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| The '''Muhammad Drawings ''' are twelve ]s depicting the ] ] which were printed in the ] daily newspaper '']'' on ] ] (and later in the ] Christian newspaper on ] 2006, the German newspaper '']'', the French daily '']'', and many other European newspapers). The drawings, which include a depiction of Muhammad with a bomb in his ], are ] illustrations accompanying an article on ] and ]. Jyllands-Posten commissioned and published the cartoons in response to the inability of Danish writer ] to find artists to illustrate his ] about Muhammad, for fear of violent attacks by ] Muslims. Islamic teachings forbid the depiction of Muhammad as a measure against ] (see ]), however, in the past there have been non-satirical depictions of Muhammad by Muslims. | |||
| Although ''Jyllands-Posten'' maintains that the drawings were an exercise in free speech, many Muslims in Denmark and elsewhere view them as provocative and ]. Two newspaper ]ists have reportedly gone into hiding after receiving ]s, and the newspaper has enhanced its security precautions. <!-- dead links - http://www.jp.dk/english_news/artikel:aid=3306572/, http://www.jp.dk/english_news/artikel:aid=3378236/ - dead links --> <ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Muslim anger at Danish cartoons|org=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4361260.stm}}</ref> The ] of eleven ] demanded action from the Danish government, and ] eventually closed its embassy in Denmark in protest after the government refused to censure the newspaper or apologise. The Danish prime minister said, "The government refuses to apologise because the government does not control the media or a newspaper outlet; that would be in violation of the freedom of speech". A large consumer ] was organised in ], ], and elsewhere in the Middle East. Recently the foreign ministers of seventeen Islamic countries renewed calls for the Danish government to punish those responsible for the cartoons, and to ensure that such cartoons are not published again. International Islamic organisations have demanded that the ] hold ] against Denmark. | |||
| ==Background== | |||
| ===Debate about self-censorship=== | |||
| On ] ], the Danish newspaper '']'' ran an article under the headline ''"Dyb angst for kritik af islam"''<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Dyb angst for kritik af islam|org=Politiken|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.sasp?PageID=397712}}</ref> ("Deep fear of criticism of Islam"). The article discussed the difficulty encountered by the writer ], who was initially unable to find an ] who was prepared to work with Bluitgen on his children's book "''Koranen og profeten Muhammeds liv''" ("The ] and the prophet Muhammad's life"). Three artists declined Bluitgen's proposal before an artist agreed to assist anonymously. According to Bluitgen: | |||
| :One , with reference to the murder in Amsterdam of the film director ], while another the lecturer at the ] in ]. ] to non-Muslims during a lecture at the Niebuhr institute at the ]<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Overfaldet efter Koran-læsning|org=TV 2 (Denmark)|url=http://nyhederne.tv2.dk/article.php?id=1424089}}</ref>]. | |||
| The refusal of the first three artists to participate was seen as evidence of ] and led to much debate in Denmark, with other examples for similar reasons soon emerging. The comedian ] declared that he did not dare ] the Qur'an on television, while the translators of an essay collection critical of Islam also wished to remain anonymous due to concerns about violent reaction. | |||
| ===Publication of the drawings=== | |||
| On ] ], the daily newspaper ''Jyllands-Posten'' ("] Post") published an article titled "Muhammeds ansigt"<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenewsauthor|given=Flemming|surname=Rose|date=]|title=Muhammeds ansigt|org=Jyllands-Posten|url=http://www.jp.dk/login?url=indland/artikel:aid=3293102:fid=11146}}</ref> ("Muhammad's face"). The article consisted of 12 satirical drawings of Muhammad and an explanatory text, in which ], ''Jyllands-Posten'''s culture editor, commented: | |||
| :The modern, ] society is rejected by some Muslims. They demand a special position, insisting on special consideration of their own religious feelings. It is incompatible with ] democracy and freedom of speech, where you must be ready to put up with insults, mockery and ridicule. It is certainly not always equally attractive and nice to look at, and it does not mean that religious feelings should be made fun of at any price, but that is less important in this context. we are on our way to a slippery slope where no-one can tell how the self-censorship will end. That is why Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten has invited members of the Danish editorial cartoonists union to draw Muhammad as they see him. " <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Jyllands-Posten: Ytringsfrihed: Mohammes ansigt|org=AvisNET|url=http://www.aiu.dk/avisnet/show.php?id=812}}</ref> | |||
| The twelve drawings were drawn by twelve different ]s, after an invitation from ''Jyllands-Posten'' for around forty different artists to give their interpretation on how Muhammad may have looked. Each of the twelve drawings portrays Muhammad in a different fashion. In the clockwise direction: | |||
| * The face of Muhammad as a part of the Islamic ] symbol, his right eye the star. | |||
| * The most controversial drawing shows Muhammad with a bomb in his turban, with a lit fuse and the ] written on the bomb. | |||
| * Muhammad standing with a ] in the shape of a crescent moon. | |||
| * An ] drawing of crescent moons and ], and a poem on oppression of women "Profet! Med kuk og knald i låget som holder kvinder under åget!". In English the poem goes in the lines of: "Prophet! daft and dumb, keeping woman under thumb" | |||
| * Muhammad as a wanderer, with a donkey. | |||
| * One shows a nervous caricaturist, shakingly drawing Muhammad while looking over his shoulder. | |||
| * Two angry Muslims charge forward with sabres and bombs, while Muhammad addresses them with: "Rolig, venner, når alt kommer til alt er det jo bare en tegning lavet af en vantro sønderjyde" (loosely, "Relax guys, it's just a drawing made by some infidel South Jutlander"). A South Jutlander is a person from ]; the reference is to a common Danish expression for a person from the middle of nowhere, which is how many Danes regard South Jutland. | |||
| * An Oriental looking boy in front of a blackboard, pointing to the ] chalkings, which translate into "the editorial team of Jyllands-Posten is a bunch of ] ]s". The boy is labelled "Mohammed, ] school, 7.A", implying that this Muhammed is a Danish second-generation immigrant rather than the man Muslims believe was a prophet. On his shirt is written "Fremtiden" (the future). According to the editor of Jyllands Posten, he didn't know what was written on the blackboard before it was published. | |||
| * Another drawing shows Muhammad with a knife and a black bar over his eyes. He is flanked by two women in ]s. | |||
