Demographics of Hungary: Difference between revisions

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	This article is about the ] features of the ] of ], including ], ], education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious ~~affiliations~~ and other aspects of the population.		This article is about the ] features of the ] of ], including ], ], education level, health of the populace, economic status, ]s and other aspects of the population.
	==Historical==		==Historical==
	===Cumans===		===Cumans===
	During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 ], a nomadic tribe of pagan ]s who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.<ref>, HistoryNet</ref> In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named ] ('']'' in Hungarian): ] (''Nagykunság'') and ] (''Kiskunság''), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the ].		During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 ], a ] tribe of pagan ]s who had opposed them, west of the ]. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.<ref>, HistoryNet</ref> In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named ] ('']'' in Hungarian): ] (''Nagykunság'') and ] (''Kiskunság''), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the ].

	The Iranian ] probably came to the ] together with the ] in the 13th century after they were defeated by the ]. ], king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. ], ], ]) still bear their name.<ref></ref>		The Iranian ] probably came to the ] together with the ] in the 13th century after they were defeated by the ]. ], king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. ], ], ]) still bear their name.<ref></ref>

	===900–1910===		===900–1910===
			The population of Hungary, even excluding Croatia, had never been purely Magyar, but the pre-Magyar inhabitants of the plains and the newcomers to them (outside the towns) had quickly become Magyarized; and, while this was not true of the peripheral areas, their populations were relatively sparse<ref name=Britannica2>Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary</ref>


	{\|border=0 class="wikitable" width=98%		{\|border=0 class="wikitable" width=98%
	!width=20%\|'''Time'''		!width=20%\|'''Time'''
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	\|1222		\|1222
	\|2,000,000		\|2,000,000
	\|70–80%<ref name="carth">''Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the ].'' Carthographia, ], ], 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9CM</ref>~~<ref name=Britannica2>Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary</ref>~~		\|70–80%<ref name="carth">''Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the ].'' Carthographia, ], ], 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9CM</ref>
	\|''The time of the ]. The last estimate before the ] ''		\|''The time of the ]. The last estimate before the ] ''
	\|-		\|-
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	\|80%<ref name="carth"/>		\|80%<ref name="carth"/>
	\|''Before the Ottoman conquest (3.2 million Hungarians)''		\|''Before the Ottoman conquest (3.2 million Hungarians)''
			\|-
			\|1500
			\|?
			\|75-80%<ref name=Britannica2>Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary</ref>
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|1699		\|1699
Line 75:		Line 83:
	\|53%<ref name="carth"/>		\|53%<ref name="carth"/>
	\|''At the end of ] War. (1.6 million Hungarians)''		\|''At the end of ] War. (1.6 million Hungarians)''
			\|-
			\|1720
			\|3,500,000
			\|35%<ref name=Britannica2>Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary</ref>
			\|
			\|-
			\|1780
			\|?
			\|~40%<ref name=Britannica2>Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary</ref>
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|1790		\|1790
	\|8,000,000		\|8,000,000
	\|37.7%		\|37.7%
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|1800
			\|10,000,000
			\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 107:		Line 131:

	Note: The data refer to the territory of the ], not of present-day Hungary.		Note: The data refer to the territory of the ], not of present-day Hungary.

			====Ethnic structure of the territory of contemporary Hungary (1495-1910)====

			<ref>A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+datas+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, ] - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, ], 2009, ISBN 978-963-9545-19-9)</ref>

			{\| class="wikitable" border="0" width=98%
			!Nationality
			!1495
			!1715
			!1785
			!1880
			!1900
			!1910
			\|-
			\|]
			\|990,000 <br /> 95,6 %
			\|1,176,000 <br /> 79,1 %
			\|2,103,000 <br /> 79 %
			\|4,402,364 <br /> 82.4 %
			\|5,890,999 <br /> 85.9 %
			\|6,730,299 <br /> 88.4 %
			\|-
			\|]
			\|17,000 <br /> 1.6 %
			\|136,600 <br /> 9.2 %
			\|291,900 <br /> 11 %
			\|606,363 <br /> 11.3 %
			\|604,751 <br /> 8.8 %
			\|553,179 <br /> 7.3 %
			\|-
			\|]
			\| n.d <br /> n.d.
			\|37,700 <br /> 2.5 %
			\|130,400 <br /> 4.9 %
			\|199,788 <br /> 3.7 %
			\|192,227 <br /> 2.8 %
			\|165,317 <br /> 2.2 %
			\|-
			\|]
			\|1,200 <br /> 0.1 %
			\|58,900 <br /> 4 %
			\|71,700 <br /> 2.7 %
			\|59,251 <br /> 1.1 %
			\|68,161 <br /> 1 %
			\|62,018 <br /> 0.8 %
			\|-
			\|Others
			\|23,800 <br /> 2.4 %
			\|70,800 <br /> 4.8 %
			\|66,214 <br /> 2.4 %
			\|75,598 <br /> 1.5 %
			\|98,277 <br /> 1.5 %
			\|101,301 <br /> 1.3 %
			\|-
			\|'''Total'''
			\|1,032,000
			\|1,480,000
			\|2,663,214
			\|5,343,364
			\|6,854,415
			\|7,612,114
			\|-
			\|}

