| Revision as of 00:16, 5 May 2010 editAregakn (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,960 edits Adding OR and SYNTH tags as per Misplaced Pages:Articles for deletion/Genocide of Ottoman Turks and Muslims← Previous edit | Revision as of 03:34, 5 May 2010 edit undoSmackBot (talk | contribs)3,734,324 editsm Date maintenance tags and general fixes: build 414:Next edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{original research}} | {{multiple issues|original research =May 2010|synthesis =May 2010|POV =May 2010}} | ||
| {{Synthesis}} | |||
| {{npov|date=May 2010}} | |||
| <!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the issue is settled --> | <!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the issue is settled --> | ||
| {{AfDM|page=Genocide of Ottoman Turks and Muslims|year=2010|month=April|day=29|substed=yes}} | {{AfDM|page=Genocide of Ottoman Turks and Muslims|year=2010|month=April|day=29|substed=yes}} | ||
| <!-- For administrator use only: {{oldafdmulti|page=Genocide of Ottoman Turks and Muslims|date=29 April 2010|result='''keep'''}} --> | <!-- For administrator use only: {{oldafdmulti|page=Genocide of Ottoman Turks and Muslims|date=29 April 2010|result='''keep'''}} --> | ||
| <!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --> | <!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --> | ||
| {{ |
{{New page}} | ||
| As the Ottoman Turkish Empire entered a permanent phase of decline in the late 17th century it was engaged in a protracted state of conflict, losing territories both in Europe and the Caucasus. The victors were the Christian States the old ] and ] Empires and the new nation states of Greece, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.<ref>Mann, Michael ''“The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing”'' Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.112-113</ref>Rival European powers encouraged the development of nationalist ideologies among the Ottoman subjects in which the Muslims were portrayed as an ethnic “fifth column” leftover from a previous era that could not be integrated into the planned future states. The struggle to rid them selves of Ottomans became an important element of the self-identification of the Balkan Christians.<ref>Carmichael, Cathie,. ''"Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans"'' Routledge 2002, pp.21-22</ref> | As the Ottoman Turkish Empire entered a permanent phase of decline in the late 17th century it was engaged in a protracted state of conflict, losing territories both in Europe and the Caucasus. The victors were the Christian States the old ] and ] Empires and the new nation states of Greece, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.<ref>Mann, Michael ''“The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing”'' Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.112-113</ref> Rival European powers encouraged the development of nationalist ideologies among the Ottoman subjects in which the Muslims were portrayed as an ethnic “fifth column” leftover from a previous era that could not be integrated into the planned future states. The struggle to rid them selves of Ottomans became an important element of the self-identification of the Balkan Christians.<ref>Carmichael, Cathie,. ''"Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans"'' Routledge 2002, pp.21-22</ref> | ||
| According to Mark Levene, the Victorian public in the 1870s paid much more attention to the massacres and expulsions of Christians than to massacres and expulsions of Muslims, even if on a greater scale. He further suggests that such massacres were even favored by some circles. | According to Mark Levene, the Victorian public in the 1870s paid much more attention to the massacres and expulsions of Christians than to massacres and expulsions of Muslims, even if on a greater scale. He further suggests that such massacres were even favored by some circles. | ||
| Mark Levene also argues that the dominant powers, by supporting "nation-statism" at the ] legitimized "the primary instrument of Balkan nation-building": ]. |
Mark Levene also argues that the dominant powers, by supporting "nation-statism" at the ] legitimized "the primary instrument of Balkan nation-building": ].<ref>Levene, Mark., "Genocide in the Age of the Nation State" 2005 pp.225-226</ref> | ||
| The atrocities against Ottoman Muslims and their exodus to Anatolia in the course of emerging Balkan nation-states and advancing Russian armies had a significant impact on the Ottoman Empire. It is estimate that by 1920 one third of the population in Turkish territories probably constituted from refugees and their descendants. This resulted in a strong sense of injustice and of shared suffering and solidarity.<ref>Hale, William M., ''"Turkish foreign policy, 1774-2000"'' Frank Cass Publishers 2002, pp.16-17</ref> | The atrocities against Ottoman Muslims and their exodus to Anatolia in the course of emerging Balkan nation-states and advancing Russian armies had a significant impact on the Ottoman Empire. It is estimate that by 1920 one third of the population in Turkish territories probably constituted from refugees and their descendants. This resulted in a strong sense of injustice and of shared suffering and solidarity.<ref>Hale, William M., ''"Turkish foreign policy, 1774-2000"'' Frank Cass Publishers 2002, pp.16-17</ref> | ||