| * Muhammad standing on a cloud, greeting dead ]s with "Stop Stop vi er løbet tør for Jomfruer!" ("Stop, stop, we ran out of virgins!"), an allusion to the promised reward to ]s. | |||
| * Another shows ], wearing a turban with the ]ial orange dropping, with the inscription "]". An "orange in the turban" is a Danish proverb meaning "a stroke of luck." In his hand is a ] of Muhammad. | |||
| And in the center: | |||
| * A police line-up of seven people, with the witness saying: "Hm... jeg kan ikke lige genkende ham" ("Hm... I can't really recognise him"). Not all people in the line-up are immediately identifiable. They are: 1) A generic ] (possibly Imam ]) 2) Politician ] 3) Possible ] 4) Possible ] 5) Possible ] 6) A generic Indian ] (although some people claim to recognise the image as Imam ] ) 7) Journalist ], carrying a sign saying: "Kåres PR, ring og få et tilbud" ("Kåre's public relations, call and get an offer") | |||
| Not all of these drawings were wholly new, according to the chief editor of ''Jyllands Posten''; one or more had already been published in the newspaper at earlier dates without | |||
| drawing major criticism. | |||
| == Islamic Tradition == | |||
| {{Commons|Muhammad}} | |||
| {{main|Aniconism}} | |||
| Islamic tradition bans any depiction of the prophets either in drawing or statues, even respectful ones, out of concern that such images could lead to ], and thus worshipping of ] instead of the One ]. | |||
| However, some Muslims do not subscribe to this and several representations of Muhammad in Islamic art do in fact exist, although some Islamic depictions of Muhammad from the front did not include his face. | |||
| In modern times however more and more controversial depictions have started to be distributed as a consequence of the ease of publication on the ]. | |||
| ==International consequences== | |||
| On ] ], ten ambassadors from Islamic countries, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], as well as the head of the ] delegation in Denmark, sent a letter to Prime Minister ] requesting a meeting and asking him to distance himself from alleged "hate speech", including remarks by MP ], ] ], and the ] station. <ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Letter from Ambassadors|url=http://www.filtrat.dk/grafik/Letterfromambassadors.pdf}}</ref> Rasmussen declined, saying that the government could not interfere with the right to free speech, but said that cases of blasphemy and discrimination could be tried before the courts <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Fogh afviser muslimsk klage over profet-tegninger|org=Politiken|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=403877}}</ref>. | |||
| On ] ], the ] criticised the Danish government for its handling of the affair. The Danish foreign minister ] responded, saying that the situation had been misrepresented. | |||
| In late January 2006, Saudi Arabia and Libya recalled their ambassadors for consultations - a traditional message of diplomatic displeasure - and Libya announced that it would close its embassy in Denmark <ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Libya to shut embassy in Denmark|org=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4660796.stm}}</ref>. ]'s ambassador urged the Danish prime minister to penalise the cartoonists. In ], MPs called for an extraordinary session of parliament to discuss the cartoons, while protestors set Danish dairy products ablaze. ] MP Mohammed Khaled has demanded that Arab leaders take action: "We are stunned by the silence of the Arab leaders. They don't tolerate any criticism against them, yet allow others to insult the Prophet."<ref>{{citenewsauthor|given=Habib|surname=Toumi|date=]|title=Dairy products set ablaze in Bahrain|org=GulfNews|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/01/29/10014848.html}}</ref> | |||
| Demonstrations against the cartoons took place in several Arab countries and the ] and ] were burned in streets across the Middle East. The controversy produced ] and protests in ], and mass demonstrations in ] in ]. In ], thousands of people participated in demonstrations and gunmen in the ] threatened violence against any ]ns in the area. The ]'s Gaza offices were raided by 15 masked gunmen from the ]. They demanded apologies from Denmark and Norway, but left 30 minutes later without any shots being fired or injuries caused. | |||
| The Danish foreign ministry advised Danes to take care when travelling in Muslim countries. At the same time the Danish government learned that a ] had been declared against the Danish troops stationed in ]. The government is not certain what the fatwa will entail, but has heightened security for its troops. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Fatwa mod danske soldater i Irak|org=DR|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Udland/2006/01/31/173929.htm}}</ref> | |||
| ], the vice-President of the ] and EU Commissioner for Justice, Freedom, and Security, called the publication of the twelve cartoons "thoughtless and inappropriate" in a time when European animosity towards Islam is said to be on the rise. According to Frattini, the cartoons foment hostility against Islam and foreigners: | |||
| Speaking in Qatar, former U.S. president ] strongly criticised the Danish cartoons, comparing historical anti-semitism in Europe with anti-Islamic feeling today: "So now what are we going to do? ... Replace the anti-Semitic prejudice with anti-Islamic prejudice?" <ref name="Clinton"> {{citenews|org=Agence France-Presse|date=]|title=Clinton warns of rising anti-Islamic feeling |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20060130/pl_afp/denmarkislamqatar_060130151546}} </ref> | |||
| ===Boycotts=== | |||
| {{mergefrom|Boycott of Danish items}} | |||
| ] | |||
| {{wikinews|Saudis boycott Danish dairy produce|January 27, 2006}} | |||
| In early January the Egyptian government threatened Denmark with a ] of ], but did not carry out its threat. | |||
| However, people in ] called for a boycott on ], and carried out the boycott on Danish products starting ]. The boycott primarily targeted dairy products produced by ], but has also hit other products. | |||
| The boycott has spread to ] where the country's largest retail-chain, ''Coop'', owned by the state, has taken all Danish products off the shelves. This has lead to the ] sending an open letter to Jyllands-Posten where they state that the paper should comment on these events because they feel their members are caught in a 'battle' between religious movements and the paper.<ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Jyllands-Posten needs to explain itself|org=Dansk Industri|url=http://www.di.dk/DI/Presse/Pressemeddelelser/Jyllands-Posten+needs+to+explain+itself.htm}}</ref>The newspaper has reacted to their letter and said that ''"Dictatorships should not dictate what Danish newspapers are to draw and write".'' <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Chefredaktør undrer sig over DI's udmelding|org=Politiken|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=433060}}</ref> | |||
