Misplaced Pages

Nut (fruit): Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 11:28, 20 April 2010 editLotje (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, File movers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers141,336 editsm Alpha order← Previous edit Revision as of 16:43, 8 May 2010 edit undoYobot (talk | contribs)Bots4,733,870 editsm genfixes + autotagging, DABlinks to top, replaced: Image: → File: (5), Otheruses → Other uses using AWBNext edit →
Line 1: Line 1:
⚫ {{Other uses|Nut}}
{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}} {{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
⚫ {{Otheruses|Nut}}


]s from the ]]] ]s from the ]]]
]s]] ]s]]
] and a walnut core having been removed from the outer pithy fruit. Walnuts are not true nuts.]] ] and a walnut core having been removed from the outer pithy fruit. Walnuts are not true nuts.]]
'''Nut''' is a hard shelled ] of some ] that has an ] seed. While a wide variety of dried seeds and fruits are called nuts in English, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be ''true nuts''. Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife. '''Nut''' is a hard shelled ] of some ]s that has an ] seed. While a wide variety of dried seeds and fruits are called nuts in English, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be ''true nuts''. Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife.


Nuts are a composite of the seed and the fruit, where the fruit does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are free of the fruit, unlike nuts like ]s, hickories, ]s and ]s, which have a stony fruit wall and originate from a compound ovary. Culinary usage of the term is less restrictive, and some nuts as defined in food preparation, like ] and ]s,<ref name="tree_nuts_composition_phytochemicals_and_health_effects">{{Cite book | last1 = Alasalvar | first1 = Cesarettin | last2 = Shahidi | first2 = Fereidoon | title = Tree Nuts: Composition, Phytochemicals, and Health Effects (Nutraceutical Science and Technology) | date = | publisher = CRC | location = | isbn = 978-0-8493-3735-2 | pages = 143 }}</ref> are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday common usage of the term often refers to any hard walled, edible kernel, as a nut.<ref name="the_encyclopedia_of_seeds">{{Cite book | last1 = Black | first1 = Michael H. | last2 = Halmer | first2 = Peter | title = The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses | date = 2006 | publisher = CABI | location = Wallingford, UK | isbn = 978-0-85199-723-0 | pages = 228 }}</ref> Nuts are a composite of the seed and the fruit, where the fruit does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are free of the fruit, unlike nuts like ]s, hickories, ]s and ]s, which have a stony fruit wall and originate from a compound ovary. Culinary usage of the term is less restrictive, and some nuts as defined in food preparation, like ]s and ]s,<ref name="tree_nuts_composition_phytochemicals_and_health_effects">{{Cite book | last1 = Alasalvar | first1 = Cesarettin | last2 = Shahidi | first2 = Fereidoon | title = Tree Nuts: Composition, Phytochemicals, and Health Effects (Nutraceutical Science and Technology) | date = | publisher = CRC | location = | isbn = 978-0-8493-3735-2 | pages = 143 }}</ref> are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday common usage of the term often refers to any hard walled, edible kernel, as a nut.<ref name="the_encyclopedia_of_seeds">{{Cite book | last1 = Black | first1 = Michael H. | last2 = Halmer | first2 = Peter | title = The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses | year = 2006 | publisher = CABI | location = Wallingford, UK | isbn = 978-0-85199-723-0 | pages = 228 }}</ref>


== Botanical definition == == Botanical definition ==
Line 30: Line 30:


== Culinary definition and uses == == Culinary definition and uses ==
] nuts — unshelled, and shell, above; shelled, below]] ] nuts — unshelled, and shell, above; shelled, below]]


A nut in ] is a much less restrictive category than a nut in botany, as the term is applied to many ]s that are not botanically true nuts. Any large, oily kernel found within a shell and used in food may be regarded as a nut. A nut in ] is a much less restrictive category than a nut in botany, as the term is applied to many ]s that are not botanically true nuts. Any large, oily kernel found within a shell and used in food may be regarded as a nut.
Line 53: Line 53:


==Nutritional benefits== ==Nutritional benefits==
] ]
Several ] studies have revealed that people who consume nuts regularly are less likely to suffer from ] (CHD).<ref>Kelly JH, Sabaté J (2006) Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective. Br J Nutr 96, S61-S67.</ref> Nuts were first linked to protection against CHD in 1993.<ref>Sabaté J, Fraser GE, Burke K, Knutsen SF, Bennett H, Linsted KD (1993) Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med 328, 603-607.</ref> Since then many ]s have found that consumption of various nuts such as ]s and ]s can lower serum ] cholesterol concentrations. Although nuts contain various substances thought to possess cardioprotective effects, scientists believe that their Omega 3 ] profile is at least in part responsible for the ] response observed in clinical trials.<ref>Rajaram S, Hasso Haddad E, Mejia A, Sabaté J (2009) Walnuts and fatty fish influence different serum lipid fractions in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals: a randomized controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89, 1657S-1663S.</ref> Several ] studies have revealed that people who consume nuts regularly are less likely to suffer from ] (CHD).<ref>Kelly JH, Sabaté J (2006) Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective. Br J Nutr 96, S61-S67.</ref> Nuts were first linked to protection against CHD in 1993.<ref>Sabaté J, Fraser GE, Burke K, Knutsen SF, Bennett H, Linsted KD (1993) Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med 328, 603-607.</ref> Since then many ]s have found that consumption of various nuts such as ]s and ]s can lower serum ] cholesterol concentrations. Although nuts contain various substances thought to possess cardioprotective effects, scientists believe that their Omega 3 ] profile is at least in part responsible for the ] response observed in clinical trials.<ref>Rajaram S, Hasso Haddad E, Mejia A, Sabaté J (2009) Walnuts and fatty fish influence different serum lipid fractions in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals: a randomized controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89, 1657S-1663S.</ref>


In addition to possessing cardioprotective effects, nuts generally have a very low ] (GI).<ref name=mendosa>{{cite web| In addition to possessing cardioprotective effects, nuts generally have a very low ] (GI).<ref name=mendosa>{{cite web|title=Revised International Table of Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) Values|year=2002
⚫ |url=http://www.mendosa.com/gilists.htm |accessdate=2007-11-23 |work=
|title=Revised International Table of Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) Values|year=2002
⚫ |url=http://www.mendosa.com/gilists.htm |accessdate=2007-11-23 |format= |work=
|author= David Mendosa}}</ref> |author= David Mendosa}}</ref>
Consequently, dietitians frequently recommend nuts be included in diets prescribed for patients with ] problems such as ].<ref>Josse AR, Kendall CWC, Augustin LSA, Ellis PR, Jenkins DJA (2007) Almonds and postprandial glycemia — a dose response study. Metabolism, 56, 400-404.</ref> Consequently, dietitians frequently recommend nuts be included in diets prescribed for patients with ] problems such as ].<ref>Josse AR, Kendall CWC, Augustin LSA, Ellis PR, Jenkins DJA (2007) Almonds and postprandial glycemia — a dose response study. Metabolism, 56, 400-404.</ref>


One study found that people who eat nuts live two to three years longer than those who do not.<ref>Fraser GE, Shavlik DJ (2001) Ten years of life: Is it a matter of choice? Arch Int Med, 161, 1645-1652.</ref> However, this may be because people who eat nuts tend to eat less ]. <ref>. ''URL accessed January 18, 2007.''</ref> One study found that people who eat nuts live two to three years longer than those who do not.<ref>Fraser GE, Shavlik DJ (2001) Ten years of life: Is it a matter of choice? Arch Int Med, 161, 1645-1652.</ref> However, this may be because people who eat nuts tend to eat less ].<ref>. ''URL accessed January 18, 2007.''</ref>


Nuts contain the all important fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acids, which are critical for growth, physical and mental development, healthy hair and skin, blood pressure control, immunological responses and blood clotting. In addition, the fats in nuts for the most part are unsaturated fats, particularly monounsaturated fats. This type does not elevate blood cholesterol levels like saturated fats. Nuts contain the all important fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acids, which are critical for growth, physical and mental development, healthy hair and skin, blood pressure control, immunological responses and blood clotting. In addition, the fats in nuts for the most part are unsaturated fats, particularly monounsaturated fats. This type does not elevate blood cholesterol levels like saturated fats.

Revision as of 16:43, 8 May 2010

For other uses, see Nut.
Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel
Chestnuts
A walnut and a walnut core having been removed from the outer pithy fruit. Walnuts are not true nuts.

Nut is a hard shelled fruit of some plants that has an indehiscent seed. While a wide variety of dried seeds and fruits are called nuts in English, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be true nuts. Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife.

Nuts are a composite of the seed and the fruit, where the fruit does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are free of the fruit, unlike nuts like hazelnuts, hickories, chestnuts and acorns, which have a stony fruit wall and originate from a compound ovary. Culinary usage of the term is less restrictive, and some nuts as defined in food preparation, like pistachios and Brazil nuts, are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday common usage of the term often refers to any hard walled, edible kernel, as a nut.

Botanical definition

A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed (rarely two) in which the ovary wall becomes very hard (stony or woody) at maturity, and where the seed remains attached or fused with the ovary wall. Most nuts come from the pistils with inferior ovaries (see flower) and all are indehiscent (not opening at maturity). True nuts are produced, for example, by some plant families of the order Fagales.