| ''“The Turk shall live no longer, neither in the Morea, nor in the whole earth”''<ref>Greek Revolutionary Song - Anti-Islam in the Balkans; Carmichael, Cathie,. ''"Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans"'' Routledge 2002, pp.21-22</ref> | ''“The Turk shall live no longer, neither in the Morea, nor in the whole earth”''<ref>Greek Revolutionary Song - Anti-Islam in the Balkans; Carmichael, Cathie,. ''"Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans"'' Routledge 2002, pp.21-22</ref> | ||
| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| Justin McCarty estimates that between 1821 and 1922 around five and a half million Muslims were driven out of Europe and five million more were killed or died of disease and starvation while fleeing.<ref>McCarthy, Justin ''“Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922”'' Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, pp.335-340</ref> Cleansing occurred as a result of the Serbian and Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, the ] 1877-1878, and culminating in the ] 1912-1913. Mann describes these acts as ''“murderous ethnic cleansing on stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe”'' referring to the 1914 ] report.<ref>Mann, Michael ''“The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing”'' Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.113</ref><ref>Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914)</ref>It is estimated that at the turn of the 20th century there were 4,4 million Muslims living in the Balkan zone of Ottoman control.<ref>Cornis-Pope, Marcel Neubauer, John ''"History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe"'' 2004 pp.21 |
Justin McCarty estimates that between 1821 and 1922 around five and a half million Muslims were driven out of Europe and five million more were killed or died of disease and starvation while fleeing.<ref>McCarthy, Justin ''“Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922”'' Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, pp.335-340</ref> Cleansing occurred as a result of the Serbian and Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, the ] 1877-1878, and culminating in the ] 1912-1913. Mann describes these acts as ''“murderous ethnic cleansing on stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe”'' referring to the 1914 ] report.<ref>Mann, Michael ''“The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing”'' Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.113</ref><ref>Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914)</ref> It is estimated that at the turn of the 20th century there were 4,4 million Muslims living in the Balkan zone of Ottoman control.<ref>Cornis-Pope, Marcel Neubauer, John ''"History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe"'' 2004 pp.21</ref> More than one million Muslims left the Balkans in the last three decades of the nineteenth century.<ref>Todorova, Maria., ''"Imagining the Balkans"'' Oxford University Press 2009, pp.175</ref> Between 1912 and 1926 nearly 2,9 million Muslims were either killed or forced to emigrate to Turkey.<ref>Cornis-Pope, Marcel Neubauer, John ''"History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe"'' 2004 pp.21</ref> It is estimated that in the course of the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence 2,5 million Muslims died in Anatolia while hundreds of thousands of refugees arrived from former Ottoman territories and Russia.<ref>Shissler, Ada Holland., ''"Between two empires''" 2003 pp.22</ref> | ||
| ==Atrocities== | ==Atrocities== | ||
| ===Greek Revolution=== | ===Greek Revolution=== | ||
| *Between 10,000<ref>William St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, 2008, </ref> and 30,000<ref>McCarthy, Justin ''"Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922"'' Princeton:Darwin Press 1995</ref><ref>Cité par Hercules Millas, ''"History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey"'', History Workshop, n°31, 1991. |
*Between 10,000<ref>William St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, 2008, </ref> and 30,000<ref>McCarthy, Justin ''"Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922"'' Princeton:Darwin Press 1995</ref><ref>Cité par Hercules Millas, ''"History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey"'', History Workshop, n°31, 1991.</ref><ref>W. Alison Phillips, ''"The War of Greek Independence"'', 1821 to 1833, p. 61.</ref> Turks were killed in ] by Greek rebels in the summer of 1821, including the entire Jewish population of the city. | ||