| The ], ], stated that the boycott has not been initiated by the Saudi Arabian government. The Danish dairy-company ] launched a massive ad-campaign in Saudi Arabia, trying to improve their reputation and stop the boycott. This happened after their sales in Saudi Arabia almost came to a complete stop. The text for the ads has been written by the Danish ambassador in Saudi Arabia, ] and includes passages from the Prime Minister of Denmark's New Year's speech. Arla exports account for almost 380 million ]s a year. <ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Arla stages ad offensive in Saudi row|org=Jyllands-Posten|url=http://www.jp.dk/english_news/artikel:aid=3522016/}}</ref><ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Arla dairy sales crippled by Middle East boycott|org=Dairy Reporter.com|url=http://www.dairyreporter.com/news/ng.asp?n=65478-arla-foods-middle-east-boycott}}</ref>. Arla has halted production in the Saudi capital ]. Denmark is concerned about the potential loss of 11,000 jobs resulting from boycotts against Danish products in the Islamic world. | |||
| In response to the boycott of Danish goods in parts of the Middle East, there have been some calls for a counter-boycott of Arab shops and products in Denmark. | |||
| ===In the Nordic Countries=== | |||
| On ], a marginal ] Christian ], , printed the drawings after getting authorisation from ''Jyllands-Posten''. Major newspapers in Norway had printed facsimiles from ''Jyllands-Posten'' and reproduced all the caricatures in their online versions; a few days earlier, the Swedish newspaper ] had printed two of the drawings in conjunction with an article discussing the event. | |||
| <ref>{{sv icon}}{{citenewsauthor|given=Pernilla|surname=Ouis|date=]| | |||
| title=Vi måste tåla nidbilderna|url=http://expressen.se/index.jsp?a=501717|org=Expressen}}</ref>. However, it was the ''Magazinet'' printing that led to a great debate in ]. A Norwegian man made a threat against the lives of the people at the magazine, but later claimed, when faced by the police, that it was just a prank. The Norwegian Foreign Ministry sent a letter to their ambassadors in the Middle East stating that one of the pillars of the Norwegian society is freedom of speech, but they expressed regret that ''Magazinet'' did not respect Muslims' beliefs. <ref>{{citenewsauthor|given=Hasan|surname=Cucuk|date=]|title=Norway Apologises for Cartoons Insulting Prophet Mohammed|url=http://www.zaman.com/?bl=international&alt=&trh=20060128&hn=29124|org=Zaman Online}}</ref> | |||
| This is assumed to be the reason for actions directed at Sweden and Norway as well as Denmark. On ], ] extremist groups demanded that all Scandinavians leave the country immediately. On ], an Islamic organisation, the ], called for terrorist acts against "all available targets" in Denmark and Norway. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Irakisk militsgruppe truer med angreb på danske mål|url=http://www.jp.dk/udland/artikel:aid=3527224/|org=Jyllands-Posten}}</ref> On the ] bomb threats were made against the newspaper's offices in Århus and Copenhagen. | |||
| On ], an ]ic newspaper published six of the twelve drawings, claiming support for the freedom of speech. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Flere aviser bringer Muhammed-tegninger|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=434444/|org=Politiken}}</ref> | |||
| On ] ] minister of foreign affairs ] on the issue, and said that Denmark should have acted more quickly and should have paid more attention to Muslim outrage over the offensive caricatures. Further, he said that governments may apologise, should a religious group be offended and that the whole matter is not a question of limiting free speech. | |||
| ===Reactions in support of Jyllands-Posten=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Various people and groups, including ]s, anti-] groups, anti-Islamic groups, freedom of speech proponents, ] and American ]<ref>{{citenews|title=Buy Danish! to counter the Islamic boycott|date=?|org=The American Thinker|url=http://www.americanthinker.com/comments.php?comments_id=4309}}</ref> have initiated a ''Buy Danish Goods'' campaign, which is intended to counter the boycott from ] countries.<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|title=Kontra-boykot forsøges bygget op i USA|date=]|org=Danmarks Radio|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Udland/2006/01/31/100613.htm}}</ref> | |||
| The president of ] ] says that'' Morgenavisen Jyllandsposten'' has taught the world a thing or two about free speech and that there is nothing for which to apologise.<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|title=Journalister støtter Jyllands-Posten|date=]|org=Jyllands-Posten|url=http://http://www.jp.dk/indland/artikel:aid=3530676:fid=11146/}}</ref> | |||
| On ], French newspaper '']'' reproduced the caricatures, along with a caricature of Buddhist, Muslim, Christian, and Jewish gods all sitting on a cloud. The front page read: “Oui, on a le droit de caricaturer Dieu” (Yes, one has the right to caricature God). The French government supported the right to free press, but added that it must be used "in a spirit of tolerance and with respect for beliefs and religions".<ref>{{citenews|title=France enters Muslim cartoon row|date=]|org=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4669360.stm}}</ref> The drawings were by this point published in newspapers all over Europe (see timeline). Later that day, the France Soir editor who published the cartoons was fired by the paper's Egyptian owner (see note in timeline for 2006-02-01). | |||
| Websites have started ''Support Denmark'' campaigns and ''online petitions'', while weblogs have published their own parodies of the cartoons. | |||
| ] maverick politician ] placed the cartoons on his website "to support the Danish cartoonists and to stand up for freedom of speech."<ref>{{nl icon}} </ref> | |||
| ==Opinions== | |||
| ===Opinions in Denmark=== | |||
| A recent poll from Epinion for ], the national broadcasting company of Denmark, showed that of 579 Danes asked, 79% believe that the ] should not apologise to the Muslims, with 48% citing that would be political interference with the freedom of press, while 44% thought the Prime Minister should try harder to resolve the controversy. 62% of those asked believed that ''Jyllands-Posten'' shouldn't apologise either, and while 58% did feel that while it was the right of Jyllands-Posten to publish the images, they could understand the Muslim criticism.<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Epinion: Ingen skal undskylde Muhammed tegninger|org=Danmarks Radio|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2006/01/28/062331.htm}}</ref> | |||
| The organisation named ] wanted the case put forward for a trial to determine whether the publication of the drawings had violated any laws, but the case was dismissed by the public prosecutor before it went to trial because he found there was no basis for such a trial. | |||
| The question of whether the drawings should have been printed in the first place has been discussed a lot in Denmark from letters to the editors of news publications, to ], to open debate meetings at ]s and universities. The controversy arises from several sources: | |||
