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| {{Redirect|King Tut}} | |||
| {{Infobox pharaoh | |||
| |name=Tutankhamun | |||
| |alt_name=Tutankhamen, Tutankhaten, Tutankhamon<ref>{{cite book|first=Peter A. |last=Clayton|title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt|page=128|publisher=]|year=2006|isbn=0-500-28628-0}}</ref> possibly Nibhurrereya (as referenced in the ]) | |||
| |image=Tuthankhamun Egyptian Museum.jpg | |||
| |caption=Mask of Tutankhamun's mummy, the popular icon for ancient Egypt at ]. | |||
| |reign=ca. 1333–1323 BC | |||
| |dynasty=] | |||
| |predecessor=]? or ]? | |||
| |successor=] | |||
| |spouse=] | |||
| |notes=See ] | |||
| |children= two daughters | |||
| |father=]<ref name=assoc>{{dead link|date=February 2011}} by Paul Schemm, Associated Press. February 16, 2010.</ref> | |||
| |mother=unidentified mummy, "]" | |||
| |birth_date=ca. 1341 BC | |||
| |death_date=ca. 1323 BC (aged ]18) | |||
| |burial=] | |||
| |monuments= | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Tutankhamun''' (alternately spelled with ''Tutenkh-'', ''-amen'', ''-amon''), ] ''{{lang|egy|twt-ˤnḫ-ı͗mn}}'', {{IPA-sem|təwaːt ʕaːnəx ʔaˈmaːn|}}; approx. 1341 BC – 1323 BC) was an ] ] of the ] (ruled c.1333 BC – 1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of ] known as the ]. His original name, '''Tutankhaten,''' means "Living Image of ]", while Tutankhamun means "Living Image of ]". In hieroglyphs, the name Tutankhamun was typically written Amen-tut-ankh, because of a scribal custom that placed a divine name at the beginning of a phrase to show appropriate reverence.<ref>{{cite book | last = Zauzich | first = Karl-Theodor | title = Hieroglyphs Without Mystery | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | year = 1992 | pages = 30–31 | url= http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/books/zauhie.html | isbn = 9780292798045 }}</ref> He is possibly also the ''Nibhurrereya'' of the ], and likely the ] king 'Rathotis' who, according to ], an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years — a figure which conforms with ]'s version of Manetho's ''Epitome''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/egypt/history/KLManetho.html|title=Manetho's King List}}</ref> | |||
| The 1922, discovery by ] and ]<ref></ref><ref>Hawass, Zahi A. ''The golden age of Tutankhamun: divine might and splendor in the New Kingdom''. American Univ in Cairo Press, 2004.</ref> of Tutankhamun's ] received worldwide press coverage. It sparked a renewed public interest in ], for which Tutankhamun's ] remains the popular symbol. Exhibits of artifacts from his tomb have toured the world. In February 2010, the results of ] tests confirmed that Tutankhamun's ] belongs to the ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} The tests also confirmed that he was the son of ] (mummy KV55) and his sister/wife (mummy KV35YL), whose name is unknown but whose remains are positively identified as "]" mummy found in ].<ref name="Hawass2010">Hawass, Zahi et al. "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family" <cite>The Journal of the American Medical Association, February 17, 2010. Vol 303, No. 7</cite> p.638-647</ref> | |||
| ==Life== | |||
| Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten (formerly Amenhotep IV) and one of Akhenaten's sisters.<ref name="autogenerated640">Hawass, Zahi et al. "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family" <cite>The Journal of the American Medical Association</cite> p.640-641</ref> As a prince he was known as Tutankhaten.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.memphis.edu/murnane/Van_Dijk.pdf|title=The Death of Meketaten|author=Jacobus van Dijk|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-10-02|p.7}}</ref> He ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten, taking the reign name of Tutankhamun. His wet-nurse was a woman called ], known from her tomb at ]. | |||
| When he became king, he married his half sister, Ankhesenepatan, who later changed her name to ]. They had two daughters, both stillborn.<ref name="Hawass2010" /> | |||
| ===Reign=== | |||
| ]s of his birth and throne names are displayed between rampant ] lioness warrior images (perhaps with his head) crushing enemies of several ethnicities, while ] flies protectively above]] | |||
| Given his age, the king probably had very powerful advisers, presumably including General ], the Vizier ], and ] the "Overseer of the Treasury". Horemheb records that the king appointed him lord of the land as hereditary prince to maintain law. He also noted his ability to calm the young king when his temper flared.<ref>Booth p. 86-87</ref> | |||
| ====Domestic policy==== | |||
