. Krupskaya, Part two : Krupskaia on libraries, ed Sylva Simsova (Hamden : Archon Books, 1968) 45-51.
18. Raymond, The contribution of N. K. Krupskaia to the development of Soviet Russian Librarianship : 1917-1939, 161.
19. John V. Richardson, “The Origin of Soviet Education for Librarianship.” Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 41, no. 2 (Spring 2000), pp. 115-117.
20. Ibid., 115.
21. Raymond, The contribution of N. K. Krupskaia to the development of Soviet Russian Librarianship : 1917-1939, 172.
22. Yuri Felshtinsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky, The Corporation. Russia and the KGB in the Age of President Putin, ISBN: 1-59403-246-7, Encounter Books; February 25, 2009, page 445.
23. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/jan/27/soviet-chocolate-lenin-russia
24. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 168. ISBN 3540002383. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

External links

• Nadezhda Krupskaya
• Krupskaya Internet Archive
• Obituary by Leon Trotsky

• 1869 births
• 1939 deaths
• Bolsheviks
• Marxist writers
• Old Bolsheviks
• People buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
• People from Saint Petersburg
• Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
• Russian communists
• Russian Marxists
• Russian people
• Russian revolutionaries
• Soviet women writers
• Spouses of Russian and Soviet national leaders
• Vladimir Lenin