| Similar events as these occurred also elsewhere during the Greek Revolution resulting in the eradication and expulsion of virtually the entire Turkish population of the ]. These acts ensured the ethnic homogenization of the area under the rule of the future modern Greek state.<ref>Zarinebaf, Fariba., Bennet, John., Davis, Jack L., ''"A historical and economic geography of Ottoman Greece"'' The America School of Classical Studies, Athens 2005 pp.162-171 |
Similar events as these occurred also elsewhere during the Greek Revolution resulting in the eradication and expulsion of virtually the entire Turkish population of the ]. These acts ensured the ethnic homogenization of the area under the rule of the future modern Greek state.<ref>Zarinebaf, Fariba., Bennet, John., Davis, Jack L., ''"A historical and economic geography of Ottoman Greece"'' The America School of Classical Studies, Athens 2005 pp.162-171</ref> | ||
| ===Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878=== | ===Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878=== | ||
| *During the ] a significant number of Turks were either killed, perished or became refugees. There are different estimates about the casualties of the war. Crampton describes an exodus of 130,000-150,000 expelled of which approximately half returned for an intermediary period encouraged by the ]. Hupchick and McCarthy point out that 260,000 perished and 500,000 became refugees.<ref>Dennis P. Hupchick, The Balkans:From Constantinople to Communism, 2002, p.265</ref><ref>McCarthy, J., ''"Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922",'' Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, p.64, p.85</ref>The Turkish scholars Karpat and Ipek argue that up to 300,000 were killed and 1 - 1,5 million were forced to emigrate.<ref>Karpat, Kemal H. ''"Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays"'' 2004 pp.764</ref><ref>Nedim Ipek, 1994, Turkish Migration from the Balkans to Anatolia, pp. 40-41</ref> | *During the ] a significant number of Turks were either killed, perished or became refugees. There are different estimates about the casualties of the war. Crampton describes an exodus of 130,000-150,000 expelled of which approximately half returned for an intermediary period encouraged by the ]. Hupchick and McCarthy point out that 260,000 perished and 500,000 became refugees.<ref>Dennis P. Hupchick, The Balkans:From Constantinople to Communism, 2002, p.265</ref><ref>McCarthy, J., ''"Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922",'' Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, p.64, p.85</ref> The Turkish scholars Karpat and Ipek argue that up to 300,000 were killed and 1 - 1,5 million were forced to emigrate.<ref>Karpat, Kemal H. ''"Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays"'' 2004 pp.764</ref><ref>Nedim Ipek, 1994, Turkish Migration from the Balkans to Anatolia, pp. 40-41</ref> | ||
| ===Balkan Wars=== | ===Balkan Wars=== | ||
| *Massacres against Turks and Muslims during the Balkan Wars in the hands of ], ] and ] are described in detail in the 1912 Carnegie Endowment report.<ref>Carnegie Report, ''Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars'',1912</ref>Hupchick estimates that nearly 1,5 million Muslims died and 400,000 became refugees as a result of the Balkan Wars.<ref>Hupchick, 2002, pp.321</ref> | *Massacres against Turks and Muslims during the Balkan Wars in the hands of ], ] and ] are described in detail in the 1912 Carnegie Endowment report.<ref>Carnegie Report, ''Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars'',1912</ref> Hupchick estimates that nearly 1,5 million Muslims died and 400,000 became refugees as a result of the Balkan Wars.<ref>Hupchick, 2002, pp.321</ref> | ||
| ===Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire=== | ===Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire=== | ||
| *On May |
*On May 14, 1919 a fleet of British, American and French warships brought an entire Greek division into the harbour of Izmir. The landing was followed by a general slaughter of the Turkish population. Greek gangs roamed the streets looting and killing. As the Greek army pushed into Anatolia the local population was subjected to massacres, ravaging and raping.<ref>Shaw,Stanford J. Shaw, Ezel Kural ''"History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 2"'' Cambridge University Press 2002 pp.342</ref> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 55: | Line 52: | ||
| *{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |title=Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922 |authorlink=Justin McCarthy |year=1995 |publisher=] |isbn=0-87850-094-4|pages=359}} | *{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |title=Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922 |authorlink=Justin McCarthy |year=1995 |publisher=] |isbn=0-87850-094-4|pages=359}} | ||