| In his third regnal year, Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign. He ended the worship of the god ] and restored the god ] to supremacy. The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional privileges were restored to its priesthood. The capital was moved back to ] and the city of ] abandoned.<ref>], ''Akhenaten and the Religion of Light'', Translated by David Lorton, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8014-8725-0</ref> This is also when he changed his name to Tutankhamun. | |||
| As part of his restoration, the king initiated building projects, in particular at Thebes and Karnak, where he dedicated a temple to ]. Many monuments were erected, and an inscription on his tomb door declares the king had "spent his life in fashioning the images of the gods". The traditional festivals were now celebrated again, including those related to the ], Horemakhet, and ]. His restoration stela says: | |||
| <blockquote>The temples of the gods and goddesses ... were in ruins. Their shrines were deserted and overgrown. Their sanctuaries were as non-existent and their courts were used as roads ... the gods turned their backs upon this land ... If anyone made a prayer to a god for advice he would never respond.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hart|first=George|title=Egyptian Myths|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1990|page=47|isbn=0292720769}}</ref> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| ====Foreign policy==== | |||
| The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten. Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular with the ]. Evidence of his success is suggested by the gifts from various countries found in his tomb. Despite his efforts for improved relations, battles with Nubians and Asiatics were recorded in his mortuary temple at Thebes. His tomb contained body armour and folding stools appropriate for military campaigns. However, given his youth and physical disabilities, which seemed to require the use of a cane in order to walk, (he died at age 18), historians speculate that he did not take part personally in these battles.<ref name="Hawass2010" /><ref>Booth p. 129-130</ref> | |||
| ===Health and appearance=== | |||
| {{See also|Racial identity of Tutankhamun}} | |||
| Tutankhamun was slight of build, and was roughly {{convert|170|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} tall. He had large front ]s and the overbite characteristic of the Thutmosid royal line to which he belonged. He also had a pronounced ] (elongated) skull, although it was within normal bounds and highly unlikely to have been pathological. Given the fact that many of the royal depictions of ] often featured such an elongated head, it is likely an exaggeration of a family trait, rather than a distinct abnormality. The research also showed that the Tutankhamun had ]<ref>{{cite news |first=Brian |last=Handwerk |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/03/0308_050308_kingtutmurder.html |title=King Tut Not Murdered Violently, CT Scans Show |publisher=National Geographic News |date=March 8, 2005 | |||
| |page=2 |accessdate=2006-08-05 }}</ref> and possibly a mild case of ]. | |||
| ===Cause of death=== | |||
| There are no surviving records of Tutankhamun's final days. What caused Tutankhamun's death has been the subject of considerable debate. Major studies have been conducted in an effort to establish the cause of death. | |||
| Although there is some speculation that Tutankhamun was assassinated, the general consensus is that his death was accidental. A CT scan taken in 2005 shows that he had badly broken his leg shortly before his death, and that the leg had become infected. DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed the presence of malaria in his system. It is believed that these two conditions combined, led to his death.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts |first=Michelle |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8516425.stm |date=2010-02-16 |accessdate=2010-03-12 | work=BBC News | title='Malaria' killed King Tutankhamun}}</ref> | |||
| ===Probable product of incest=== | |||
| According to the September 2010 issue of ], Tutankhamun was the result of a incestuous relationship and, because of that, may have suffered from several genetic defects that contributed to his early death.<ref name="hawass">{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/09/tut-dna/hawass-text |title=King Tut’s Family Secrets - National Geographic Magazine |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref> For years, scientists have tried to unravel ancient clues as to why the boy king of Egypt, who reigned for 10 years, died at the age of 19. Several theories have been put forth. As stated above, one was that he was killed by a blow to the head. Another put the blame on a broken leg. As recently as June 2010, German scientists said they believe there is evidence he died of ]. | |||
| Research conducted by archaeologists, radiologists, and geneticists who started performing ] on Tutankhamun in 2005 found that he was not killed by a blow to the head, as previously thought.<ref name="hawass"/> That same team began doing DNA research on Tutankhamun's mummy, as well as the mummified remains of other members of his family, in 2008. DNA tests finally put to rest questions about Tutankhamun's lineage, proving that his father was ], but that his mother was not one of Akhenaten’s known wives. His mother was one of Akhenaten’s five sisters, although it is not known which one. New CT images discovered congenital flaws, which are more common among the children of incest. Siblings are more likely to pass on twin copies of harmful genes, which is why children of incest more commonly manifest genetic defects.<ref name="bates1">{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1251731/King-Tutankhamuns-incestuous-family-revealed.html |title=Unmasked: The real faces of the crippled King Tutankhamun (who walked with a cane) and his incestuous parents| location=London | work=Daily Mail | first=Claire | last=Bates | date=February 20, 2010}}</ref> It is suspected he also had a partially ], another congenital defect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/09/tut-dna/hawass-text/8 |title=King Tut’s Family Secrets - National Geographic Magazine |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref> | |||
| The team was able to establish with a probability of better than 99.99 percent that ] was the father of the individual in ], who was in turn the father of Tutankhamun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/09/tut-dna/hawass-text/5 |title=King Tut’s Family Secrets - National Geographic Magazine |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref> The DNA of the so-called ] (KV35YL), found lying beside ] in the alcove of KV35, matched that of the boy king. Her DNA proved that, like Akhenaten, she was a child of Amenhotep III and Tiye; thus, Tutankhamun's parents were brother and sister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/09/tut-dna/hawass-text/7 |title=King Tut’s Family Secrets - National Geographic Magazine |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref> Queen Tiye held much political influence at court and acted as an adviser to her son after the death of her husband. Some geneticists dispute these findings, however, and "complain that the team used inappropriate analysis techniques."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2011/01/dna-experts-disagree-over-tutankhamun.html |title=DNA experts disagree over Tutankhamun's ancestry |publisher=Archaeology News Network |date=2011-01-22 |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> | |||
| While the data are still incomplete, the study suggests that one of the mummified fetuses found in Tutankhamun's tomb is the daughter of Tutankhamun himself, and the other fetus is probably his child as well. So far only partial data for the two female mummies from ] has been obtained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/09/tut-dna/hawass-text/9 |title=King Tut’s Family Secrets - National Geographic Magazine |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref> One of them, KV21A, may well be the infants' mother and thus, Tutankhamun's wife, ]. It is known from history that she was the daughter of Akhenaten and ], and thus likely to be her husband's half sister. Another consequence of inbreeding can be children whose genetic defects do not allow them to be brought to term. | |||
| The research team consisted of Egyptian scientists ] and ] from the ] in Cairo. The CT scans were conducted under the direction of Ashraf Selim and Sahar Saleem of the Faculty of Medicine at ]. Three international experts served as consultants: Carsten Pusch of the ] of Tübingen, Germany; Albert Zink of the EURAC-Institute for Mummies and the Iceman in Bolzano, Italy;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/institutes/iceman/pages/default.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |title=EURAC research - Research - Institutes - Institute for Mummies and the Iceman - Home |publisher=Eurac.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref> and Paul Gostner of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/09/tut-dna/hawass-text/3 |title=King Tut’s Family Secrets - National Geographic Magazine |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref> | |||
| As stated above, the team discovered DNA from several strains of a parasite proving he was infected with the most severe strain of ] several times in his short life. Malaria can trigger circulatory shock or cause a fatal immune response in the body, either of which can lead to death. If Tutankhamun did suffer from a bone disease which was crippling, it may not have been fatal. “Perhaps he struggled against others until a severe bout of malaria or a leg broken in an accident added one strain too many to a body that could no longer carry the load,” wrote ], archeologist and head of Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquity involved in the research. | |||
| ==Tomb== | |||
| ] | |||
| Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was small relative to his status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before the completion of a grander royal tomb, so that his mummy was buried in a tomb intended for someone else. This would preserve the observance of the customary seventy days between death and burial.<ref>"''The Golden Age of Tutankhamun: Divine Might and Splendour in the New Kingdom''", ], p. 61, American University in Cairo Press, 2004, ISBN 977-424-836-8</ref> | |||
| King ] still rests in his tomb in the ]. November 4, 2007, 85 years to the day after Carter's discovery, the 19-year-old pharaoh went on display in his underground tomb at ], when the linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden sarcophagus to a climate-controlled glass box. The case was designed to prevent the heightened rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/sci_tech/article3129650.ece|title=3,000 years old: the face of Tutankhaten|author=Michael McCarthy|date=2007-10-05|publisher=] | location=London}}</ref> | |||
| ===Discovery of tomb=== | |||
| {{Main|KV62}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Tutankhamun seems to have faded from public consciousness in Ancient Egypt within a short time after his death, and he remained virtually unknown until the 1920s. His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but based on the items taken (including perishable oils and perfumes) and the evidence of restoration of the tomb after the intrusions, it seems clear that these robberies took place within several months at most of the initial burial. Eventually the location of the tomb was lost because it had come to be buried by stone chips from subsequent tombs, either dumped there or washed there by floods. In the years that followed, some huts for workers were built over the tomb entrance, clearly not knowing what lay beneath. When at the end of the twentieth dynasty the Valley of the Kings burials were systematically dismantled, the burial of Tutankhamun was overlooked, presumably because knowledge of it had been lost and his name may have been forgotten. | |||
| ===Exhibitions=== | |||
| {{main|Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| Relics from Tutankhamun's tomb are among the most traveled artifacts in the world. They have been to many countries, but probably the best-known exhibition tour was '']'' tour, which ran from 1972 to 1979. This exhibition was first shown in London at the ] from March 30 until September 30, 1972. More than 1.6 million visitors came to see the exhibition, some queuing for up to eight hours and it was the most popular exhibition in the Museum's history.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The exhibition moved on to many other countries, including the USA, USSR, Japan, France, Canada, and West Germany. ] organized the U.S. exhibition, which ran from November 17, 1976 through April 15, 1979. More than eight million attended. | |||
| In 2004, the tour of Tutankhamun funerary objects entitled "Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter" made up of fifty artifacts from Tutankhamun’s tomb and seventy funerary goods from other ] tombs began in Basle, Switzerland, went to Bonn Germany, the second leg of the tour, and from there toured the United States. The exhibition returned to Europe and to London. The European tour was organised by the Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), and the Egyptian Museum in cooperation with the Antikenmuseum Basel and Sammlung Ludwig. Deutsche Telekom sponsored the Bonn exhibition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/716/he1.htm |title=Al-Ahram Weekly | Heritage | Under Tut's spell |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg |date= |accessdate=2009-07-18}}</ref> | |||
| In 2005, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, in partnership with Arts and Exhibitions International and the National Geographic Society, launched the U.S. tour of the Tutenkahamun treasures and other 18th Dynasty funerary objects this time called "]". It was expected to draw more than three million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kingtut.org/exhibition.htm |title=King Tut exhibition. Tutankhamun & the Golden Age of the Pharaohs. Treasures from the Valley of the Kings |accessdate=2006-08-05 | |||
| |publisher=Arts and Exhibitions International}}</ref> | |||
| The exhibition started in ], then moved to ], ] and ]. The exhibition then moved to ]<ref>{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> before finally returning to Egypt in August 2008. Subsequent events have propelled an encore of the exhibition in the United States, beginning with the ] in October 2008 which hosted the exhibition until May 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dallasmuseumofart.org/Dallas_Museum_of_Art/index.htm |title=Dallas Museum of Art Website |publisher=Dallasmuseumofart.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-18}}</ref> The tour continued to other U.S. cities.<ref>], "{{dead link|date=February 2011}}"</ref> After Dallas the exhibition moved to the ] in ], followed by the ] in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.famsf.org/tut/ |title=Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs | King Tut Returns to San Francisco, June 27, 2009–March 28, 2010 |publisher=Famsf.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-18}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> | |||
| In 2011 the exhibition will visit Australia for the first time, opening at the Melbourne Museum in April for its only Australian stop before Egypt's treasures return to Cairo.<ref></ref> | |||
| The exhibition includes 80 exhibits from the reigns of Tutankhamun's immediate predecessors in the Eighteenth dynasty, such as ], whose trade policies greatly increased the wealth of that dynasty and enabled the lavish wealth of Tutankhamun's burial artifacts, as well as 50 from Tutankhamun's tomb. The exhibition does not include the gold mask that was a feature of the 1972-1979 tour, as the Egyptian government has determined that the mask is too fragile to withstand travel and will never again leave the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article409075.ece?token=null&offset=12|title=CT scan may solve Tutankhamun death riddle|author=Jenny Booth|publisher=The Times|date=2005-01-06 | location=London}}</ref> | |||
| A separate exhibition called "Tutankhamun and the World of the Pharaohs" began at the Ethnological Museum in Vienna from March 9 to September 28, 2008 showing a further 140 treasures from the tomb.<ref> {{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> This exhibition continued to Atlanta and the Indianapolis Children's Museum. | |||
| ===Curse=== | |||
| {{Main|Curse of the Pharaohs}} | |||
| For many years, rumors of a "Curse of the Pharaohs" (probably fueled by newspapers seeking sales at the time of the discovery{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}) persisted, emphasizing the early death of some of those who had first entered the tomb. However, a recent study of journals and death records indicates no statistical difference between the age of death of those who entered the tomb and those on the expedition who did not. | |||
| ==Aftermath of death== | |||
| Although it is unknown how he met his death, the ] indicate that Tutankhamun's wife, recently widowed, wrote to the Hittite king ], asking if she could marry one of his sons, saying that she was very afraid, but would not take one of her own people as husband. However, the son was killed before reaching his new wife. Shortly afterward ] Tutankhamun's ] married Tutankhamun's widow and became Pharaoh as a war between the two countries was fought, and Egypt was left defeated.<ref>Interview with G.A. Gaballa, of Cairo University. "The Hittites: A Civilization that Changed the World" by Cinema Epoch 2004. Directed by Tolga Ornek. Documentary.</ref> | |||
| ==Significance== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Tutankhamun was nine years old when he became pharaoh and reigned for approximately ten years. In historical terms, Tutankhamun's significance stems from his rejection of the radical religious innovations introduced by his predecessor and father, ].<ref>Aude Gros de Beler, ''Tutankhamun'', foreword Aly Maher Sayed, Moliere, ISBN 2-84790-210-4</ref> Secondly, his tomb in the ] was discovered by Carter almost completely intact — the most complete ancient Egyptian royal tomb ever found. As Tutankhamun began his reign at such an early age, his vizier and eventual successor ''Ay'' was probably making most of the important political decisions during Tutankhamun's reign. | |||
| Tutankhamun was one of the few kings worshiped as a god and honored with a cult-like following in his own lifetime.<ref>''Oxford Guide: Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology'', Editor ], p. 85, Berkley, ISBN 0-425-19096-X</ref> A ] discovered at Karnak and dedicated to Amun-Re and Tutankhamun indicates that the king could be appealed to in his deified state for forgiveness and to free the petitioner from an ailment caused by wrongdoing. Temples of his cult were built as far away as in ] and ] in Nubia. The title of the sister of the Viceroy of Kush included a reference to the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult.<ref>"''The Boy Behind the Mask"'', Charlotte Booth, p. 120, Oneworld, 2007, ISBN 978-1-85168-544-8</ref> | |||
| ===In popular culture=== | |||
| {{Main|Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination}} | |||
| If Tutankhamun is the world's best known pharaoh, it is partly because his tomb is among the best preserved, and his image and associated artifacts the most-exhibited. As ] writes, in his foreword to the 1977 edition of Carter's ''The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun'', "The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's kings has become in death the most renowned." As a side effect, the interest in this tomb and its alleged "curse" led to ] featuring a vengeful mummy. | |||
| ====Film and television==== | |||
| * '']'', a 1939 film by the ]. In it, the slapstick comedy trio explore the tomb of the midget King Rutentuten (pronounced "rootin'-tootin'") and his Queen, Hotsy Totsy. A decade later, they were crooked used-chariot salesmen in '']'', in which they ultimately assist a different King Rootentootin (]) with a toothache. | |||
| * ], played by ], was a villain on the ] which aired from 1966 to 1968. Mild-mannered Egyptologist William Omaha McElroy, after suffering a concussion, came to believe he was the reincarnation of Tutankhamun. His response to this knowledge was to embark upon a crime spree that required him to fight against the "Caped Crusaders", Batman and Robin. | |||
| * The ] ] '']'' stars a fictional mummy based on Tutankhamun, named Tutankhensetamun and nicknamed Tutenstein in his afterlife. He is depicted as a lazy and spoiled 10-year-old mummy boy who must guard a magical artifact called the Scepter of Was from the evil Egyptian god of ]. | |||
| * The first episode of the 2005 ] series '']'' focuses on the life and death of Tutankhamun and the serendipitous discovery of his tomb. | |||
| * '']'' (2007 animated film by Philippe Leclerc), features Akhenaten, Tutankhaten (later Tutankhamun), Akhesa (Ankhesenepaten, later Ankhesenamun), Nefertiti, and Horemheb in a complex struggle pitting the priests of Amun against Akhenaten's intolerant monotheism. | |||
| ====Other==== | |||
| * "]", a whimsical 1978 song by (American comedian) "] and the Toot Uncommons" (a backup group consisting of members of the ]). | |||
| * The mummy of Tutankhamun is depicted as a villain in ]'s '']'', a ] superhero comicbook. In this series, his mask is the source of his power. | |||
| * The video game '']'' features a fictional representation of Prince Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun is the victim of an unnamed magical ritual which results in almost instantaneous mummification and extraction of what appears to be his "life force". In the instruction manual, the Mummy is described as young, inexperienced and naive. | |||
| ==Names== | |||
| {{SpecialChars }} | |||
| {{PharaohNamebox | |||
| |HorusHiero= <hiero>E1:D40-t-G43-t-F31-s-t-G43-Z3</hiero> | |||
| |Horus='''𓅃𓃒𓂡𓏏𓅱𓏏𓄟𓋴𓏏𓅱𓏪𓊁''' <br /> ''Kanakht Tutmesut'' <br /> The strong bull, pleasing of birth | |||
| |NebtiHiero= <hiero>nfr-O4:p-G43-M40-Z3-s-W11:r-V28-D36:N17:N17-N21:N21 </hiero><br /><hiero>wr-aH-pr-Z1-i-mn:n nb:r-Dr:r-A41</hiero> | |||
| |Nebti='''𓅒𓄤𓉔𓊪𓅱𓇩𓏪𓋴𓎼𓂋𓎛𓂝𓇿𓇿𓈅𓈅𓅨𓉥𓉐𓏤𓇋𓏠''' '''𓂋𓇥𓂋𓀯'''<br /> ''Neferhepusegerehtawy Werahamun Nebrdjer''<br /> One of perfect laws, who pacifies the two lands; Great of the palace of Amun; Lord of all<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/tutankhamun.html |title= Digital Egypt for Universities: Tutankhamun |accessdate= 2006-08-05 |date=June 22, 2003 |authorlink= |coauthors= |work= |publisher=University College London }}</ref> | |||
| |GoldenHiero=<hiero>U39-N28:Z2-O34-R4:t*p-R8A-HqA-q:Y1-mAat-s</hiero><br /><hiero>Htp:t*p-R8A w-T:z-U39-xa:Z2-i-t:f</hiero><br /><hiero>A41:f-C2-U39-xa:Z2-Tz:z-tA:tA-m</hiero> | |||
| |Golden='''𓅉𓍞𓈍𓏥𓊃𓊵𓏏𓊪𓊹𓊹𓊹𓋾𓈎𓏛𓁦𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓊹𓊹𓊹𓅱𓍿𓊃𓍞𓈍𓏥𓇋𓏏𓆑𓀯𓆑𓁛𓍞𓈍𓏥𓋭𓊃𓇾𓇾𓅓'''<br />''Wetjeskhausehetepnetjeru Heqamaatsehetepnetjeru Wetjeskhauitefre Wetjeskhautjestawyim''<br /> Who wears crowns and pleases the gods; Ruler of Truth, who pleases the gods; Who wears the crowns of his father, Re; Who wears crowns, and binds the two lands therein | |||
