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| A new wave of anti-immigrant sentiment had started to emerge in the 1970s, most significanlty with UK's ]; in the early such sentiments gained significant support, most prominently with the elevtoral success of ]'s ] French party, which reached 10% in the ]. Le Pen success will serve as a model for many parties and movements that will emulate him all over Europe.<ref name="Cole97p12"/> | A new wave of anti-immigrant sentiment had started to emerge in the 1970s, most significanlty with UK's ]; in the early such sentiments gained significant support, most prominently with the elevtoral success of ]'s ] French party, which reached 10% in the ]. Le Pen success will serve as a model for many parties and movements that will emulate him all over Europe.<ref name="Cole97p12"/> | ||
| Many scholars have called this new anti-immigrant sentiments, and the ideologies alimenting it, as a new form of racism,<ref name="Cole97p12"/> and the label "new racism" has been particularly influential.<ref name="Chin09">Chin (2009) pp.13, 92, 178-9, 241</ref> | Many scholars have called this new anti-immigrant sentiments, and the ideologies alimenting it, as a new form of racism,<ref name="Cole97p12"/> and the label "new racism" has been particularly influential.<ref name="Chin09">Chin (2009) pp.13, 92, 178-9, 241</ref> This scholars argued that the new racism differentiates itself from the one that led to the rise of the ], by substituting the rethoric of race and biology with that of ].<ref name="Cole97p12"/> | ||
| This sentiments were first expressed by marginal parties, but as they increased their support by attracting voted from mainstream parties, the leaders of such parties, ]<ref>Chin (2009) pp.13, 92, 178-9, 241</ref> and ].<ref>Ginsborg (2003) pp.62, 176</ref><ref>Guild and Minderhoud (2006) p.173</ref> started to embrace some of the same anti-immigrant ideologies.<ref name="Cole97p12">Cole, Jeffrey (1997) , p.11-2</ref> | This sentiments were first expressed by marginal parties, but as they increased their support by attracting voted from mainstream parties, the leaders of such parties, ]<ref>Chin (2009) pp.13, 92, 178-9, 241</ref> and ].<ref>Ginsborg (2003) pp.62, 176</ref><ref>Guild and Minderhoud (2006) p.173</ref> started to embrace some of the same anti-immigrant ideologies.<ref name="Cole97p12">Cole, Jeffrey (1997) , p.11-2</ref> | ||
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New racism is an term coined in 1981 by Marxist professor of film Martin Barker, in the context of the ideologies supporting Margaret Thatcher rise in the UK, to refer to what he believed was racist public discourse depicting immigrants as a threat.
1980s new wave of anti-immigrant sentiment
From the 1980s, the increase in global inequalities between poor and rich countries led to significant immigration flows to Europe, even in those less developed European counties that until the 1970s were more a source of emigration.
A new wave of anti-immigrant sentiment had started to emerge in the 1970s, most significanlty with UK's National Front (United Kingdom); in the early such sentiments gained significant support, most prominently with the elevtoral success of Jean-Marie Le Pen's Front National French party, which reached 10% in the 1984 European elections. Le Pen success will serve as a model for many parties and movements that will emulate him all over Europe.
Many scholars have called this new anti-immigrant sentiments, and the ideologies alimenting it, as a new form of racism, and the label "new racism" has been particularly influential. This scholars argued that the new racism differentiates itself from the one that led to the rise of the Nazis, by substituting the rethoric of race and biology with that of cultural identity.
This sentiments were first expressed by marginal parties, but as they increased their support by attracting voted from mainstream parties, the leaders of such parties, Margaret Thatcher and Bettino Craxi. started to embrace some of the same anti-immigrant ideologies.
Late 2000s resurgence
Main article: Resurgence of racism in Europe 2008-2011The resurgence of racism in Europe 2008-2011, is a trend that sees a significant increase in racist anti-immigrant sentiments all over the Europena countries, and a large increase in the electoral support to anti-immigrant political parties. The trend is in part linked to the ongoing 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession.
See also
Notes
- ^ Chin (2009) pp.13, 92, 178-9, 241
- ^ Cole, Jeffrey (1997) The new racism in Europe: a Sicilian ethnography, p.11-2
- Chin (2009) pp.13, 92, 178-9, 241
- Ginsborg (2003) pp.62, 176
- Guild and Minderhoud (2006) p.173
References
- Chin, Rita C-K (2009). After the Nazi racial state: difference and democracy in Germany and Europe.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Guild, Elspeth and Minderhoud, Paul (2006) Immigration and criminal law in the European Union: the legal measures and social consequences of criminal law in member states on trafficking and smuggling in human beings
- Ginsborg, Paul (2003) Italy and its discontents: family, civil society, state, 1980-2001