| * Most Islamic traditions forbid representations of Muhammad. | |||
| * The satirical nature of the drawings was not considered respectful, especially one that shows Muhammad with a bomb in his turban and therefore suggests a link between Islam and ]. | |||
| * The drawings upset the Muslim community in Denmark at a time when relations between Muslims and mainstream society are strained. | |||
| The Islamic Society in Denmark has proposed that a three day celebration of Muhammad should be held in Denmark, putting a focus on Muhammad's life. They further proposed that this be coordinated in part by the Islamic Society, ''Jyllands-Posten'', and at least some of the five universities in Denmark. <ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Proposal on three day celebration|org=Islamisk Trossamfund|url=http://213.237.52.131/wakfweb/wabout.nsf/ByUID/2FCECF53BE66D968C12570E70050D21D?OpenDocument}}</ref> This was declined by the universities, as they do not take part in religious activities. | |||
| The editor who originally approved the cartoons, Carsten Juste, later declared that the opponents of free speech had "won," because the furore would almost undoubtedly deter future editors from printing anything similar. He thought it unlikely that anyone would print a caricature of Muhammad within a generation. He also said that, had he known exactly what the consequences would be, that is death threats, boycotts and terror threats, he would not have printed the cartoons. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Jyllands-Postens redaktør: »De har vundet«|org=Politiken|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=435166}}</ref> | |||
| ===International Opinion=== | |||
| Some commentators have remarked on the polarisation of the issue, and the vested interests involved in that polarisation. For example, ], a member of ]'s commitee to combat Islamic extremism, sees an "unholy alliance" between the anti-immigrant right wing in Europe and the dictatorial regimes in the middle east. The right-wing seeks to portray muslims as enemies of western values and incapable of integration in European society. At the same time various dictatorial regimes in the Islamic world seek to unite their populations behind them by creating external enemies, which they claim are attacking Islam. By polarising the issue these two groups have increased the division between Islamic and ]. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=En uhellig alliance har bragt konflikten om det hellige ud af kontrol«|org=Information|url=http://www.information.dk/InfWebsite/FremvisningPHP/Webavis/WAvPrint.php?pWAvVis=1241}}</ref> | |||
| ==Rumors and misinformation== | |||
| The organisation ] toured the Middle-East to create awareness about the cartoons, bringing 3 additional images, which had never been published in any media source. The first of the three additional pictures, which are of poor quality, shows Muhammad as a pedophile demon , the second shows Muhammed with a pig snout and the third depicts a praying Muslim being raped by a dog. ] also aired a story showing one of the three non-published images, on ], and wrongly claimed it had been published in ''Jyllands-Posten''<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|title=Imam viste falske billeder|org=Jyllands-Posten|date=]|url=http://www.jp.dk/indland/artikel:aid=3527718}}</ref>. | |||
| On the tour, the group claimed to represent 21 different Muslim organisations in Denmark, although many of these groups have disclaimed any connection. Akhmad Akkari, spokesman of the Danish Muslim organisations which organised the tour, explained that the three drawings had been added to "give an insight in how hateful the atmosphere in Denmark is towards Muslims." Akkari claimed he does not know the origin of the three pictures. He said they had been sent anonymously to Danish Muslims. However, when Ekstra Bladet asked if it could talk to these Muslims, Akkari refused to reveal their identity. These images had however never been published in ''Jyllands-Posten''. The society also allegedly exaggerated its membership, claiming to represent all of Denmark's 200,000 Muslims, when the actual number of adherents is believed to be fewer than 15,000. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Abu Laban opfinder vrede muslimer|url=http://ekstrabladet.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=332567|org=Ekstra Bladet}}</ref>. 500-1000 people attend their Friday prayer gathering each week<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Vil isolere imamer i den politiske debat|url=http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/article.jhtml?articleID=258671|org=Danmarks Radio}}</ref>. | |||
| ] ], the leader of the organisation stated in ] that Muslims should boycott Denmark, despite giving contradictory assurances to Western media. ''Ahmad Abu Laban'', previously declared unwelcome in several Arab states, was one of the front figures on the tour <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Abu Laban taler med to tunger|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Politik/2006/02/01/115700.htm|org=Danmarks Radio}}</ref>. | |||
| Danish Prime Minister ] said of Muslims criticising the country in the Arab territories: "I am speechless that those people, whom we have given the right to live in Denmark and where they freely have chosen to stay, are now touring Arab countries and inciting antipathy towards Denmark and the Danish people"<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Fogh forbløffet over muslimers rundrejse|url=http://www.jp.dk/indland/artikel:aid=3486606/|org=Jyllands-Posten}}</ref>. | |||
| Further misinformation spread among Arab Muslims include claims that ''Jyllands-Posten'' is a government-owned newspaper (it is privately owned) - spokesman for the Danish delegation Muhammed al Samha, and delegation member Ahmed al-Harbi said in the Egyptian newspaper ''al-Ahram'': "''Jyllands-Posten'', a newspaper belonging to the ruling Danish party - an extreme right-wing party - publishing drawings and sketches of the prophet Muhammad." | |||
| Danish Prime Minister ] demanded an apology from the Islamic Society in Denmark for spreading misinformation about the newspaper and the party. {{citation needed}}. Other claims include statements that Danish newspapers are running a campaign against Islam and that the Danish government is planning to publish a censored version of the Koran. {{citation needed}} | |||
| The Swedish Broadcasting Company's ('']'', SVT) news journal ''Rapport'' not only provided high profile TV news coverage to the terrorist organisation ] in an interview their reporters conducted with leaders of that organisation, but also erroneously dubbed the questionable Islamic Society in Denmark an "an organisation officially representing the muslim community in Denmark". Swedish SVT also failed to provide Danish officials and those supporting the actions of ] with any opportunity for countercomments.<ref>{{sv icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Ursäkten godtas inte|url=http://svt.se/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=22584&a=529053|org=Sveriges telvision}}</ref> | |||
