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As the Ottoman Turkish Empire entered a permanent phase of decline in the late 17th century it was engaged in a protracted state of conflict loosing territories both in Europe and the Caucasus. The victors were the Christian States the old ] and ] Empires and the new nation states of Greece, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.<ref>Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.112-113</ref> |
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As the Ottoman Turkish Empire entered a permanent phase of decline in the late 17th century it was engaged in a protracted state of conflict loosing territories both in Europe and the Caucasus. The victors were the Christian States the old ] and ] Empires and the new nation states of Greece, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.<ref>Mann, Michael ''“The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing”'' Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.112-113</ref> |
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Justin McCarty estimates that between 1821 and 1922 around five and a half million Muslims were driven out of Europe and five million more were killed or died of disease and starvation while fleeing.<ref>McCarthy, Justin “Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922” Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, pp.335-340</ref> Cleansing occurred as a result of the Serbian and Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, the ] 1877-1878, and culminating in the ] 1912-1913. Mann describes these acts as ''“murderous ethnic cleansing on stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe”'' referring to the 1914 ] report.<ref>Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.113</ref><ref>Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914)</ref> |
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Justin McCarty estimates that between 1821 and 1922 around five and a half million Muslims were driven out of Europe and five million more were killed or died of disease and starvation while fleeing.<ref>McCarthy, Justin ''“Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922”'' Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, pp.335-340</ref> Cleansing occurred as a result of the Serbian and Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, the ] 1877-1878, and culminating in the ] 1912-1913. Mann describes these acts as ''“murderous ethnic cleansing on stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe”'' referring to the 1914 ] report.<ref>Mann, Michael ''“The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing”'' Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.113</ref><ref>Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914)</ref>It is estimated that at the turn of the 20th century there were 4,4 million Muslims living in the Balkan zone of Ottoman control. Between 1912 and 1926 nearly 2,9 million Muslims were either killed or forced to emigrate to Turkey.<ref>Cornis-Pope, Marcel Neubauer, John ''"History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe"'' 2004 pp.21 </ref> |
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==Atrocities== |
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==Atrocities== |
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*Some 30,000 Turks were killed in ] by Greek rebels in the summer of 1821, including the entire Jewish population of the city.<ref>McCarthy, Justin (1996). Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press, Incorporated</ref><ref>Cité par Hercules Millas, « History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey », History Workshop, n°31, 1991. </ref><ref>W. Alison Phillips, The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833, p. 61.</ref> |
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*Some 30,000 Turks were killed in ] by Greek rebels in the summer of 1821, including the entire Jewish population of the city.<ref>McCarthy, Justin ''"Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922"'' Princeton:Darwin Press 1995</ref><ref>Cité par Hercules Millas, ''"History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey"'', History Workshop, n°31, 1991. </ref><ref>W. Alison Phillips, ''"The War of Greek Independence"'', 1821 to 1833, p. 61.</ref> |
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*During the ] it is estimated that up to 300,000 Turks were killed or perished and 1 - 1,5 million became refugees.<ref>Hupchick 2002, pp.265</ref><ref>Karpat, Kemal H. "Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays" 2004 pp.764</ref><ref>Midlarsky,Manus I. "The killing trap: genocide in the twentieth century" Cambridge University Press 2005 pp.157 </ref> |
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*During the ] it is estimated that up to 300,000 Turks were killed or perished and 1 - 1,5 million became refugees.<ref>Hupchick 2002, pp.265</ref><ref>Karpat, Kemal H. ''"Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays"'' 2004 pp.764</ref><ref>Midlarsky, Manus I. ''"The killing trap: genocide in the twentieth century''" Cambridge University Press 2005 pp.157 </ref> |
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*Massacres against Turks and Muslims during the Balkan Wars in the hands of ], ] and ] are described in detail in the 1912 Carnegie Endowment report.<ref>Carnegie Report, Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars,1912</ref> |
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*Massacres against Turks and Muslims during the Balkan Wars in the hands of ], ] and ] are described in detail in the 1912 Carnegie Endowment report.<ref>Carnegie Report, ''Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars'',1912</ref> |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
As the Ottoman Turkish Empire entered a permanent phase of decline in the late 17th century it was engaged in a protracted state of conflict loosing territories both in Europe and the Caucasus. The victors were the Christian States the old Habsburg and Romanov Empires and the new nation states of Greece, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.
Justin McCarty estimates that between 1821 and 1922 around five and a half million Muslims were driven out of Europe and five million more were killed or died of disease and starvation while fleeing. Cleansing occurred as a result of the Serbian and Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, the Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878, and culminating in the Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Mann describes these acts as “murderous ethnic cleansing on stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe” referring to the 1914 Carnegie Endowment report.It is estimated that at the turn of the 20th century there were 4,4 million Muslims living in the Balkan zone of Ottoman control. Between 1912 and 1926 nearly 2,9 million Muslims were either killed or forced to emigrate to Turkey.
Turkey
