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| The '''Regency of Algiers''' was an Ottoman territory centered on ], in modern ]. It was established around 1525 when ] recaptured the city.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PA151 |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |page=151''ff'' |publisher=Cambridge University Press | |
The '''Regency of Algiers''' was an Ottoman territory centered on ], in modern ]. It was established around 1525 when ] recaptured the city.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PA151 |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |page=151''ff'' |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=20 August 1987 |isbn=9780521337670|accessdate=24 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Naylorp 117"/> It roughly covered the area of modern ], between the states of ] and ].<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151" /> It rivaled and displaced the ], the ] and the Spanish possessions in northern Africa, and became a major hub of Mediterranean ], until the ] in 1830. | ||
| ==Establishment== | ==Establishment== | ||
| ] was the founder of the Regency of Algiers.]] | ] was the founder of the Regency of Algiers.]] | ||
| The Regency of Algiers was the principal center of ] power in the ].<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> It was also a base from which attacks were made on European shipping.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> |
The Regency of Algiers was the principal center of ] power in the ].<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> It was also a base from which attacks were made on European shipping.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> | ||
| ===Occupation of Algiers=== | ===Occupation of Algiers=== | ||
| ], Barbarossa's brother, had accomplished the ] in 1516, |
], Barbarossa's brother, had accomplished the ] in 1516, apart for the Spanish ''Peñon''. Following the death of Aruj in 1518 at the hand of the Spanish in the ], Barbarossa asked for assistance to the Ottoman Empire, in exchange for acknowledging Ottoman rule in his dominions.<ref name="Naylorp 117"/> | ||
| The Spanish retook the city of Algiers in 1519, before Ottoman help could arrive, but Barbarossa recaptured the city definitively in 1525, and the Spanish ''Peñon'' as well in 1529, in the ].<ref name="Naylorp 117"/> |
The Spanish retook the city of Algiers in 1519, before Ottoman help could arrive, but Barbarossa recaptured the city definitively in 1525, and the Spanish ''Peñon'' as well in 1529, in the ].<ref name="Naylorp 117"/> | ||
| ===Base in the war against Spain=== | ===Base in the war against Spain=== | ||
| ] equipped with firearms were based in Algiers (here, Janissaries at the ] in 1522).]] | ] equipped with firearms were based in Algiers (here, Janissaries at the ] in 1522).]] | ||
| Hayreddin Barbarossa established the military basis of the regency. The Ottomans provided a supporting |
Hayreddin Barbarossa established the military basis of the regency. The Ottomans provided a supporting garrison of 2,000 Turkish troops with artilley.<ref name="Naylorp 117">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=a1jfzkJTAZgC&pg=PA117 |title=North Africa: a history from antiquity to the present |last=Naylorp |first=by Phillip Chiviges |page=117 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2009 |accessdate=24 October 2010 |isbn=978-0-292-71922-4}}</ref> He left ] in command as his deputy when he had to leave for Istanbul in 1533.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> | ||
| The son of Barbarossa, ] was the first governor of the Regency to be directly appointed by the Ottoman Empire in 1544, when his father retired, and took the title of '']''.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> Algiers became a base in the war against ], and also in the ]. | The son of Barbarossa, ] was the first governor of the Regency to be directly appointed by the Ottoman Empire in 1544, when his father retired, and took the title of '']''.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> Algiers became a base in the war against ], and also in the ]. | ||
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| Despite the end of formal hostilities with Spain in 1580, attacks on Christian, and especially Catholic shipping, with ], became prevalent in Algiers, and was actually the main activity and source of revenues of the Regency.<ref name="Bosworth 24">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA24 |title=Historic cities of the Islamic world |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |page=24 |date=30 January 2008 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=978-9004153882|accessdate=24 October 2010}}</ref> | Despite the end of formal hostilities with Spain in 1580, attacks on Christian, and especially Catholic shipping, with ], became prevalent in Algiers, and was actually the main activity and source of revenues of the Regency.<ref name="Bosworth 24">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA24 |title=Historic cities of the Islamic world |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |page=24 |date=30 January 2008 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=978-9004153882|accessdate=24 October 2010}}</ref> | ||
| In the early 17th century, Algiers also became with other North African harbours such as ], one of the bases for ], with as many ass 8,000 ] operating from the city in 1634.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hAtpBrOdQlIC&pg=PA81 |title=Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 1580-1615 |last=Tenenti |first=Alberto Tenenti |page=81 |publisher=University of California Press |accessdate=24 October 2010 |year=1967}}</ref |
In the early 17th century, Algiers also became with other North African harbours such as ], one of the bases for ], with as many ass 8,000 ] operating from the city in 1634.<ref name="Bosworth 24"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hAtpBrOdQlIC&pg=PA81 |title=Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 1580-1615 |last=Tenenti |first=Alberto Tenenti |page=81 |publisher=University of California Press |accessdate=24 October 2010 |year=1967}}</ref> | ||
| A contemporary letter states: | A contemporary letter states: | ||
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| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
Revision as of 20:54, 26 October 2010
| Regency of Algiers | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 1525–1830 | |||||||||||||
Flag | |||||||||||||
 Map of the Regency of Algiers in 1835. | |||||||||||||
| Status | Regency of the Ottoman Empire | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Algiers | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Islam (Maliki and Hanafi), Judaism | ||||||||||||
| Government | Regency | ||||||||||||
| Pasha, Dey | |||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| • Established | c. 1525 | ||||||||||||
| • Disestablished | 1830 | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
| • 1808 | 3,000,000 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
The Regency of Algiers was an Ottoman territory centered on Algiers, in modern Algeria. It was established around 1525 when Hayreddin Barbarossa recaptured the city. It roughly covered the area of modern Algeria, between the states of Tunisia and Morocco. It rivaled and displaced the Zianids, the Hafsids and the Spanish possessions in northern Africa, and became a major hub of Mediterranean piracy, until the French invasion of Algiers in 1830.
Establishment
The Regency of Algiers was the principal center of Ottoman Empire power in the Maghreb. It was also a base from which attacks were made on European shipping.
Occupation of Algiers
Aruj, Barbarossa's brother, had accomplished the Capture of Algiers in 1516, apart for the Spanish Peñon. Following the death of Aruj in 1518 at the hand of the Spanish in the Fall of Tlemcen, Barbarossa asked for assistance to the Ottoman Empire, in exchange for acknowledging Ottoman rule in his dominions.
The Spanish retook the city of Algiers in 1519, before Ottoman help could arrive, but Barbarossa recaptured the city definitively in 1525, and the Spanish Peñon as well in 1529, in the Capture of Algiers (1529).
Base in the war against Spain
Hayreddin Barbarossa established the military basis of the regency. The Ottomans provided a supporting garrison of 2,000 Turkish troops with artilley. He left Hasan Agha in command as his deputy when he had to leave for Istanbul in 1533.
The son of Barbarossa, Hasan Pashan was the first governor of the Regency to be directly appointed by the Ottoman Empire in 1544, when his father retired, and took the title of beylerbey. Algiers became a base in the war against Spain, and also in the Ottoman conflicts with Morocco.
Beylerbeys continued to be nominated for unlimited tenures until 1587, when the Ottoman Empire set up a regular Ottoman administration in Algiers and its dependencies, headed by Pashas, with 3 year terms. This was a way o considate Ottoman power in the Maghreb, after Spain had sent an embassy to Istanbul in 1578 to negotiate a truce, leading to a formal peace in August 1580. From that point the Regency of Algiers was a formal Ottoman territory, rather than just a military base in the war against Spain.
Mediterranean piracy
Despite the end of formal hostilities with Spain in 1580, attacks on Christian, and especially Catholic shipping, with slavery for the captured, became prevalent in Algiers, and was actually the main activity and source of revenues of the Regency.
In the early 17th century, Algiers also became with other North African harbours such as Tunis, one of the bases for Anglo-Turkish piracy, with as many ass 8,000 renegades operating from the city in 1634.
A contemporary letter states:
"The infinity of goods, merchandise jewels and treasure taken by our English pirates daily from Christians and carried to Allarach, Algire and Tunis to the great enriching of Mores and Turks and impoverishing of Christians"
— Contemporary letter sent from Portugal to England.
Piracy and slavery of Christians originating from Algiers were a major problem throughout the centuries, leading to regular punitive expeditions by European powers. Spain (1567, 1775, 1783), Danemark (1770), France (1661, 1665, 1682, 1683, 1688), England (1622, 1655, 1672), all led naval bombardments against Algiers. Abraham Duquesne fought the Barbary pirates in 1681 and bombarded Algiers between 1682 and 1683, to help Christian captives.
Barbary Wars
During the early 19th century, the Regency of Algiers again resorted to widespread piracy against shipping from Europe and the young United States of America, mainly due to internal fiscal difficulties. This in turn led to the Barbary Wars, which culminated in August 1816 when Lord Exmouth executed a naval Bombardment of Algiers.
French invasion
Main article: French invasion of Algiers
As of 1808, the population of the Regency of Algiers numbered around 3 million people, of whom 10,000 were Turks, and 5,000 Kulughlis (from kul oġlu, "son of Janissaries", i.e. metis of Turks and local women).
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Regency of Algiers had greatly benefited from trade in the Mediterranean, and of the massive imports of food by France, largely bought on credit by France. In 1827, Hussein Dey, Algeria's Ottoman ruler, demanded that the French pay a 31-year old debt, contracted in 1799 by purchasing supplies to feed the soldiers of the Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt.
The French consul Pierre Deval refused to give answers satisfactory to the dey, and in an outburst of anger, Hussein Dey touched the consul with his fan. Charles X used this as an excuse to break diplomatic relations. The regency of Algiers would end with the French invasion of Algiers in 1830, and French rule last for the next 132 years.
See also
Notes
- ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (20 August 1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge University Press. p. 151ff. ISBN 9780521337670. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ Naylorp, by Phillip Chiviges (2009). North Africa: a history from antiquity to the present. University of Texas Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-292-71922-4. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (30 January 2008). Historic cities of the Islamic world. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 978-9004153882. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- Tenenti, Alberto Tenenti (1967). Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 1580-1615. University of California Press. p. 81. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- Harris, Jonathan Gil (2003). Sick Economies: Drama, mercantilism, and disease in Shakespeare's England. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 152ff. ISBN 978-0-8122-3773-3. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- Martin, Henri (1864). Martin's History of France. Walker, Wise & Co. p. 522. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- Isichei, Elizabeth Isichei (1997). A history of African societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 0-521-45444-1. Retrieved 24 October 2010.