| ], the general secretary of the Norwegian Press Society has erroneously been identified as both the editor-in-chief of Jyllands-Posten, and the artist behind all the published drawings. His picture has been shown on Al-Arabiya and other TV channels, as well as in printed and online newspapers. He has tried to correct this mistake, but is not very optimistic "if foreign newpapers are as bad at correcting their mistakes as Norwegian ones."<ref>{{no icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Kokkvold henges ut i Midtøsten|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article1210860.ece|org=Aftenposten}}</ref> | |||
| ==Timeline== | |||
| {{wikinews|Fatah assaults European Union office|January 30, 2006}} | |||
| Main Sources: <ref name="udvikling">{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Sådan har Muhammed-sagen udviklet sig|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=433427|org=Politiken}}</ref><ref name="tidslinie">{{da icon}}{{citenews|org=TV2|date=]|title=Muhammed-tegningerne: Tidslinie|url=http://politik.tv2.dk/article.php/3563747.html}} </ref> | |||
| ===2005=== | |||
| * ] - The drawings are printed in ''Jyllands-Posten''. | |||
| * ] - The ] demands that ''Jyllands-Posten'' apologise to all Muslims and withdraw the drawings. | |||
| * ]: | |||
| ** 3500 people stage a peaceful demonstration outside JP's Copenhagen office. | |||
| ** Two of the cartoonists are advised to go into hiding after receiving death threats<ref name="tidslinie"/>. | |||
| * ] - Eleven ambassadors request a meeting with the Prime Minister of Denmark, and want him distance himself from the drawings in ''Jyllands-Posten'' as well as various other allegedly derogatory comments about Islam in the Danish media. The Prime Minister refused to meet the ambassadors, on the grounds that he cannot infringe on the freedom of the press. | |||
| * ] - The police are notified by a number of muslim organisations, claiming that the intention of the publication of the cartoons has been to "mock and deride" the muslim faith, something the Danish penal code prohibits (§ 140). | |||
| * November-December - A delegation of ]s from the Islamic Society in Denmark travel to the Middle East in order to bring attention to the drawings. | |||
| * In November another Danish newspaper, ''WeekendAvisen'', published another 10 satirical pictures of Muhammed.<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|org=Danmarks Radio|date=]|title=Trossamfund angriber Muhammed-satire i Weekendavisen|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2006/01/04/161736.htm}} </ref> | |||
| * ] - The German newspaper ] publishes one of the cartoons | |||
| * ] - The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, and Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance request the Permanent Danish Mission to the UN to deliver their observations of the case <ref> {{citenews | title = UN Special Rapporteurs' letter to the Permanent Danish Mission to the UN | org = Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs | date = ] | url = http://www.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/E4612A0B-470A-4E55-B332-5BA106E25C71/0/HenvendelsefraFNspecialrapportoereritegningesagen.pdf }} </ref> | |||
| * ]: | |||
| ** Labour strikes begin in ] in response to the drawings. | |||
| ** ], the ] has expressed concern over the cartoons and said that ] is investigating racism of Danish cartoonists. <ref> {{citenews | title = UN to Investigate Racism of Danish Cartoonists | org = The Brussels Journal | date = ] | url = http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/546 }} </ref> | |||
| * ] - A Pakistani political party, ] apparently offers a roughly $10,000 reward to anyone who kills one of the cartoonists<ref name="tidslinie"/>. | |||
| * ]: | |||
| ** Twenty-two former Danish ambassadors criticise the Danish Prime Minister for not meeting with the 11 ambassadors in October. | |||
| ** The ] criticises the Danish government for invoking the “freedom of the press” in its refusal to take action against the “insulting” cartoons. <ref> {{citenews | title = Strasbourg Warning to Copenhagen's 'Freedom of Press' Thesis | org = Zaman (newspaper) | url = http://www.zaman.com/?bl=international&alt=&trh=20051220&hn=27685 | date = ] }} </ref> | |||
| * ] - The ] criticises the Danish government for not acting in the matter. | |||
| ===January 2006=== | |||
| * ] - The Danish Prime Minister makes his yearly New Year's speech, emphasising that both religion and ] are respected in Denmark. | |||
| * ] - The Norwegian ] newspaper ''Magazinet'' publishes the drawings. | |||
| * ] - The '']'' publishes the pictures | |||
| * ] - The Danish Government delivers its offical Response to the UN Special Rapporteurs' request of 24 November 2005. <ref> {{citenews | title = Offical Response by the Danish Government to the UN Special Rapporteurs | org = Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs | date = ] | url = http://www.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/00D9E6F7-32DC-4C5A-8E24-F0C96E813C06/0/060123final.pdf }} </ref> | |||
| * ]: | |||
| ** The Saudi Arabian people begin boycotting Danish products. | |||
| ** Saudi Arabia recalls its Ambassador. | |||
| ** The Norwegian government apologises that ''Magazinet'' published the drawings, but reiterates the government has no power over the free press. | |||
| * ]: | |||
| ** Danish ambassador in Saudi Arabia is interviewed by American ], where he criticises ''Jyllands-Posten'''s lack of judgement and knowledge of Islam, even though the Danish government has not spoken on the matter. | |||
| ** ] (Organisation of the Islamic Conference) states that the Danish government should immediately have condemned the drawings. | |||
| ** ] publishes the cartoons in the context of an article about the controversy. | |||
| * ]: | |||
| ** ] closes its embassy in Denmark. | |||
| ** The Danish government announces that Denmark's ambassador to ] only expressed his own opinion in the January 28th interview with AP-TV. The government support party, ], demands he be reprimanded. | |||
| ** The Danish ambassador in ] is summoned for a hearing. | |||
| ** The president of ] ] calls the printing of the images a mistake, and hopes that this will lead to the media being more responsible and respectful in the future. | |||
| ** The ] is burned in Nablus and Hebron in ]. | |||
| ** ]'s parliament condemns the images. | |||
| ** ] heads to the ] with a resolution that forbids attacks on religious beliefs. | |||
| ** ] condemns the images. | |||
| ** ] also condemns the images. | |||
| ** A new ] on ''Jyllands-Posten'''s homepage. The first happened on ]. | |||
| ** ] reveals that a Danish Muslim association spreading the story in the Middle East, has claimed that it represents 200,000 Danish Muslims. Its actual membership number is around 15,000. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=date|title=Fup-kampagnen|org=Ekstra Bladet|url=http://ekstrabladet.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=332460}}</ref> | |||
| ** ] gives Danes, Norwegians and Swedes 48 hours to leave the ]. | |||
| ** ] gives Danes and Swedes 72 hours to leave the area. | |||
| * ]: | |||
| ** ''Jyllands-Posten'' sends out an apology in both Danish and Arabic. Apologising, not for the printing of the drawings, but for hurting the feelings of Islamic society (Look below for English translation of the apology). | |||
| ** Armed Palestinians from the ] take over an ] office as a protest against the drawings. <ref>{{citenews|title=Fatah assaults European Union office|date=]|org=Wikinews|url=http://en.wikinews.org/Fatah_Assaults_European_Union_Office}}</ref> | |||
| ** The ] says that he personally distances himself from the drawings, but reiterates that the government cannot intervene in what the media writes. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Fogh tager afstand fra Muhammed-tegninger|org=Politiken|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=433523}}</ref> | |||
| ** The ]ian ] encourages consumers to ] Danish products | |||
| ** The European Union backs Denmark, saying that any retaliatory boycott of Danish goods would violate world trade rules. <ref>{{citenewsauthor|given=Constant|surname=Brand|date=]|title=EU Backs Denmark in caricature dispute|org=Business Week|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D8FF4R0O0.htm?campaign_id=apn_home_down&chan=db}}</ref> | |||
| ** The Danish ] says that it will evacuate some workers in Yemen and the Gaza strip after receiving threats. <ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Danish paper apologises to Muslims|org=International Herald Tribune|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/30/news/denmark.php}}</ref> | |||
| ** ''Jyllands-Posten'' sends out a second open letter, this time both in Arabic, Danish and English, trying to clear up several misunderstandings, and once again apologising for hurting the feelings of the Islamic society. | |||
| * ]: | |||
| ** Following a live televised interview on ], it is reported <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Al-Jazeera oversatte ikke redaktørens beklagelse|org=Politiken|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=433585}}</ref> that the "apology for any offence caused" made at the opening of the interview by Flemming Rose, Jyllands-Posten's cultural editor, was not translated into Arabic. | |||
| ** The Danish Muslim Association is satisfied with yesterday's apologies from ''Jyllands-Posten'' and the Prime Minister, and say they now will help improve the situation. They claim to be deeply sorry and surprised the case got this far. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Abu Laban beklager boykot-udvikling|org=Danmarks Radio|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2006/01/30/230859.htm}}</ref><ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Muslimske organisationer i Danmark afblæser kampagne|org=Danmarks Radio|url=http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2006/01/31/074932.htm}}</ref> | |||
| ** A bomb threat against ''Jyllands-Posten'' leads to evacuation of two offices in ] and ].<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Ansatte tilbage på Jyllands-Posten|org=Berlingske Tidende|url=http://www.berlingske.dk/indland/artikel:aid=690126/}}</ref> | |||
| ** ] denies that the threat against Scandinavians is real.<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Al-Aqsa dementerer trussel |url=http://ekstrabladet.dk/visartikel.iasp?pageid=332991|org=Ekstra Bladet}}</ref> | |||
| ** The foreign ministers of seventeen Islamic nations renew demands for the Danish government to punish the authors of the cartoons and to "ensure that it doesn't happen again." <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Arabiske ministre vil have straf for Muhammed-tegninger|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=433677|org=Politiken}}</ref> | |||
| ** The Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen holds a press conference in both Danish and English in which he repeats that he urges Danes not to take any action that could worsen the situation. He urges Muslims in Denmark to take actions that can improve the situation. He also repeats that freedom of expression is a vital part of the Danish society and that the Danish government is not in a position to have any influence on what the press is printing. He states that he wants to come back to a situation of dialogue, based on the friendship that has existed for a long time between Denmark and the Muslim world.<ref></ref> The prime minister is asked by the TV broadcaster ] to appear in a program, but has not yet decided whether he will accept. | |||
| **Bahrain's parliament demands an apology from Denmark's head of state, ], as well as from the government. If the demands are not met, they will urge an official boycott of Danish goods and the cutting off of oil exports of 159,000 barrels per day, in association with other GCC members. <ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Outrage at insult to Islam|url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/Story.asp?Article=134089&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=28317|org=Gulf Daily News}}</ref> Ironically Denmark is a net exporter of oil, so increased oil prices would result in a increased revenue for the Danish government.<ref>{{citenews|title=The World Factbook|org=CIA|date=date|url=http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/da.html#Econ}}</ref> | |||
| **Hamas leader Adnan Asfour demands that Denmark punish the 12 artists and ''Jyllands-Posten''.<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|title=Hamas: »I skal bare sige undskyld«|org=Politiken|date=date|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=433733}}</ref> | |||
| ** Former US President ] states that he fears anti-Semitism will be replaced with anti-Islamic prejudice and condemns “these totally outrageous cartoons against Islam”. <ref name="Clinton"/> | |||
| ** Russian president ] indicates in a speech in the ] that the Danish political authorities are using the theme of freedom of expression to protect those who have insulted the Muslims. | |||
| **The ]ic newspaper '']'' publishes six of the twelve drawings. | |||
| **The German newspaper '']'' publishes two of the cartoons. | |||
| ===February 2006=== | |||
| * ]: | |||
| **The French newspaper '']'' publishes the cartoons, adding one of their own. Chief editor Jacques Lefranc is fired later the same day by Raymond Lakah, the ] owner. The French Government dissociates itself from the initiative<ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Editor fired after publication of Islam cartoons|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11097877/ | |||
| |org=MSNBC}}</ref>. | |||
| **The German newspaper '']'' publishes some of the cartoons<ref>{{de icon}}{{citenews|title=Mohammed-Karikaturen: Dänische Zeitung gibt sich geschlagen|org=Die Welt|date=]|url=http://www.welt.de/data/2006/02/01/839667.html}}</ref>, as do the German newspapers '']'' and '']''. | |||
| ** ] '']'' publishes the pictures. | |||