| |PrenomenHiero=<hiero>N5-L1-Z2:nb</hiero> | |||
| |Prenomen=''' 𓇓𓆤 𓍹𓇳𓆣𓏥𓎟𓍺'''<br />''Nebkheperure'' <br /> Lord of the forms of Re | |||
| |NomenHiero=<hiero>i-mn:n-t-G43-t-S34 HqA-iwn-Sma</hiero> | |||
| |Nomen='''𓅭𓇳 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓏏𓅱𓏏𓋹𓋾𓉺𓇗𓍺'''<br />''Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema'' <br /> Living Image of Amun, ruler of Upper ] | |||
| }} | |||
| At the reintroduction of traditional religious practice, his name changed. It is transliterated as twt-ˤnḫ-ỉmn ḥq3-ỉwnw-šmˤ, and often realized as '''Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema''', meaning "Living image of Amun, ruler of Upper ]". On his ascension to the throne, Tutankhamun took a ''praenomen''. This is translated as nb-ḫprw-rˤ, and realized as '''Nebkheperure''', meaning "Lord of the forms of ]". The name ''Nibhurrereya'' in the ] may be a variation of this praenomen. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| {{Commons category|Treasure of Tutankhamun}} | |||
| *Andritsos, John. Social Studies of ancient Egypt: Tutankhamun. Australia 2006 | |||
| *Booth, Charlotte. ''The Boy Behind the Mask''", Oneworld, ISBN 978-1-85168-544-8 | |||
| *Brier, Bob. ''The Murder of Tutankhamun: A True Story''. Putnam Adult, April 13, 1998, ISBN 0-425-16689-9 (paperback)/ISBN 0-399-14383-1 (hardcover)/ISBN 0-613-28967-6 (School & Library Binding) | |||
| *Carter, Howard and Arthur C. Mace, ''The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun''. Courier Dover Publications, June 1, 1977, ISBN 0-486-23500-9 ''The semi-popular account of the discovery and opening of the tomb written by the archaeologist responsible'' | |||
| *Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane. Sarwat Okasha (Preface), ''Tutankhamun: Life and Death of a Pharaoh''. New York: New York Graphic Society, 1963, ISBN 0-8212-0151-4 (1976 reprint, hardcover) /ISBN 0-14-011665-6 (1990 reprint, paperback) | |||
| *], ''Treasures of Tutankhamun''. New York: ], 1976, ISBN 0-345-27349-4 (paperback)/ISBN 0-670-72723-7 (hardcover) | |||
| * Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, ''The Mummy of Tutankhamun: the CT Scan Report'', as printed in ''Ancient Egypt'', June/July 2005. | |||
| *Haag, Michael. "The Rough Guide to Tutankhamun: The King: The Treasure: The Dynasty". London 2005. ISBN 1-84353-554-8. | |||
| *Hoving, Thomas. ''The search for Tutankhamun: The untold story of adventure and intrigue surrounding the greatest modern archeological find''. New York: Simon & Schuster, October 15, 1978, ISBN 0-671-24305-5 (hardcover)/ISBN 0-8154-1186-3 (paperback) ''This book details a number of interesting anecdotes about the discovery and excavation of the tomb'' | |||
| *James, T. G. H. ''Tutankhamun''. New York: Friedman/Fairfax, September 1, 2000, ISBN 1-58663-032-6 (hardcover) ''A large-format volume by the former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the ], filled with colour illustrations of the funerary furnishings of Tutankhamun, and related objects'' | |||
| *Neubert, Otto. ''Tutankhamun and the Valley of the Kings''. London: Granada Publishing Limited, 1972, ISBN 583-12141-1 (paperback) ''First hand account of the discovery of the Tomb'' | |||
| *Reeeves, C. Nicholas. ''The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure''. London: Thames & Hudson, November 1, 1990, ISBN 0-500-05058-9 (hardcover)/ISBN 0-500-27810-5 (paperback) ''Fully covers the complete contents of his tomb'' | |||
| *Rossi, Renzo. Tutankhamun. Cincinnati (Ohio) 2007 ISBN 978-0-7153-2763-0, a work all illustrated and coloured. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{commons}} | |||
| * BBC News | |||
| * | |||
| * . See also video at | |||
| * | |||
| * - slideshow by '']'' | |||
| {{Normdaten|LCCN=n/79/066005}} | |||
| {{King Tut}} | |||
| {{Amarna Period Navigator}} | |||
| {{Pharaohs}} | |||
| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ] --> | |||
| |NAME = Tutankhamun | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Tutankhaten | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION = Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH = 1341 BC | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH = ] | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH = 1323 BC | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH = ] | |||
| }} | |||
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Revision as of 23:28, 4 April 2011
King tuts favourte singer waS P-Diddy before Miley Stewart killed him and ate him