| *''RUSSIAN ATROCITIES IN ASIA AND EUROPE DURING THE MONTHS OF JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST 1877'', CONSTANTINOPLE PRINTED BY A. H. BOYAJIAN 1877, a publication by the Ottoman Government of a collection of various official and private telegrams | *''RUSSIAN ATROCITIES IN ASIA AND EUROPE DURING THE MONTHS OF JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST 1877'', CONSTANTINOPLE PRINTED BY A. H. BOYAJIAN 1877, a publication by the Ottoman Government of a collection of various official and private telegrams | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 03:34, 5 May 2010
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
No issues specified. Please specify issues, or remove this template. (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| An editor has nominated this article for deletion. You are welcome to participate in the deletion discussion, which will decide whether or not to retain it.Feel free to improve the article, but do not remove this notice before the discussion is closed. For more information, see the guide to deletion. Find sources: "Persecution of Ottoman Muslims and Turks 1821-1922" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR%5B%5BWikipedia%3AArticles+for+deletion%2FGenocide+of+Ottoman+Turks+and+Muslims%5D%5DAFD |
 | This article or section is in a state of significant expansion or restructuring. You are welcome to assist in its construction by editing it as well. If this article or section has not been edited in several days, please remove this template. If you are the editor who added this template and you are actively editing, please be sure to replace this template with {{in use}} during the active editing session. Click on the link for template parameters to use.
This redirect was last edited by SmackBot (talk | contribs) 14 years ago. (Update timer) |
As the Ottoman Turkish Empire entered a permanent phase of decline in the late 17th century it was engaged in a protracted state of conflict, losing territories both in Europe and the Caucasus. The victors were the Christian States the old Habsburg and Romanov Empires and the new nation states of Greece, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. Rival European powers encouraged the development of nationalist ideologies among the Ottoman subjects in which the Muslims were portrayed as an ethnic “fifth column” leftover from a previous era that could not be integrated into the planned future states. The struggle to rid them selves of Ottomans became an important element of the self-identification of the Balkan Christians.
According to Mark Levene, the Victorian public in the 1870s paid much more attention to the massacres and expulsions of Christians than to massacres and expulsions of Muslims, even if on a greater scale. He further suggests that such massacres were even favored by some circles. Mark Levene also argues that the dominant powers, by supporting "nation-statism" at the Berlin Congress legitimized "the primary instrument of Balkan nation-building": ethnic cleansing.
The atrocities against Ottoman Muslims and their exodus to Anatolia in the course of emerging Balkan nation-states and advancing Russian armies had a significant impact on the Ottoman Empire. It is estimate that by 1920 one third of the population in Turkish territories probably constituted from refugees and their descendants. This resulted in a strong sense of injustice and of shared suffering and solidarity.
“The Turk shall live no longer, neither in the Morea, nor in the whole earth”
Background
Justin McCarty estimates that between 1821 and 1922 around five and a half million Muslims were driven out of Europe and five million more were killed or died of disease and starvation while fleeing. Cleansing occurred as a result of the Serbian and Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, the Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878, and culminating in the Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Mann describes these acts as “murderous ethnic cleansing on stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe” referring to the 1914 Carnegie Endowment report. It is estimated that at the turn of the 20th century there were 4,4 million Muslims living in the Balkan zone of Ottoman control. More than one million Muslims left the Balkans in the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Between 1912 and 1926 nearly 2,9 million Muslims were either killed or forced to emigrate to Turkey. It is estimated that in the course of the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence 2,5 million Muslims died in Anatolia while hundreds of thousands of refugees arrived from former Ottoman territories and Russia.
Atrocities
Greek Revolution
- Between 10,000 and 30,000 Turks were killed in Tripolitsa by Greek rebels in the summer of 1821, including the entire Jewish population of the city.
Similar events as these occurred also elsewhere during the Greek Revolution resulting in the eradication and expulsion of virtually the entire Turkish population of the Morea. These acts ensured the ethnic homogenization of the area under the rule of the future modern Greek state.
Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878
- During the Russo-Turkish War a significant number of Turks were either killed, perished or became refugees. There are different estimates about the casualties of the war. Crampton describes an exodus of 130,000-150,000 expelled of which approximately half returned for an intermediary period encouraged by the Treaty of Berlin. Hupchick and McCarthy point out that 260,000 perished and 500,000 became refugees. The Turkish scholars Karpat and Ipek argue that up to 300,000 were killed and 1 - 1,5 million were forced to emigrate.
Balkan Wars
- Massacres against Turks and Muslims during the Balkan Wars in the hands of Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians are described in detail in the 1912 Carnegie Endowment report. Hupchick estimates that nearly 1,5 million Muslims died and 400,000 became refugees as a result of the Balkan Wars.
Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
- On May 14, 1919 a fleet of British, American and French warships brought an entire Greek division into the harbour of Izmir. The landing was followed by a general slaughter of the Turkish population. Greek gangs roamed the streets looting and killing. As the Greek army pushed into Anatolia the local population was subjected to massacres, ravaging and raping.
See also
Further reading
- Books
- Carmichael, Cathie (2002). Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 0-415-27416-8.
- Eminov, Ali (1997). Turkish and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria. C.Hurst Co. p. 218. ISBN 1-850-319-4.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help)
- Joseph, John (1983). Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East. State University of New York, Albany. p. 241. ISBN 0-87395-611-7.
- Levene, Mark (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: The rise of the West and the coming of GENOCIDE. I.B. Taurus & CO Ltd. p. 447. ISBN 1-84511-057-9.
- McCarthy, Justin (1995). Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922. Darwin Press. p. 359. ISBN 0-87850-094-4.
- RUSSIAN ATROCITIES IN ASIA AND EUROPE DURING THE MONTHS OF JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST 1877, CONSTANTINOPLE PRINTED BY A. H. BOYAJIAN 1877, a publication by the Ottoman Government of a collection of various official and private telegrams
References
- Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.112-113
- Carmichael, Cathie,. "Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans" Routledge 2002, pp.21-22
- Levene, Mark., "Genocide in the Age of the Nation State" 2005 pp.225-226
- Hale, William M., "Turkish foreign policy, 1774-2000" Frank Cass Publishers 2002, pp.16-17
- Greek Revolutionary Song - Anti-Islam in the Balkans; Carmichael, Cathie,. "Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans" Routledge 2002, pp.21-22
- McCarthy, Justin “Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922” Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, pp.335-340
- Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.113
- Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914)
- Cornis-Pope, Marcel Neubauer, John "History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe" 2004 pp.21
- Todorova, Maria., "Imagining the Balkans" Oxford University Press 2009, pp.175
- Cornis-Pope, Marcel Neubauer, John "History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe" 2004 pp.21
- Shissler, Ada Holland., "Between two empires" 2003 pp.22
- William St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, 2008, p.45
- McCarthy, Justin "Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922" Princeton:Darwin Press 1995
- Cité par Hercules Millas, "History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey", History Workshop, n°31, 1991.
- W. Alison Phillips, "The War of Greek Independence", 1821 to 1833, p. 61.
- Zarinebaf, Fariba., Bennet, John., Davis, Jack L., "A historical and economic geography of Ottoman Greece" The America School of Classical Studies, Athens 2005 pp.162-171
- Dennis P. Hupchick, The Balkans:From Constantinople to Communism, 2002, p.265
- McCarthy, J., "Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922", Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, p.64, p.85
- Karpat, Kemal H. "Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays" 2004 pp.764
- Nedim Ipek, 1994, Turkish Migration from the Balkans to Anatolia, pp. 40-41
- Carnegie Report, Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars,1912
- Hupchick, 2002, pp.321
- Shaw,Stanford J. Shaw, Ezel Kural "History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 2" Cambridge University Press 2002 pp.342
 Turkey | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History |
| ||||||||||||
| Geography |
| ||||||||||||
| Government |
| ||||||||||||
| Economy | |||||||||||||
| Demographics | |||||||||||||
| Society |
| ||||||||||||
| History of Islam | |
|---|---|
| 600–700 AD | |
| Early caliphates | |
| Al-Andalus | |
| Maghreb | |
| Mashriq | |
| Persia | |
| Anatolia, Balkans and Italy | |
| Central Asia and Eastern Europe | |
| South Asia | |
| Southeast Asia | |
| Africa | |
| Modern states | |