| ** ] '']'' publishes the pictures | |||
| ** The ] papers '']'', '']'' and '']'' publish the pictures. | |||
| **The Danish embassy in ] is evacuated because of a hoax bomb threat. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Bombetrussel mod dansk ambassade i Syrien|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=434444|org=Politiken}}</ref> | |||
| ** Syria recalls its ambassador from Denmark. <ref name="udvikling"/> | |||
| ** ], leader of the Dutch political party ] and holder of Group Wilder's seat in the ], puts the drawings on his personal web site . <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Parti viser Muhammed-tegning |url=http://ekstrabladet.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=333108 | |||
| |org=Ekstra Bladet}}</ref> | |||
| ** The Finnish Minister of Foreign Affairs criticises the Danish government for its slow actions on the matter. | |||
| ** The ] and the Mufti Council condemned those European newspapers which republished the cartoons. | |||
| ** ] warlord, politician & terrorist leader ] condemns the drawings. | |||
| ** ''Jyllands-Posten'''s headquarters as well as its office in Copenhagen is again evacuated after a bomb threat. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|date=]|title=Ny bombetrussel mod Jyllands-Posten|url=http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.iasp?PageID=435025|org=Politiken}}</ref> | |||
| **An influential Muslim organization in ], the Muslim Consumers Association of Malaysia, has called on the Malaysian government to protest the cartoons with the Danish government. <ref> {{citenews | title = Malaysian Muslim group calls for protest over Danish cartoon | org = Forbes | date = ] | url = http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/02/01/afx2490632.html }} </ref> | |||
| **A spokesman from the ]n Foreign Ministry condemns the caricatures saying that freedom of expression should not be used as a pretext to insult a religion. <ref> {{citenews | title = | |||
| RI condemns Danish caricatures of Prophet | org = The Jakarta Post | date = ] | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/detailnational.asp?fileid=20060202.C02&irec=1 }} </ref> | |||
| ** An SMS suggesting that the Quran should be burned at noon on Rådhuspladsen at the centre of ], ] was circulated around mobile numbers in Denmark. The burning never happened. However a similar SMS is floating around that it will be burned Saturday 4th February. | |||
| * ]: | |||
| ** German newspaper ] publishes one of the cartoons on page 5 <ref>{{de icon}}{{ citenews | title=Allah und der Humor | date=] | url=http://www.zeit.de/2006/06/D_8anemark_neu | author=Jörg Lau | org=Die Zeit }} </ref> | |||
| ** Danish prime minister appears on the tv station ]. The recording was made february 1st. | |||
| ** The ] newspaper ] prints the drawings<ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|title=Jordan trykker Muhammed-tegninger|date=]|url=http://ekstrabladet.dk/visartikel.iasp?pageID=333239|org=Ekstra Bladet}}</ref> | |||
| ** The ] newspaper ] publishes two of the drawings. <ref>{{da icon}}{{citenews|title=Aviser over hele Europa bringer Muhammed-tegninger|date=]|url=http://www.jp.dk/indland/artikel:aid=3532456|org=Jyllands-Posten}}</ref> | |||
| ** The ] newspaper ] brings a drawing of Muhammad's face using only words to form the drawing. The words read "I may not draw the Prophet". | |||
| ** Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark advises Danish citizens to leave Gaza. | |||
| ** Armed gunmen from ] storm the ]'s office in ] and threaten to kidnap the workers unless they recieve an official apology for the ] from the EU. | |||
| ==Open letters from Jyllands-Posten== | |||
| Two open letters have been published by Jyllands-Posten on its website, both in ] and Arabic versions, and the second letter also in an English version. (See ]) | |||
| ===First letter=== | |||
| :'''Honoured citizens''' | |||
| :Allow me the opportunity to correct some misunderstandings regarding the drawings of the prophet Muhammad, which have now led to a boycott of Danish products in your country. | |||
| :The drawings were published four months ago as a part of a Danish debate about freedom of speech – a right that we cherish in Denmark. | |||
| :The initiative has been interpreted as a campaign against Muslims in Denmark and throughout the world. I must categorically repudiate that. It was not our intention to offend anyone's beliefs. That it happened anyway was unintended. We have apologised for that many times in the course of the last few months, both in our own newspaper, in other newspapers, on TV, in the radio and in international medias. We have at the same time carried out meetings with representatives of the Muslim society in Denmark. They have taken place in a positive and constructive spirit, just like we also seek to establish a rewarding dialogue with the Danish Muslims in other ways. | |||
| :We are sorry that the affair has reached the present magnitude and we will therefore repeat that we did not have intentions of offending anyone, and that we like the rest of the Danish society and respect freedom of religion. | |||
| :''Sincerely, Carsten Juste Editor-in-chief'' | |||
| ===Second letter=== | |||
| :'''Honourable Fellow Citizens of The Muslim World''' | |||
| :'''Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten is a strong proponent of democracy and freedom of religion. The newspaper respects the right of any human being to practise his or her religion. Serious misunderstandings in respect of some drawings of the Prophet Mohammed have led to much anger and, lately, also boycott of Danish goods in Muslim countries.''' | |||
| :Please allow me to correct these misunderstandings. | |||
| :On 30 September last year, Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten published 12 different cartoonists' idea of what the Prophet Mohammed might have looked like. The initiative was taken as part of an ongoing public debate on freedom of expression, a freedom much cherished in Denmark. | |||
| :In our opinion, the 12 drawings were sober. They were not intended to be offensive, nor were they at variance with Danish law, but they have indisputably offended many Muslims for which we apologize. | |||
| :Since then a number of offensive drawings have circulated in The Middle East which have never been published in Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten and which we would never have published, had they been offered to us. We would have refused to publish them on the grounds that they violated our ethical code. | |||
| :Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten attaches importance to upholding the highest ethical standards based upon the respect of our fundamental values. It is so much more deplorable, therefore, that these drawings were presented as if they had anything to do with Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten. | |||
| :Maybe because of culturally based misunderstandings, the initiative to publish the 12 drawings has been interpreted as a campaign against Muslims in Denmark and the rest of the world. | |||
| :I must categorically dismiss such an interpretation. Because of the very fact that we are strong proponents of the freedom of religion and because we respect the right of any human being to practise his or her religion, offending anybody on the grounds of their religious beliefs is unthinkable to us. | |||
| :That this happened was, consequently, unintentional. | |||
| :As a result of the debate that has been going on about the drawings, we have met with representatives of Danish Muslims, and these meetings were held in a positive and constructive spirit. We have also sought in other ways to initiate a fruitful dialogue with Danish Muslims. | |||
| :It is the wish of Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten that various ethnic groups should live in peace and harmony with each other and that the debates and disagreements which will always exist in a dynamic society should do so in an atmosphere of mutual respect. | |||
| :For that reason, Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten has published many articles describing the positive aspects of integration, for example in a special supplement entitled The Contributors. It portrayed a number of Muslims who have had success in Denmark. The supplement was rewarded by the EU Commission. | |||
| :Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten takes exception to symbolic acts suited to demonise specific nationalities, religions and ethnic groups. | |||
| :''Sincerely yours'' | |||
| :''Carsten Juste '' | |||
| :''Editor-in-Chief '' | |||
| ==Comparable incidents== | |||
| ===Western ideas of freedom of speech, and Islam's ideas of blasphemy=== | |||
| The controversy is one of several in recent years resulting from the conflict between Western ideas of ], and Islamic reaction to ]: | |||
| *In 1989, ]n born ] author ] was sentenced to ] for blasphemy by ]ian leader ] for Rushdie's depiction of ] as a businessman in his novel '']''. Khomeini offered a $3 million reward to anyone carrying out the sentence against Rushdie. Other Islamic scholars follow suit, providing similar fatwa (religious opinion). In 1989, Khomeini died, making fatwa permanent to those who follow his teaching. In 1991, Hitoshi Igarashi, the book's Japanese translator was murdered in Tokyo. The book's Italian translator was beaten and stabbed in Milan. William Nygaard, the Norwegian publisher was shot in 1993. 37 hotel guests perished when the mobs protesting against the Turkish translator, ], torched the hotel. The post-Khomeini ]ian government, while maintaining that fatwa cannot be reversed, promised only in 1998 to dissociate itself from it. Rushdie stayed in hiding under police protection for several years. | |||
| *In May 1994, a fatwa on ]i writer ] came after she was quoted in '']'' that "... the Koran should be revised thoroughly." This follows attacks and persecution of Taslima for her 1993 book '']'' (Bangla word for 'shame') | |||
| *In November 2002, an article in the ]n ''ThisDay'' newspaper prior to the upcoming ] pageant, suggesting ] would have chosen one of the contestants as his bride, sparked ] that eventually claimed over 200 lives.<ref>{{citenews|date=]|title=Nigeria violence rages on|org=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2505729.stm}}</ref> | |||
| *In December 2002, ] winner ] published a drawing that showed Muhammad driving a ] truck, with a nuclear rocket attached. He received more than 4,500 e-mails from angry Muslims, some with threats of death and mutilation.<ref> {{citenewsauthor|given=Art|surname=Moore|org=WorldNetDaily|date=]|title=What would Muhammad drive?|url=http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=30197}}</ref> | |||
| *In 2004, ] film maker ] and ] created the 10-minute movie '']''. The film is about violence against women in Islamic societies. It shows four abused naked women, wearing see-through dresses. ]ic verses allegedly unfavourable to women in ] are painted on their bodies. After the movie was released, both van Gogh and Hirsi Ali received death threats. Van Gogh was stabbed and shot dead on ], in Amsterdam by ]. A he left implanted in Van Gogh's chest threatened Western governments, ]s and Hirsi Ali (who went into hiding). | |||
| *In September 2005 the ] gallery decided not to display a work by ] entitled ''God Is Great #2'', made ten years previously, which consisted in part of a ], a ] and a ] that had been disassembled. The exhibition was close to the time of the ] which influenced the Tate's decision. (References: , ). | |||
| ===Controversial newspaper caricatures=== | |||
| There are other incidents involving controversial caricatures in the press media: | |||
| * Many Islamic Middle Eastern newspapers have published cartoons using classical ] themes, or those created or inspired by ] propaganda, like in the weekly newspaper ]. Some examples: On June 6, 2002, Akhbar al-Khalij from Bahrain published a cartoon showing a Jew piercing a baby with a spear. On July 24, 2002 Al Watan from Qatar published a cartoon of Sharon drinking from a cup of Palestinian children's blood. On December 17, 2001, Keyhan published a cartoon showing a Jew in front of a Holocaust scenery, killing Arabs. Almost all Israeli prime ministers in the last 15 years (Shamir, Peres, Rabin, Barak, Sharon) have been depicted as Nazis. | |||
| * On January 27, 2003, the Holocaust Memorial Day, British newspaper "The Independent" published a cartoon depicting the Israeli prime minister eating Palestinian children. The cartoon was eventually selected as the "Cartoon of the Year" by the United Kingdom's Political Cartoon Society. Another cartoon depicting Sharon eating Palestinian children was also published in the Palestinian Al Quds on May 17, 2001. | |||
| * A cartoon in Los Angeles Times, published in October 2000, shows an Arab and a Jew praying at the Western Wall, where the stones are formed to read "Hate". Below the cartoon the inscription says "Worshipping their God". | |||
| * Le Monde (France) published in May, 2002, a cartoon showing the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising exactly the same as the Israeli military operations in Jenin. The text below it says: "History has a strange way of repeating itself!" | |||
| * On July 21, 2004, German daily "Süddeutsche Zeitung" published a cartoon depicting a Jew demolishing a French Café. | |||
| * ] of ]s have also appeared in the United States before the ]. | |||
| * During ], several American newspapers and major animated studios put out cartoons and films depicting the Japanese with over-exaggerated Asian features and as being untrustworthy or trickster figures, echoing the anti-Japanese racist sentiments common during the war period. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references /> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * , (the cartoons with english translation). | |||
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| * (historical depictions of Muhammad) | |||
| * (on this issue) | |||
| * {{da icon}} | |||
| * (PDF) | |||
| * (PDF) | |||
| * Second open letter to the Muslims of Saudi Arabia from Jyllands-Posten | |||
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