Order Fagales

Culinary definition and uses

Korean Pine nuts — unshelled, and shell, above; shelled, below

A nut in cuisine is a much less restrictive category than a nut in botany, as the term is applied to many seeds that are not botanically true nuts. Any large, oily kernel found within a shell and used in food may be regarded as a nut.

Because nuts generally have a high oil content, they are a highly prized food and energy source. A large number of seeds are edible by humans and used in cooking, eaten raw, sprouted, or roasted as a snack food, or pressed for oil that is used in cookery and cosmetics. Nuts (or seeds generally) are also a significant source of nutrition for wildlife. This is particularly true in temperate climates where animals such as jays and squirrels store acorns and other nuts during the autumn to keep them from starving during the late autumn, all of winter, and early spring.

Nuts used for food, whether true nut or not, are among the most common food allergens.

Some fruits and seeds that do not meet the botanical definition but are nuts in the culinary sense:

Nutritional benefits

A graph detailing the nutritional properties of nuts and oily seeds.

Several epidemiological studies have revealed that people who consume nuts regularly are less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease (CHD). Nuts were first linked to protection against CHD in 1993. Since then many clinical trials have found that consumption of various nuts such as almonds and walnuts can lower serum LDL cholesterol concentrations. Although nuts contain various substances thought to possess cardioprotective effects, scientists believe that their Omega 3 fatty acid profile is at least in part responsible for the hypolipidemic response observed in clinical trials.

In addition to possessing cardioprotective effects, nuts generally have a very low glycemic index (GI). Consequently, dietitians frequently recommend nuts be included in diets prescribed for patients with insulin resistance problems such as diabetes mellitus type 2.

One study found that people who eat nuts live two to three years longer than those who do not. However, this may be because people who eat nuts tend to eat less junk food.

Nuts contain the all important fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acids, which are critical for growth, physical and mental development, healthy hair and skin, blood pressure control, immunological responses and blood clotting. In addition, the fats in nuts for the most part are unsaturated fats, particularly monounsaturated fats. This type does not elevate blood cholesterol levels like saturated fats.

Furthermore nuts supply one of the best natural sources of vitamins E and B2 (riboflavin, an antioxidant), and are rich in protein, folate, fiber, and essential minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, and selenium.

Other uses

The nut of the horse-chestnut tree (Aesculus species, especially Aesculus hippocastanum), is called a conker in the British Isles. Conkers are inedible because they contain toxic glucoside aesculin. They are used in a popular children's game, known as conkers, where the nuts are threaded onto a strong cord and then each contestant attempts to break his opponent's conker by hitting it with his own. Horse chestnuts are also popular slingshot ammunition.

A related species, Aesculus californica, was eaten by the Native Americans of California during famines after the toxic constituents were leached out.

See also

References

  1. Alasalvar, Cesarettin; Shahidi, Fereidoon. Tree Nuts: Composition, Phytochemicals, and Health Effects (Nutraceutical Science and Technology). CRC. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8493-3735-2.
  2. Black, Michael H.; Halmer, Peter (2006). The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses. Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-85199-723-0.
  3. "Common Food Allergens". Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
  4. Kelly JH, Sabaté J (2006) Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective. Br J Nutr 96, S61-S67.
  5. Sabaté J, Fraser GE, Burke K, Knutsen SF, Bennett H, Linsted KD (1993) Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med 328, 603-607.
  6. Rajaram S, Hasso Haddad E, Mejia A, Sabaté J (2009) Walnuts and fatty fish influence different serum lipid fractions in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals: a randomized controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89, 1657S-1663S.
  7. David Mendosa (2002). "Revised International Table of Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) Values". Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  8. Josse AR, Kendall CWC, Augustin LSA, Ellis PR, Jenkins DJA (2007) Almonds and postprandial glycemia — a dose response study. Metabolism, 56, 400-404.
  9. Fraser GE, Shavlik DJ (2001) Ten years of life: Is it a matter of choice? Arch Int Med, 161, 1645-1652.
  10. "ABC News: The Places Where People Live Longest". URL accessed January 18, 2007.
  11. Kris-Etherton PM, Yu-Poth S, Sabaté J, Ratcliffe HE, Zhao G, Etherton TD (1999) Nuts and their bioactive constituents: effects on serum lipids and other factors that affect disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr 70, 504S-511S.
  • John Harvey Kellogg, "Nuts May Save the Race." The Itinerary of Breakfast. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1920. 165–203.

External links

Types of fruits
Types of fruits
Categories of fruits
Function
Categories: