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Anton Bernolák, Ľudovít Štúr, Andrej Hlinka, Štefan Banič, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Aurel Stodola, Adam František Kollár, Milan Hodža, Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Gustáv Husák, Alexander Dubček | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 Slovakia 4,600 000
| |
| Languages | |
| Slovak | |
| Religion | |
| Roman Catholic 68.9%, Byzantine Rite Catholic 4.1%, Protestant 10.8%, Orthodox Christian, other or unspecified 3.2%, no denomination, agnostic or non-religious 13% (2001 census within Slovakia, extrapolated to outside Slovaks) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Slavs, especially other West Slavs |
The Slovaks (Slovak Slováci, singular Slovák, feminine Slovenka, plural Slovenky) are a West Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.
Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia (circa 4,600,000). There are Slovak minorities in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia and sizable populations of immigrants and their descendants in the U.S. and in Canada.
History
Main article: History of SlovakiaSlavs of the Pannonian Basin
The first known Slavic states on the territory of present-day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra, founded sometime in the 8th century.
Great Moravia
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Great Moravia (833 - ?907) was a Slavic state in the 9th and early 10th century A.D. Current ethnolinguistic Slovak nationalism traces the roots of the Slovak nation to the times of Greater Moravia, claiming the polity to have been the ‘first Slovak state’. However, there is no continuity in politics, culture, or written language between this early Slavic polity and the modern Slovak nation. Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since 19th century. Important developments took place at this time, including the mission of Cyril and Methodius, the development of the Glagolitic alphabet (an early form of the Cyrillic alphabet), and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and literary language.
The original territory inhabited by the Slavic tribes included not only present-day Slovakia, but also parts of present-day southeastern Moravia and approximately the entire northern half of present-day Hungary.
Kingdom of Hungary
Main article: History of Hungary
The territory of present day Slovakia became the part of the Kingdom of Hungary under Hungarian rule gradually from 907 to the early 14th century (major part by 1100) and remained within the framework of this kingdom (see also Upper Hungary or Kingdom of Hungary) until the formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918. However, according to other historians, from 895 to 902, the whole area of the present-day Slovakia became part of the rising Principality of Hungary, and became (without gradation) the part of the Kingdom of Hungary a century later.The Slovaks never had political or territorial autonomy within Hungary. A separate entity called Nitra Frontier Duchy, existed this time within the Kingdom of Hungary. This duchy was abolished in 1107. The territory inhabited by the Slovaks in present-day Hungary was gradually reduced.
When most of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1541 (see Ottoman Hungary), Upper Hungary (now the territory of present day Slovakia) became the new center of the "reduced" kingdom that remained under Hungarian, and later Habsburg rule, officially called Royal Hungary. Some Croats settled around and in present-day Bratislava for similar reasons. Also, many Germans settled in the Kingdom of Hungary, especially in the towns, as work-seeking colonists and mining experts from the 13th to the 15th century. Jews and Gypsies also formed significant populations within the territory.
After the Ottoman Empire were forced to retreat from present-day Hungary around 1700, thousands of Slovaks were gradually settled in depopulated parts of the restored Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Croatia) under Maria Theresia, and that is how present-day Slovak enclaves (like Slovaks in Vojvodina, Slovaks in Hungary) in these countries arose.
After Transylvania, Upper Hungary (the territory of present day Slovakia), was the most advanced part of the Kingdom of Hungary for centuries (the most urbanized part, intense mining of gold and silver), but in the 19th century, when Buda/Pest became the new capital of the kingdom, the importance of the territory, as well as other parts within the Kingdom fell, and many Slovaks were impoverished. As a result, hundreds of thousands of Slovaks emigrated to North America, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century (between cca. 1880–1910), a total of at least 1.5 million emigrants (~2/3 of them were part of some minority).
Slovakia exhibits a very rich folk culture. A part of Slovak customs and social convention are common with those of other nations of the former Habsburg monarchy (the Kingdom of Hungary was in personal union with the Habsburg monarchy from 1526 to 1918).
Czechoslovakia
Main article: History of CzechoslovakiaPeople of Slovakia spent most part of the 20th century within the framework of Czechoslovakia, a new state formed after World War I. Significant reforms and post-World War II industrialization took place during this time. The Slovak language has been strongly influenced by the Czech language during this period.
Contemporary Slovaks
The political transformations of 1989, 1993 and the accession to the EU in 2004 brought new liberties, which have considerably improved the outlook and prospects of all Slovaks.
Contemporary Slovak society organically combines elements of both folk traditions and Western European lifestyles.
Name and ethnogenesis
The origin of the Slovaks is disputed among scholars and it is very contentious. The different theories regarding the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks were used to justify or unjustify historical situations from variant historical perspectives, as the argument of ‘my-nation-was-here-first’ type was, and still remains to be a useful instrument of legitimizing a nation-state’s ownership of a given territory or its claim to an area outside its current borders. The conception that the Slovaks are descended from the Slavs who inhabited the territory of present-day Slovakia between the 5th-10th centuries has a long story and it is connected with the ambition of the Slovaks to reach self-determination or autonomy within Hungary (mostly under romantic nationalism of the 19th century and during the Slovak national revival). This continuity theory, supporting the supposed former common past of the Czech and Slovak nations -thus also legitimizating the creation of the united Czechoslovak nation- gained political subvention during the formation of Czechoslovakia. After the Treaty of Trianon, the theory of Hungarian historian János Karácsonyi became very popular among Hungarian politicians and it was utilized to prove the Hungarian view that the separation of the territory of Slovakia from Hungary was unjustified.
After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992, and the formation of independent Slovakia in 1993 motivated interest in a particularly Slovak national identity. One reflection of this was the rejection of the common Czechoslovak national identity in favour of a pure Slovak one.
Theories regarding the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks
Current ethnolinguistic Slovak nationalism traces the roots of the Slovak nation to the times of Greater Moravia, claiming the polity to have been the first Slovak state. The definition and identification of the inhabitants of this realm proved to be politically imperative and difficult. Historical records are anything else but precise in this question. As Stanislav Kirschbaum points out: "Slavist and literary historians consider the Cyrillo-Methodian literature as the heritage of all Slavs. Other claim that it is the heritage of the Slavs who laid the bases of the Empire of Great Moravia, namely the Slovaks, the Moravians and the Slovenes. Slovak scholars have been saying for three centuries that the literature created in Great Moravia or translated by Sts. Cyril and Methodius and their disciples for the ancestors of the Slovaks are rather part of the Slovak cultural heritage." There are Slovak historians who suggest that "It is not correct to label Great Moravia was the first state of the Czechs and the Slovaks for the simple reason that the membership of the Czechs in this state had been short lived." There are Slovak historians who believe in extreme opinions such as the Slavic inhabitants living on the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 8th century were conscious of their national identy, therefore we can identify them as Slovaks. However the use of this term would contradict the theory that the distinct Slavic nations had not yet emerged by the 9th century and the culture and language of various Slavic tribes in central Europe were indistinguishable from each other. Naming various institutions after the saintly brothers and Greater Moravian rulers and devoting commemorative plaques and monuments to them became widespread in post-1993 Slovakia. The laudation of the imagined history of Slovak culture and language led to the myth of the Cyrillo-Methodian dawn of the Slovak nation which was incorporated into the 1992 Slovak Constitution, which adverts the spiritual heritage of Cyril and Methodius and the historical heritage of the Great Moravian Empire as inherently Slovak. In this interpretation, the Slovaks have the oldest tradition of statehood in Central Europe, but unfortunately, the 'millennium of Hungarian occupation’ caused them to ‘forget’ their proud traditions. Although the idea of the Cyrillo-Methodian heritage is very prevalent in nowadays Slovakia, there is no continuity in politics, culture, or written language between this early Slavic polity and the modern Slovak nation. Although it seems reasonable to propose that the modern Slovaks may be descendants of the Greater Moravian population, this proposition is also true in the case of many modern Central European countries. The theory of the "Great Moravian" and "Cyrillo-Methodian" heritage dates back to the 18th century. In his writing (Historia gentis Slavae. De regno regibusque Slavorum ) Georgius Papanek (or Juraj Papánek) traces the roots of the Slovaks to Greater Moravia.
According to the Czech priest Josef Dobrovský, Great Moravia was located in Upper Hungary and Moravia (i.e. Present-day Slovakia and Czech Republic). Writers of Slavic origin like Juraj Sklenár, and Juraj Fándly (considered to be the fathers of Slovak historiography) praised Greater Moravia as opposed to the ‘heathen Magyars’ who destroyed this realm. In 1879, Jaroslav Vlček wrote that Greater Moravia was a common state of Slovaks and Moravians. František Viktor Sasinek (1830–1914) asseted in his work "Die Slovaken. Eine Ethnographische Skizze" (The Slovaks: An ethnographic outline) that Greater Moravia was the state of the Slovaks, Moravians and Bohemians. According to Josef Ladislav Píč ("O methode dejepisu Slovenska" ) Greater Moravia was the state of the Czechoslovak nation, but he agreed that the separate Slovak nation emerged after the Hungarians destroyed the polity. Slovak historian Julius Botto Jr. asserted ("Slováci. Vývin ich národného povedomia" ) that Greater Moravia was solely a Slovak realm. Interestingly, Samuel Timon Jesuit priest claimed ("Imago antiquae Hungariae" ) that the Hungarians by destroying Greater Moravia, had liberated the Slovaks from the Moravian yoke. It was Ján Hollý who imprinted the idea of Greater Moravia and the Cyrillo-Methodian literacy on the ideological blueprint of Slovak nationalism with his poems (Svatopluk, 1833; Cyrilo-Methodiana, 1835; Slav, 1839). When the Slovaks and Czechs lived in a common state it was suggested that Great Moravia was the equal legacy of both nations. However, Russian historian George Vernadsky asserted that Great Moravia is the legacy exclusively of the Czechs.
The opinion of Hungarian historian János Karácsonyi was, that the indigenous Slavs had died out or they had been assimilated by Hungarians, therefore contemporary Slovaks are the progeny of the White Croats (arrived from the north and north-west by the twelfth century in to Hungary) the Czech (Bohemian, Moravian), Polish (Lesser Polish) and German (Silesian, Saxonian, Swabian) settlers who came to Hungary during 10th–18th century. According to this theory, only a small part of present-day Slovakia was inhabited during the reign of Stephen I, thus there is no direct connection between the autochthonous Slavic population living in the territory of present-day Slovakia before the 12th century and modern Slovaks. Czech historian Václav Chaloupecký also admitted that most of the territory of present-day Slovakia (except the southern parts) was a primeval forest until the thirteenth century and an intentionally unpopulated frontier region of the Kingdom of Hungary. Chaloupecký asserted that Slovaks are Czechs by origin but their almost 1000-years existence in the Kingdom of Hungary led to their separation from the Czech nation. Furthermore, he also considered that the Walachian populations, especially in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries were significant agents in the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks. However Chaloupecký had no doubts about that after the eleventh century the Slavonic inhabitants of south-western Slovakia were descendants of those Slavs who had lived there in the ninth and the tenth centuries.
Origin of the word 'Slovak'
The Slovaks and Slovenes are the only current Slavic nations that have preserved the old name of the Slavs (singular: slověn) in their name - the adjective "Slovak" is still slovenský and the feminine noun "Slovak" is still Slovenka in the Slovak language; only the masculine noun "Slovak" changed to Slovenin, probably in the High Middle Ages, and finally (under Czech and Polish influence) to Slovák around 1400. For Slovenes, the adjective is still slovenski and the feminine noun "Slovene" is still Slovenka, but the masculine noun has since changed to Slovenec. The Slovak name for their language is slovenčina and the Slovene name for theirs is slovenščina. The Slovak term for the Slovene language is slovinčina; and the Slovenes call Slovak slovaščina. The name is derived from proto-Slavic form slovo "word, talk" (cf. Slovak sluch, which comes from the IE root *ḱlew-). Thus Slovaks as well as Slovenians would mean "people who speak (the same language)", i.e. people who understand each other.
According to Nestor and modern Slavic linguists, the above-mentioned word slověn probably was the original name of all Slavs, but most Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Croats, etc.) took other names in the Early Middle Ages. Although the Slovaks themselves seem to have had a slightly different word for "Slavs" (Slovan), they were called "Slavs" by Latin texts approximately up to the High Middle Ages. Thus, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish when Slavs in general and when Slovaks are meant. One proof of the use of "Slavs" in the sense of "Slovaks" are documents of the Kingdom of Hungary which mention Bohemians (Czechs), Poles under a different name. Slovaks of Hungary were dubbed as "Slavi Pannonii" and Czechs as "Slavi Bohemii". The semantic closeness of the ethnonym ‘Slovak’ to that of ‘Slav’ endowed the Slovak national movement with the myth that of all the Slavic nations the Slovaks are the most direct descendants of the original Slavs, and the Slovak language the most direct continuation of Old Slavic.
Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins
Slovaks -as other slavonic ethnical groups in Central Europe- carry Eurasian lineages as a consequence of admixture with Central Asian nomadic tribes, who migrated into Central and Eastern Europe in the early Middle Ages. Slovak populations do not cluster together. Western Slovaks are located together with the Czechs and Austrians, while eastern Slovaks are placed close to Slovenians. Slovak mtDNAs belong to the common West Eurasian mitochondrial haplogroups, but characterized by a small frequency of East Eurasian (2,8 percent) and Gypsy-specific (2,8 percent) mtDNA lineages. Furthermore, African mtDNAs (L2a) are present in the population from the eastern part of the country. About 3 percent of mtDNAs from eastern Slovakia encompass Gypsy-specific lineages, which belong to the Indian-specific haplogroups M5a1 and M35. The Gypsy related J1 haplotype appeares in 2,9 percent of persons from eastern Slovakia. The identified M-haplotype in Slovaks is also known among Italians, Saudi Arabians and Bedouins from Israel.
Quotes from important chronicles
This is how Nestor in his Primary Chronicle (historically correctly) describes the Slovaks: Slavs that were settled along the Danube, which have been occupied by the Hungarians, the Czechs, the Lachs, and Poles that are now known as the Rus. Nestor calls these Slavs "Slavs of Hungary" in another place of the text, and mentions them in the first place in a list of Slavic nations (besides Moravians, Bohemians, Poles, Russians, etc.), because he considers the Carpathian Basin (including what is today Slovakia) the original Slavic territory.
Anonymus, in his Gesta Hungarorum, calls the Slovaks (around 1200 with respect to past developments) Sclavi , i.e. Slavs (as opposed to "Boemy" - the Bohemians, and "Polony" - the Poles) or in another place Nytriensis Sclavi, i.e. Nitrian Slavs.
And this is how Slovaks were called in various very precise sources approximately from 1200 to about 1400: Slovyenyn, Slowyenyny; Sclavus, Sclavi, Slavus, Slavi; Tóth; Winde, Wende, Wenden.
Culture
- See also List of Slovaks
The art of Slovakia can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when some of the greatest masterpieces of the country's history were created. Significant figures from this period included the many Masters, among them the Master Paul of Levoča and Master MS. More contemporary art can be seen in the shadows of Koloman Sokol, Albín Brunovský, Martin Benka, Mikuláš Galanda,, Ľudovít Fulla. Julius Koller and Stanislav Filko, in the 21st century Roman Ondak, Blazej Balaz. The most important Slovak composers have been Eugen Suchoň, Ján Cikker, and Alexander Moyzes, in the 21st century Vladimir Godar and Peter Machajdik.
The most famous Slovak names can indubitably be attributed to invention and technology. Such people include Jozef Murgaš, the inventor of wireless telegraphy; Ján Bahýľ, Štefan Banič, inventor of the modern parachute; Aurel Stodola, inventor of the bionic arm and pioneer in thermodynamics; and, more recently, John Dopyera, father of modern acoustic string instruments. Štefan Anián Jedlík Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries, such Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.
There were two leading persons who codified the Slovak language. The first one was Anton Bernolák whose concept was based on the dialect of western Slovakia (1787). It was the enactment of the first national literary language of Slovaks ever. The second notable man was Ľudovít Štúr. His formation of the Slovak language had principles in the dialect of central Slovakia (1843).
The best known Slovak hero was Juraj Jánošík (the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood). Prominent explorer Móric Benyovszky had Slovak ancestors.
In terms of sports, the Slovaks are probably best known (in North America) for their hockey personalities, especially Stan Mikita, Peter Šťastný, Peter Bondra, Žigmund Pálffy and Marián Hossa. For a list see List of Slovaks.
For a list of the most notable Slovak writers and poets, see List of Slovak authors.
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Girl from Slovakia
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Moravian-Slovak folk festival
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Easter in Slovakia
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Slovak peasant from the Tatra mountains, 1908
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Folklore festival in Slovakia
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Hontianska parade
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Captain Juraj Šucha
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Tennis player Daniela Hantuchová
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Tennis player Dominika Cibulkova
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Tennis player Magdaléna Rybáriková
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Viola Valachová a Partisan
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Jana Kirschner pop singer
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Jan Francisci-Rimavsky poet and revolutionary
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Marian Gaborik
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Jan Sambucus
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Andrej Hadik
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Chaviva Reikova Slovak-Jewish partisan
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President of first Slovak Republic Jozef Tiso
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Jozef Gabčík Slovak soldier, assassin of Reinhard Heydrich
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Michael Strank, U.S Marine of Slovak ancestry, One of the men who raised the flag in Iwo Jima.
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Miroslav Iringh, one of the Warsaw Uprising organisers.
- Ján Nálepka, Partisan Ján Nálepka, Partisan
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St Benedikt
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St Maurus
Statistics
There are approximately 4.6 million autochthonous Slovaks in Slovakia. Further Slovaks live in the following countries (the list shows estimates of embassies etc. and of associations of Slovaks abroad in the first place, and official data of the countries as of 2000/2001 in the second place).
The list stems from Claude Baláž, a Canadian Slovak, the current plenipotentiary of the Government of the Slovak Republic for Slovaks abroad (see e.g.: ) :
- USA (1 200 000 / 821 325*) - 19th - 21st century emigrants; see also Census.gov. The vast majority of "Slovaks" in USA are Americans who are descendants of Slovaks. They speak English at home and cannot speak Slovak and have little knowledge of Slovak customs. Nevertheless like many other Americans, they are proud of their origins.
- Czech Republic (350 000 / 183 749*) - due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia
- Hungary (39 266 / 17 693)
- Canada (100 000 / 50 860) - 19th - 21st century migrants
- Serbia (60 000 / 59 021*) - 18th & 19th century settlers
- Poland (2002) (47 000 / 2 000*) - ancient minority and due to border shifts during the 20th century
- Romania (18 000 / 17 199) - ancient minority
- Ukraine (17 000 / 6 397) - ancient minority and due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia
- France (13 000/ n.a.)
- Australia (12 000 / n.a.) - 20th - 21st century migrants
- Austria (10 234 / 10 234) - 20th - 21st century migrants
- United Kingdom (10 000 / n.a.)
- Croatia (5 000 / 4 712) - 18th & 19th century settlers
- other countries
The number of Slovaks living outside Slovakia in line with the above data was estimated at max. 2 016 000 in 2001 (2 660 000 in 1991), implying that, in sum, there were max. some 6 630 854 Slovaks in 2001 (7 180 000 in 1991) in the world. The estimate according to the right-hand site chart yields an approximate population of Slovaks living outside Slovakia of 1.5 million.
Other (much higher) estimates stemming from the Dom zahraničných Slovákov (House of Foreign Slovaks) can be found on SME.
See also
- History of the Slovak language
- List of Slovak Americans
- List of Slovaks
- Slovakia
- Slovaks in Bulgaria
- Slovaks in Vojvodina
- Slovenes
Notes
- For examples see: Bagin, Anton (1993). Cyrilometodská tradícia u Slovákov (in Slovak). Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press. ISBN 8085665085.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) and Durica, Milan S. (1996). Dejiny Slovenska a Slovákov (in Slovak). Bratislava: Media Trade and Slovenské pedagogické nakladatel' stvo.{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - The University in Nitra was named after St Cyril, and later the university in Trnava added both St Cyril and St Methodius to its name. Kamusella p.887
References
- "Slovakia: Ethnicity of the Population Section". Government of Slovakia. 2010. Retrieved 5 Oct. 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ (2010 census)
- CIA.gov
- Population by Country of Birth & Nationality, Apr 2009 to Mar 2010 (UK)
- Population by ethnic minorities in Hungary
- Transindex.ro
- ^ Kirschbaum 1995, p. 25
- Bagnell Bury, John (1923). The Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Macmillan. p. 211.
- ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 131
- ^ Eberhardt 2003, p. 105
- Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. p. 229. ISBN 963 482 113 8
- http://www.historia.hu/archivum/2001/0103gyorffy.htm
- Kristó, Gyula (1993). A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmúltja (1301-ig) (The ancient history of the Carpathian Basin and the Hungarians - till 1301) Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. p. 299. ISBN 963 04 2914 4.
- ^ Vauchez, André; Barrie Dobson, Richard; Lapidge, Michael (2000). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 1363. ISBN 1579582826, 9781579582821.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - ^ Eberhardt 2003, p. 104
- ^ Marsina 1997, p. 17
- Kamusella 2009, p. 948
- ^ Kirschbaum 1995, p. 35
- Bartl, Július (1997). "Ďurica, M. S.: Dejiny Slovenska a Slovákov". Historický časopis. 45 (1): 114–122.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Kamusella 2009, p. 887
- ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 528
- ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 134
- ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 479
- Kamusella 2009, p. 816
- ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 814
- Kamusella 2009, p. 819
- ^ Marsina 1997, p. 15
- ^ Marsina 1997, p. 16
- Marsina 1997, pp. 16–17
- ^ Kamusella 2009, p. 132
- Malyarchuk, BA; Vanecek, T; Perkova, MA; Derenko, MV; Sip, M. "Mitochondrial DNA variability in the Czech population, with application to the ethnic history of Slavs; Hum Biol. 2006 Dec;78(6):681-96.". Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences. Portovaya str. 18, 685000 Magadan, Russia.
- ^ Malyarchuk et al. 2008
- ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2009). "Slovakia; Cultural expression". World and Its Peoples. Vol. 7. Marshall Cavendish. p. 993. ISBN 0761478833, 9780761478836.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Mikuš 1977, p. 108
- Template:Sk icon SME.sk
- Slovaks in the US PDF
- Slovaks in Czech Republic
- Slovaks in Serbia
- Slovaks in Canada
- Slovaks in Hungary
- Baláž, Claude: Slovenská republika a zahraniční Slováci. 2004, Martin
- Baláž, Claude: (a series of articles in:) Dilemma. 01/1999 – 05/2003
Sources
- Marsina, Richard (1997). Ethnogenesis of Slovaks, Human Affairs, 7, 1997, 1. Trnava, Slovakia: Faculty of Humanities, University of Trnava.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Basingstoke, UK (Foreword by Professor Peter Burke): Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 13: 978–0–230–55070.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (March 1995). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; St. Martin's Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-312-10403-0.
{{cite book}}: Check|authorlink=value (help); External link in|authorlink=|ref=harv(help) - Malyarchuk, B.A.; Perkova, M.A.; Derenko, M.V.; Vanecek, T.; Lazur, J.; Gomolcak, P. (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Slovaks, with Application to the Roma Origin". Annals of Human Genetics. 72. Journal compilation 2008 University College London: 228. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00410.x.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Eberhardt, Piotr (2003). Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765606655.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Mikuš, Joseph A. (1977). Slovakia and the Slovaks. Three Continents Press. ISBN 0914478885, 9780914478881.
The work is superbly illustrated by Martin Benka, a Slovak painter of comparable
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Maps
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Slovaks in Vojvodina, Serbia (2002 census)
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The language spread of Slovak in the United States according to U. S. Census 2000 and other resources interpreted by research of U. S. English Foundation, percentage of home speakers
External links
- Some studies on the early Slovaks and Slavs, on the Slovak language and Slovak hydronymy
- Slovaks in America (Library of Congress)
- The Slovaks in the Kingdom of Hungary according to the (disputed) 1910 census
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