	===1920 – today===		===1920 – today===
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	<br>''65 years and over:'' 15.8% (male 566,067/female 995,768) (2009 est.)		<br>''65 years and over:'' 15.8% (male 566,067/female 995,768) (2009 est.)

	'''Population growth rate:'''		''']:'''
	-0.25% (2006 est.)<ref name="DemoDecline">Population decline is abating. Some interesting figures in 2000: population growth rate was -0.33%; there were 9.62 births/1,000 population (death rate: 13.34 deaths/1000 population); fertility rate — 1.25 children born/woman. Life expectancy increased by approximately 1.3 years under the same time.</ref>		-0.25% (2006 est.)<ref name="DemoDecline">Population decline is abating. Some interesting figures in 2000: population growth rate was -0.33%; there were 9.62 births/1,000 population (death rate: 13.34 deaths/1000 population); fertility rate — 1.25 children born/woman. Life expectancy increased by approximately 1.3 years under the same time.</ref>

Line 405:		Line 492:
	0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)		0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

	'''Sex ratio:'''		''']:'''
	<br>''at birth:''		<br>''at birth:''
	1.06 male(s)/female		1.06 male(s)/female
Line 433:		Line 520:
	1.35 children born/woman (2009 est.)		1.35 children born/woman (2009 est.)

	'''Ethnic groups:'''		''']:'''
	] 94.4%, ] 2.02%, ] 1.18%, ] 0.38%, ] 0.25%, ] 0.14%, ] 0.07%, ] 0.07%, ] 0.07%, ] 0.05%, ] 0.05%.		] 94.4%, ] 2.02%, ] 1.18%, ] 0.38%, ] 0.25%, ] 0.14%, ] 0.07%, ] 0.07%, ] 0.07%, ] 0.05%, ] 0.05%.

Revision as of 06:38, 7 June 2010

Demographics of {{{place}}}
1715-2008
Population	10,013,000 (2010)
Growth rate	-0.18% (2009)
Birth rate	9.6 births/1,000 population (2009)
Death rate	13 deaths/1,000 population (2009)
Life expectancy	73.44 years (2009 est.)
• male	69.27 years
• female	77.87 years
Fertility rate	1.33 children born/woman (2009 est.)
Infant mortality rate	5.1 / 1000 births (2009 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years	0.97 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.57 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Major ethnic	Magyars
Language
Spoken	Hungarian

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Hungary, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Historical

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe of pagan Kipchaks who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection. In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era.

The Iranian Jassic people probably came to the Kingdom of Hungary together with the Cumans in the 13th century after they were defeated by the Mongols. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.

900–1910

The population of Hungary, even excluding Croatia, had never been purely Magyar, but the pre-Magyar inhabitants of the plains and the newcomers to them (outside the towns) had quickly become Magyarized; and, while this was not true of the peripheral areas, their populations were relatively sparse

Time	Population	Percentage rate of Hungarians	Notes
c. 900 AD	c. 400,000	?
1222	2,000,000	70–80%	The time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tartar invasion
1242	1,200,000	?	Population decreased after the Mongol-Tartar's invasion.
1370	2,500,000	60–70%	At the time of the Angevin kings.
1490	4,000,000	80%	Before the Ottoman conquest (3.2 million Hungarians)
1500	?	75-80%
1699	3,300,000	50–55%	At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz. (less than 2 million Hungarians)
1711	3,000,000	53%	At the end of Kuruc War. (1.6 million Hungarians)
1720	3,500,000	35%
1780	?	~40%
1790	8,000,000	37.7%
1800	10,000,000
1828	11,495,536	40–45%
1846	12,033,399	40–45%
1880	13,749,603	46%
1900	16,838,255	51.4%
1910	18,264,533	54.5%	5% Jews (counted according to their mother tongue)

Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, not of present-day Hungary.

