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I AM A GAY FAG
{{Otherpeople|Muhammad}}
{{Islam}}

'''Muhammad''' (c. ]–]) (]: {{Ar|محمد}}) ({{Audio|Ar-muhammad.ogg|listen}}), also ] '''Mohammad''', '''Mohammed''', '''Muhammed''', and sometimes '''Mahomet''' (following the ]), is believed by Muslims to be ]'s final ] sent to guide all of mankind with the message of ]. He is referred to as "'''The Prophet'''" (Arabic: {{Ar|النبي}}) within the faith. Non-Muslims generally consider him to be the founder of Islam.

According to traditional ] biographers, he was born c. ] in ] (Makkah) and died on ] ] in ] (Madinah). Both Mecca and Medina are cities in the ] region of present day ]. The name ''Muhammad'' means "the praised one" in ].

==Summary==
] as a form of devotion]]
Born Muhammad ibn Abdullah, he is said to have initially been a merchant who traveled widely.

Muhammad often retreated to the mountains outside Mecca, for prayer and contemplation. Muslims believe that in ], at about the age of forty, while praying in one of these mountain caves called ], he was visited by the ] ] who commanded him to memorize and recite the verses sent by God. These verses were later collected as part of the ]. Gabriel told him that God (] in ]) had chosen him as the last prophet to mankind. He eventually expanded his mission as a ], publicly preaching a strict ] and warning against a ] where all humans shall be held responsible for their deeds. He did not completely reject ] and ], two other monotheistic faiths known to the ]s; rather he said that he had been sent by God in order to complete and perfect their teachings. Many in Mecca resented his preaching and persecuted him and his followers. Muslims believe that this was in part due to his followers' holding Muhammad's authority above that of their leaders. Eventually, persecution followed and in ], he was forced to flee from Mecca (the ]) and settled in ''Yathrib'' (now known as ]) with his followers, where he was the leader of the first avowedly Muslim community. War between factions in Mecca and Medina followed, in which Muhammad and his followers were eventually victorious. The military organization that was created by this struggle was then set to conquering the other tribes of ]. By the time of Muhammad's death, he had unified Arabia, spread ] throughout the Arabian Peninsula, and launched expeditions to the north, towards ] and ].

Under Muhammad's immediate ], the ]ic empire expanded into Palestine, Syria, ], ], ], ], and ]. Later conquests, commercial contact between Muslims and non-Muslims, and ] activity spread Islam over much of the globe.

==Sources==
The main sources for biographies of Muhammad are found in Islamic documments such as the '']'', the '']'' biographies, and the '']'' collections. While the Qur'an is not a biography of Muhammad, it does provide information about his life. The earliest surviving biographies are the ''Life of the Apostle of God'', by ] (d. ]), edited by ] (d. ]); and ]'s (d. ]) biography of Muhammad. Ibn Ishaq wrote his biography some 120 to 130 years after Muhammad's death. The third source, the hadith collections, like the Qur'an, are not a biography ''per se''. In both the ] and ] belief, they are the accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of Muhammad.

Some skeptical scholars (], Cook, ], and others) have raised doubts about the reliability of these sources, especially the ''hadith'' collections. They argue that by the time the oral traditions were being collected, the Muslim community had grown and also fractured into rival ]s and different schools of thought and each sect and school had its own sometimes conflicting traditions of what Muhammad and his companions had done and said. Traditions multiplied, and Muslim scholars made a strenuous effort to weed out what they felt were spurious stories. Traditionalists rely on their efforts while the skeptics feel that the question must be revisited.

Muslim and non-Muslim scholars alike agree that there are some inauthentic traditions concerning the life of Muhammad in the hadith collections. Thus most of these traditions are acknowledged by Muslim clerical authorities to be ''weak'' and only a few hadith collections are considered reliable. A very small minority called the "Qur'an Alone Muslims" consider all hadith as unreliable.

However, the ] of the biographical material about Muhammad presented in the summary above is not generally contested. Traditionalists, both Muslim and non-Muslim, paint a much more detailed picture of Muhammad's life.

==His life according to Sira==

===Genealogy===
According to tradition, Muhammad traced his ] back as far as ], whom the northern ]s believed to be their common ancestor. Adnan in turn is said to be a descendant of Ismaeel (]), son of Ibrahim (]) though the exact genealogy is disputed. Muhammad's genealogy up to Adnan is as follows:

Muhammad ibn ] ibn ] (Shaiba) ibn ] (Amr) ibn Abd Manaf (al-Mughira) ibn Qusai (Zaid) ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka`b ibn Lu'ay ibn Ghalib ibn Fahr (]) ibn Malik ibn an-Nadr (Qais) ibn Kinana ibn Khuzaimah ibn Mudrikah (Amir) ibn Ilyas ibn ] ibn Nizar ibn Ma`ad ibn ]. (''ibn'' means "son of" in Arabic; alternate names of people with two names are given in parentheses.)

He was also called ''Abul-Qaasim'' by some meaning "father of Qaasim", after his short-lived first son.

===Childhood===
Muhammad was born into a well-to-do family settled in the northern Arabian town of ]. Some calculate his birthdate as ], ] (] Muslims believe it to be ]), and some as ]; tradition places it in the ]. Muhammad's father, ], had died before he was born and the young boy was brought up by his paternal grandfather ], of the ] ] of the ] ]. Tradition says that as an infant, he was placed with a ] wetnurse, ], as ] life was believed to be safer and healthier for children. At the age of six, Muhammad lost his mother ], and at the age of eight his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib. Muhammad now came under the care of his uncle ], the new leader of the ] clan of the Quraysh tribe, the most powerful in Mecca.

Muslims differ as to whether or not Muhammad was brought up as a ], a monotheist, and whether or not he ever engaged in the polytheist worship. See ] for further information.

Mecca was a thriving commercial centre, due in great part to a stone temple (now called the ]) that housed many different idols. Merchants from different tribes would visit Mecca during the pilgrimage season, when all inter-tribal warfare was forbidden and they could trade in safety. While still in his teens, Muhammad began accompanying his uncle on trading journeys to ]. He thus became well-travelled and knowledgeable as to foreign ways.

===Middle years===
Muhammad became a ] and one of his employers was ]h, a widow then forty years old. The young twenty-five-year old Muhammad had impressed Khadijah and she proposed to him in the year ]. By ] custom before Islam, minors did not inherit, so Muhammad had received no ] from either his father or his grandfather.

] records that Khadijah bore Muhammad five children, one son and four daughters. All of Khadija's children were born before Muhammad received his first ]. His son ''Qasim'' died at the age of two. The four daughters are said to be ], ], ], and ].

The ] say that Muhammad had only the one daughter, Fatimah, and that the other daughters were either children of Khadijah by her previous marriage, or children of her sister.

<!-- BEGIN TIMELINE -->
{| align="right" width="45%" style="border:1px solid #ddd; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0 0 1em 1em; vertical-align:right;"
!colspan="2" align="center"|<big>Timeline of Muhammad</big>
|-
|colspan="2" align="center"|<small>Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Death of his father, `Abd Allah
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Possible date of birth, ]: ]
|-
|align="right">|]
|End of ancient South Arabian high culture
|-
|align="right">|]
|Unsuccessful Abyssinian attack on Mecca
|-
|align="right">|]
|Mother dies
|-
|align="right">|]
|Grandfather dies
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Takes trading journeys to ]
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Meets and marries ]
|-
|align="right">|]
|First reports of Qur'anic revelation: Mecca
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Appears as ]: Mecca
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Begins spreading message of Islam publicly: Mecca
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Begins to gather following: Mecca
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Emigration of Muslims to ]
|-
|align="right">|]
|] clan boycott begins
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Medinan Civil War: ]
|-
|align="right">|]
|Banu Hashim clan boycott ends
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|]
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Tribes convert to Islam: Medina
|-
|align="right">|]
|Emigrates to ] (])
|-
|align="right">|]
|Takes leadership of Medina (])
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Preaches against Ka'aba pantheon: Mecca
|-
|align="right">|]
|Meccans attack Muhammad unsuccessfully
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Confederation of Muslims and other clans
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|]
|-
|align="right">|]
|] Muslims defeat Meccans
|-
|align="right">|]
|]
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Expulsion of Banu Nadir tribe
|-
|align="right">|]
|Attack on Dumat al-Jandal: Syria
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Opponents' siege fails: Medina
|-
|align="right">|]
|]
|-
|align="right">|]
|Destruction of the Banu Qurayza tribe
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Bani Kalb subjugation: ]
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Unites Islam: Medina
|-
|align="right">|]
|]
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Gains access to Mecca shrine ]
|-
|align="right">|]
|Conquest of the ] oasis
|-
|align="right">|]
|First ] pilgrimage
|-
|align="right">|]
|Attack on ] fails: ]
|-
|align="right">|]
|Attacks and bloodlessly captures Mecca
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|]
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|]
|-
|align="right">|]
|Establishes theocracy: Mecca
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Subjugates Arabian peninsula tribes
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Attacks the ]: ]
|-
|align="right">|]
|Farewell ] pilgrimage
|-
|align="right">|]
|Dies (]): Medina
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|Tribal rebellions in Arabia
|-
|align="right">|''c''. ]
|] (]) reestablishes the ]
|}
<!-- END TIMELINE -->

===The first revelations===
Muhammad had a reflective turn of mind and routinely spent nights in a cave (]) near Mecca in ] and thought. Muslims believe that around the year ], while meditating, Muhammad had a vision of the Angel ].

His wife ] and her Christian cousin ] were the first to believe Muhammad was a prophet. She was soon followed by his ten-year-old cousin ], and ], whom Sunnis assert to have been Muhammad's closest friend.

Until his death, Muhammad reportedly received frequent revelations, although there was a relatively long gap after the first revelation. This silence worried him, until he received ''surat'' '']'', whose words provided comfort and reassurance.

Around ], Muhammad began to spread his message amongst the people. Most of those who heard his message ignored it. A few mocked him. Some, however, believed and joined his small group.

===Rejection===
As the ranks of Muhammad's followers swelled, he became a threat to the local tribes and the rulers of the city. Their wealth, after all, rested on the Kaaba, a sacred house of idols and the focal point of Meccan religious life. If they threw out their idols, as Muhammad preached, there would be no more pilgrims, no more trade, and no more wealth. Muhammad’s denunciation of ] was especially offensive to his own tribe, the ], as they were the guardians of the Ka'aba. Furthermore, Muhammad and his followers, bypassing the rulers, forged a relationship with the Christian nation of Ethiopia, a nation traditionally considered an enemy of Mecca. Muhammad and his followers were persecuted. Some of them fled to ] (present day Ethiopia)and founded a small colony there under the refuge of the Ethiopian King.

Several ''suras'' and parts of ''suras'' are said to date from this time, and reflect its circumstances: see for example '']'', '']'', parts of '']'' and '']'', '']'', and '']''.

In ], both Muhammad's wife Khadijah and his uncle Abu Talib died; it was known as ''"the year of sorrows."'' Muhammad's own clan withdrew their protection of him. Muslims patiently endured hunger and persecution.

===Isra and Miraj===

Some time in ], Muhammad told his followers that he had experienced the '']'', a miraculous journey said to have been accomplished in one night. In the first part of the journey, the ''Isra'', he is said to have travelled from ] to ]. In the second part, the ''Miraj'', Muhammad is said to have toured ] and ], and spoken with earlier prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.

Muslims believe that the Jerusalem mosque on the ] known as the ] is built over the site from which Muhammad ascended to Heaven.

===Hijra===
By ], life in the small Muslim community of Mecca was becoming not only difficult, but dangerous. Muslim traditions say that there were several attempts to assassinate Muhammad. Muhammad then resolved to emigrate to ], then known as Yathrib, a large agricultural ] where there were a number of Muslim converts. By breaking the link with his own tribe, Muhammad demonstrated that tribal and family loyalties were insignificant compared to the bonds of ], a revolutionary idea in the tribal society of Arabia. This '']'' or emigration (traditionally translated into English as "flight") marks the beginning of the ]. The Muslim calendar counts dates from the Hijra, which is why Muslim dates have the suffix AH (After Hijra).

Muhammad came to Medina as a mediator, invited to resolve the feud between the Arab factions of ] and ]. He ultimately did so by absorbing both factions into his Muslim community, forbidding bloodshed among Muslims. However, Medina was also home to a number of Jewish tribes (whether they were ethnically as well as religiously Jewish is an open question, as is the depth of their "Jewishness"). Muhammad had hoped that they would recognize him as a prophet, but they did not do so. Some academic historians attribute the change of ], the Muslim direction of prayer, from the site of the former ] to the ] in Mecca, which occurred during this period, to Muhammad's abandonment of hope of recruiting Jews as allies or followers.

Non-Muslim settlements within Muslim territories were taxed rather than expelled. Muhammad drafted a document now known as the '']'' (c. ]-]), which laid out the terms on which the different factions, specifically the ] and other "]" could exist within the new ]. This system would come to typify Muslim relations with their non-believing subjects and that tradition was one reason for the stability of the later Muslim ] or '']''. In this, the Islamic empire was more tolerant than another great power of the area, the ] empire, which was actively hostile to any religions or sects other than the state-sponsored version of ].

===War===
Relations between ] and ] rapidly worsened (see ''surat'' '']''). Meccans confiscated all the property that the Muslims had left in Mecca. In Medina, Muhammad signed treaties of alliance and mutual help with neighboring tribes.

Muhammad turned to raiding ]s bound for Mecca. Caravan raiding (al-ghazw) was an old Arabian tradition; Muslims justified the raids by Meccan's confiscation of all their property left at Mecca and the state of war deemed to exist between the Meccans and the Muslims. Secular scholars add this was also a matter of survival for the Muslims. They owned no land in Medina and if they did not raid, they would have to live on ] and whatever wage labor they could find, both of which were in short supply in the small oasis.

In March of ], Muhammad led some 300 warriors in a ] on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Meccans successfully defended the caravan and then decided to teach the Medinans a lesson. They sent a small army against Medina. On ], ] near a place called ], the Meccans and the Muslims clashed. Though outnumbered more than 3 times (1000 to 300) in the battle, the Muslims met with success, killing at least forty-five Meccans and taking seventy prisoners for ransom; only fourteen Muslims died. This marked the real beginning of Muslim military achievement.

===Rule consolidated===
To the Muslims, the ] appeared as a divine authentication of Muhammad's prophethood, and he and all the Muslims rejoiced greatly. Following this victory, after clashes, and the breaking of a treaty that risked the security of the city state, the victors expelled a local Jewish clan, the ]. Virtually all the remaining Medinans converted, and Muhammad became ruler of the city.

After Khadija's death, Muhammad married again, to ], the daughter of his friend ] (who would later emerge as the first leader of the Muslims after Muhammad's death). In Medina, he married ], daughter of ] (who would eventually become Abu Bakr's successor).

Muhammad's daughter ] married ], Muhammad's cousin. According to the Sunni, another daughter, Umm Kulthum, married ]. Each of these men, in later years, would emerge as successors to Muhammad and political leaders of the Muslims. Thus all four of the first four ] were linked to Muhammad by marriage. Sunni Muslims regard these caliphs as the '']'', or ''Rightly Guided''. (See ] for more information on the controversy on who the first caliph should have been).

===Continued warfare===
In ] the ]n general ] marched on ] with 3,000 men. The ensuing ] took place on ], ending in a stalemate. The Meccans claimed victory, but they had lost too many men to pursue the Muslims into Medina.

In April ] Abu Sufyan led another strong force against Medina. But Muhammad had dug a trench around Medina and successfully defended the city in the ].

Many of the Muslims believed that Abu Sufyan had been aided by sympathizers among the Medinans, the Jewish tribe of the ]. As soon as the battle was over, the Muslims turned upon the Banu Qurayza. After the Banu Qurayza were defeated, all the adult men were ] by the order of ], an arbiter chosen by the Banu Qurayza. The remaining women and children were taken as captives and were not harmed. Muslims believe that this was necessary, however, some critics of Islam believed it was unjust. The matter is discussed at greater length in the article on the ].

Following the Muslim's victory at the Battle of the Trench, the Muslims were able, through conversion and conquest, to extend their rule to many of the neighboring cities and tribes.

===The conquest of Mecca===
By ], the Muslim position was strong enough that Muhammad decided to return to ], this time as a ]. In March of that year, he set out for Mecca, followed by 1,600 men. After some negotiation, a treaty was signed at the border town of ]. While Muhammad would not be allowed to finish his pilgrimage that year, hostilities would cease and the Muslims would have permission to make a pilgrimage to Mecca in the following year.

The agreement lasted only two years, however, as the Meccans broke the treaty in ]. As a result, Muhammad marched on Mecca with an enormous force, said to number more than 10,000 men. The Meccans submitted without a fight, and thus, there was no bloodshed. Muhammad promised a general amnesty to all the Meccans, regardless of religion, and ensured that no harm will be done to them. As a result of this most Meccans converted to ], and Muhammad destroyed the idols in the ]. Henceforth the pilgrimage would be a Muslim pilgrimage and the shrine a Muslim shrine.

===Unification of Arabia===
The capitulation of Mecca and the defeat of an alliance of enemy tribes at ] effectively brought the greater part of the Arabian peninsula under Muhammad's authority. This authority was not enforced by any formal governments, however, as he chose instead to rule through personal relationships and tribal treaties. The Muslims were clearly the dominant force in Arabia, and most of the remaining tribes and states hastened to convert to Islam.

===Muhammad as a warrior===
{{main| Muhammad as a warrior}}
For most of the sixty-three years of his life, Muhammad was a merchant, then a prophet. He took up the sword late in his life. He was a warrior for ten years.

Much criticism has been leveled at Muhammad for engaging in caravan raids and taking part in battles. Critics say that his wars went well beyond self-defense. Muslim commentators, however, argue that he fought only to defend his community against the Meccans, and that he insisted on humane rules of warfare.

===Family life===
{{main_article|]}}

From ] to ], Muhammad had only one wife, ]. After her death he married ], then ]. Later he was to marry more wives, for a total of eleven (nine or ten living at the time of his death). (The status of ] is much disputed; she may have been a slave, a freed slave, a concubine, or a wife.)

Khadija was Muhammad's first wife and the mother of the only child to survive him, his daughter ]. He married his other wives after the death of Khadija. Some of these women were recent widows of warriors in battle. Others were daughters of his close allies or tribal leaders. One of the later unions resulted in a son, but the child died when he was ten months old.

===Companions===
{{main articles|] and ]}}
The term '''companions''' refers to anyone who met three criteria. First, he must have been a contemporary of Muhammad. Second, he must have seen or heard Muhammad speak on at least one occasion. Third, he must have converted to Islam. Companions are responsible for the transmission of '']'', as each ''hadith'' must have as its first transmitter a companion. There were many other companions in addition to the ones listed here.

List in alphabetic order:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

{{col-break}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

{{col-break}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
{{col-end}}

===Death===
]
After a short illness, Muhammad died around noon on Monday ] ], in the city of Medina at the age of sixty-three.

According to ], Muhammad had appointed his son-in-law Ali as his successor, in a public sermon at ]. Shi'a believe that Muhammad's companions Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to oust Ali and make Abu Bakr the leader or '']''. The majority of the ] sect dispute this, and say that the leaders of the community conferred and freely chose Abu Bakr, who was pre-eminent among the followers of Muhammad. However it happened, Abu Bakr became the new leader, and the split between Ali and Abu Bakr precipitated the split between Shi'a and Sunni. Abu Bakr spent much of his short reign suppressing rebellious tribes in the ].

With unity restored in Arabia, the Muslims looked outward and commenced the conquests that would eventually unite the ] under the caliphs.

===Descendants===
] in ]. The mosque contains the tombs of Muhammad and the first two ]s, ] and ].]]
Muhammad was survived by his daughter ] and her children. (Some say that he had a daughter ], who had borne a daughter, ] or Umama, who survived him as well.)

In ], it is believed that Fatima's husband Ali and his descendants are the rightful leaders of the faithful. The Sunni do not accept this view, but they still honor Muhammad's descendants.

Descendants of Muhammad are known by many names, such as '']s'', '']s'' سيد, and '']s'' شريف (plural: ِأشراف Ashraaf). Many rulers and notables in Muslim countries, past and present, claim such descent, with various degrees of credibility, such as the ] dynasty of ], the ]s, the current royal families of ] and ], and the ] ]s of the ] branch of Islam. In various Muslim countries, there are societies that authenticate claims of descent; some societies are more credible than others.

==Historical significance==
Before his death in ], Muhammad had established Islam as a social and political force and had unified most of Arabia. A few decades after his death, his successors had united all of Arabia, and conquered ], ], ], ], ], ], and much of ]. By ], Islam had emerged as the spiritual counterpart to the two great monotheistic belief systems, Judaism and Christianity, and as the geopolitical successor to the ]. The rest of North Africa had come under Muslim rule, as well as the entire ] and much of ] (including ], in the ]).

Under the ], in the ], Islam was spread to the mainly ] principalities east of the Indus by conquering armies in what is now northern ]. Even later, Islam expanded into much of ] and ]. Islam is now the faith of well over a billion people all over the globe, and is the second largest religion of the present day.

==Muslim veneration of Muhammad==
<div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;">
<gallery>
Image:Muhammad callig.gif|The name "Muhammad" written in Arabic ]. Many Muslims believe that Islam prohibits depicting the prophet Muhammad or arts depicting humans or animals; much Islamic art is decorative calligraphy or ] (abstract pattern).

Image:Miraj2.jpg|A 16th century ] miniature painting celebrating Muhammad's ascent into the Heavens, a journey known as the ]. Muhammad's face is veiled.

</gallery>
</div>
{{main|Islam and veneration for Muhammad}}

All Muslims feel a great love and veneration for Muhammad, and express this feeling in many ways.
* When speaking or writing, Muhammad's name is preceded by the title "Prophet" and is followed by the phrase, '']'', or ''Peace be upon him and his descendants'' by Shias; in English often abbreviated as ''"(pbuh)"'' and ''"pbuh&hd"'', or just simply as "p".
* Concerts of Muslim and especially ] devotional music include songs praising Muhammad (see ], '']'').
* Some Muslims celebrate the birthday of Muhammad ('']'') with elaborate festivities. Others do not, believing that such festivities are modern ].
* Criticism of Muhammad is often equated with ], which is punishable by death in some Muslim states.
* Muhammad is often refered to with titles of praise.
* Muhammad's relics, such as his grave, his sword, his clothing, even strands of his hair, are revered by some.
* Even non-iconic representations of Muhammad are traditionally discouraged. From the ], however, ] and ] art frequently represented Muhammad in miniatures, albeit with his face either veiled, or emanating radiance (see e.g. ]). Modern caricatures of Muhammad have caused great controversy and criticism (see ] for an example).
* Beyond the stories accepted as ]ical by Islamic scholars of '']'', or oral traditions, there are many ] praising Muhammad and recounting miraculous stories of his birth, upbringing and life.

==See also==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

{{col-break}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
*'']'' (''aka'' The Message)
*]
{{col-end}}

==References==
*{{Book reference | Author=Armstrong, Karen | Title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet | Publisher=San Francisco: Harper | Year=1993 | ID=ISBN 0062508865}}
*{{Book reference | Author=] | Title=The Life of Muhammad | Publisher=Islamic Book Service | Year=1995 | ID=ISBN 1577311957}}
*{{Book reference | Author=Lings, Martin | Title=Muhammad: His Life Based on Earliest Sources | Publisher=Inner Traditions International, Limited | Year=1987 | ID=ISBN 0892811706}}
*{{Book reference | Author=Rodinson, Maxime| Title=Muhammad | Publisher=New Publishers | Year=1861 | ID=ISBN 1565847520}}
*{{Book reference | Author=Warraq, Ibn | Title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad | Publisher=Prometheus Books | Year=March 2000 | ID=ISBN 1573927872}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Muhammad}}
{{wikiquote}}

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* Muhammad Husayn Haykal Translated by Isma'il Razi A. al-Faruqi
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Revision as of 09:29, 18 February 2006

I AM A GAY FAG