Ethnic structure of the territory of contemporary Hungary (1495-1910)

Nationality	1495	1715	1785	1880	1900	1910
Hungarians	990,000 95,6 %	1,176,000 79,1 %	2,103,000 79 %	4,402,364 82.4 %	5,890,999 85.9 %	6,730,299 88.4 %
Germans	17,000 1.6 %	136,600 9.2 %	291,900 11 %	606,363 11.3 %	604,751 8.8 %	553,179 7.3 %
Slovaks	n.d n.d.	37,700 2.5 %	130,400 4.9 %	199,788 3.7 %	192,227 2.8 %	165,317 2.2 %
Croats	1,200 0.1 %	58,900 4 %	71,700 2.7 %	59,251 1.1 %	68,161 1 %	62,018 0.8 %
Others	23,800 2.4 %	70,800 4.8 %	66,214 2.4 %	75,598 1.5 %	98,277 1.5 %	101,301 1.3 %
Total	1,032,000	1,480,000	2,663,214	5,343,364	6,854,415	7,612,114

1920 – today

Nationality	1920	1930	1941	1949	1960	1970	1980
Hungarians	7 155 973 89.6 %	8 000 335 92.1 %	11 881 455 80.9 %	9 076 041 98.6 %	9 786 038 98.2 %	10 166 237 98.5 %	10 638 974 99.3 %
Germans	550 062 6.9 %	477 153 5.5, %	533 045 3.6 %	22 455 0.2 %	50 765 0.5 %	35 594 0.4 %	11 310 0.1 %
Slovaks	141 877 1.8 %	104 786 1.2 %	175 550 1.2 %	25 988 0.3 %	30 630 0.3 %	21 176 0.2 %	9 101 0.1 %
Romanians	23 695 0.3 %	16 221 0.2 %	1 051 026 7.2 %	14 713 0.2 %	15 787 0.2 %	12 624 0.1 %	8 874 0.1 %
Ruthenians	-	-	547 770 3.7 %	-	-	-	-
Croats	58 931 0.7 %	47 337 0.5 %	12 346 0.1 %	20 423 0.2 %	33 014 0.3 %	17 609 0.2 %	13 895 0.1 %
Serbs	17 132 0.2 %	7 031 0.1 %	213 585 1.5 %	5 158 0.1 %	4 583 0.1 %	12 235 0.1 %	2 805 0.0%
Slovenes	6 087 0.1 %	5 464 0.1 %	94 000 0.1 %	4 473 0.1 %	-	4 205 0.0 %	1 731 0.0 %
Roma	6 989 0.1 %	7 841 0.1 %	76 209 0.5 %	21 387 0.2 %	25 633 0.3 %	34 957 0.3 %	6 404 0.1 %
Others	26 123 0.3 %	18 946 0.2 %	29 210 0.2 %	14 161 0.1 %	14 534 0.1 %	17 462 0.2 %	16 369 0.2 %
Jewish	-	-	139 041 0.9 %	-	-	-	-
Total	7 986 875	8 685 109	14 679 573	9 204 799	9 961 044	10 322 099	10 709 463

Fertility (1900–2008)

Year	Total Fertility Rate
1900–1901	5.28
1910–1911	4.67
1920–1921	3.84
1930–1931	2.84
1940–1941	2.48
1948–1949	2.56
1950–1955	2.73
1955–1960	2.21
1960–1965	1.82
1965–1970	1.98

Year	Total Fertility Rate
1970–1975	2.09
1974–1977	2.28
1975–1980	2.12
1980–1985	1.81
1985–1990	1.82
1990–1995	1.73
1995–2000	1.38
2000	1.33
2004	1.28
2008	1.34

Present

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1870	5,011,310	—
1880	5,329,191	+6.3%
1890	6,009,351	+12.8%
1900	6,854,415	+14.1%
1910	7,612,114	+11.1%
1920	7,986,875	+4.9%
1930	8,685,109	+8.7%
1941	9,316,074	+7.3%
1949	9,204,799	−1.2%
1960	9,961,044	+8.2%
1970	10,300,996	+3.4%
1980	10,709,463	+4.0%
1990	10,374,823	−3.1%
2001	10,198,315	−1.7%
2005	10,097,500	−1.0%
2009	10,031,000	−0.7%

The census of 2001 recognized Hungarians along with sixteen other ethnic groups. The ethnic composition according to the 2001 census was as follows: (based on self-determination)

Hungarians: 9,627,057 or 94.40%
Roma: 205,720 or 2.02%
Germans: 120,344 or 1.18%
Slovaks: 39,266 or 0.38%
Croats: 25,730 or 0.25%
Romanians: 8,482 or 0.1%
Ukrainians: 7,393 or 0.07%
Serbs: 7,350 or 0.07%
Greeks: 6,619 or 0.06%
Poles: 5,144 or 0.05%
Russians: 5,144 or 0.05%
Slovenes: 4,832 or 0.04%
Chinese: 2,915 or 0.03%
Arabs: 2,367 or 0.02%
Bulgarians: 2,316 or 0.02%
Rusyns: 2,079 or 0.02%
Armenians: 1,165 or 0.01%
Africans: 321 or 0.00%
Turks: unknown, but formed a small community.

According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% — Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6%). There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%), and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God.

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

The Roma minority

Main article: Roma minority of Hungary

File:Hungary Roma 2001.PNG

Roma minority in Hungary (Census 2001)

The real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question. In the 2001 census only 205,720 people (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary. Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority. Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050.

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

Education/bad chances for work: slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.
Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.
Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas
Lack of debate regarding the subject: academic researchers and members of the mainstream press disregard any critics and study the subject in the canonical viewpoint. Critics don't have the funds necessary to perform alternative studies.

Largest cities

Name	Population (1949)	Top population	Population (2009)	Agglomeration	Status
Budapest	1,590,316	2,059,226 (1980)	1,712,210	2,475,740 (2008)	Capital city
Debrecen	115,399	212,235 (1990)	206,225	237,888 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Miskolc	109,841	208,103 (1980)	170,234	216,470 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Szeged	104,867	169,930 (1990)	169,030	201,307 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Pécs	89,470	170,039 (1990)	156,974	179,215 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Győr	69,583	130,476 (2009)	130,476	182,776 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Nyíregyháza	56,334	118,795 (2001)	117,597	-	County seat, urban county
Kecskemét	61,730	111,428 (2009)	111,428	-	County seat, urban county
Székesfehérvár	42,260	108,958(1990)	102,035	-	Regional centre, county seat, urban county

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA Factbook as of September 2009, unless otherwise indicated.

Population: 9,905,596 (Only Hungarian citizens, 2009 est.)

Age structure:
0–14 years: 15% (male 763,553/female 720,112)
15–64 years: 69.3% (male 3,384,961/female 3,475,135)
65 years and over: 15.8% (male 566,067/female 995,768) (2009 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.25% (2006 est.)

Birth rate: 9.90 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate: 12.94 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Infant mortality rate: Total: 7.86 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 8.57 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 7.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.44 years
male: 69.27 years
female: 77.87 years (2009 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.35 children born/woman (2009 est.)

Ethnic groups: Hungarian 94.4%, Roma 2.02%, German 1.18%, Slovak 0.38%, Croats 0.25%, Romanian 0.14%, Ukrainian 0.07%, Serbs 0.07%, Greeks 0.07%, Poles 0.05%, Slovenes 0.05%.

Religion: According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% — Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6%). There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%), and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in a God.

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.5%
female: 99.3% (2003 est.)

See also : Hungary

Notes

Hungarian Central Statistical Office 2010
Natural decline: -0.34% (2009)
Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz, HistoryNet
National and historical symbols of Hungary
^ Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
Honfoglalás
^ Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9CM
A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+datas+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, Budapest, 2009, ISBN 978-963-9545-19-9)
The 1941 data refer to the Kingdom of Hungary after the territorial changes regarding North-Transylvania and other territories, all of which had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1920.
Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.
Population by nationalities, 2001 census (English)
Population by religions, 2001 census (English)
World Walues Survey
http://www.demos.hu/Audit
Hungary acknowledges the need for progress regarding its population of 500,000 to 1 million Roma, or Gypsies
Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. European Rights Roma Center
The New York City Times: Roma make up an estimated 8 to 10 percent of Hungary’s population
The christian science monitor: " the Roma, who account for between 8 and 10 percent of Hungary's 10 million people."
"Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány."
"A CEMI kalkulációja szerint a romák száma a mai 700 ezerről 2050-re 1,2 millióra nőhet. Ezen idő alatt a nem roma népesség száma 9,5 millióról 7,6 millióra csökken. Így a romák mai mintegy 7 százalékos aránya megduplázódhat és elérheti a 14-15 százalékot."
"Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék."
Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában
^ Population decline is abating. Some interesting figures in 2000: population growth rate was -0.33%; there were 9.62 births/1,000 population (death rate: 13.34 deaths/1000 population); fertility rate — 1.25 children born/woman. Life expectancy increased by approximately 1.3 years under the same time.

Hungary articles

History

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