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| '''Pribina''' (''c.'' 800–861) was a ] prince whose adventurous career, recorded in the '']'' (a historical work written in 870), illustrates the political volatility of the Franco–Slavic frontiers of his time.<ref>Goldberg 2006, pp. 16., 83-84.</ref> Pribina was the first ruler of Slavic origin to build a ] church on Slavic territory (namely most probably in ] in modern ]), and also the first to accept baptism.<ref>Spiesz ''et al.'' 2006, p. 20.</ref> | |||
| '''Pribina''', also called ''Priwina'' or ''Privina'' by Frankish chronicles, was the ruler and ] of the ] before 833,<ref>{{cite book | |||
| He was attacked and expelled from his homeland by ], the duke of ].<ref name='Curta 333'>Curta 2006, p. 333.</ref> Pribina first fled to Ratpot, one of the ] border lords in the eastern ] of ], but thereafter he was wandering in ] and ] for several years.<ref name='Curta 333'/> Finally ], the king of East Francia granted him lands near ] (now in ]) in the late 830s where Pribina set up his own principality under the king's suzerainty.<ref name='Curta 333'/><ref name='Kirschbaum 232'>Kirschbaum 2007, p. 232.</ref> He died fighting against the ].<ref>Goldberg 2006, p. 267.</ref> | |||
| | last = Kirschbaum | |||
| | first = Stanislav J. | |||
| | authorlink = http://web.as.uky.edu/ssa/biblio/biblio_kirschbaum.htm | |||
| | title = A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival | |||
| | publisher = ]; ] | |||
| | date = March 1995 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | url = http://us.macmillan.com/ahistoryofslovakia | |||
| | isbn = 978-0-312-10403-0 | |||
| | page = 25}}</ref> and established and ruled the ] from 839/840 to 861.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Bagnell Bury | |||
| | first = John | |||
| | title = The Cambridge Medieval History | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | year = 1923 | |||
| | location = Cambridge | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_9IHAAAAIAAJ&q=Balaton+Principality&dq=Balaton+Principality&pgis=1 | |||
| | isbn = | |||
| | page = 211}}</ref> | |||
| The main written source describing his life is ''Libellus de conversione Bagoariorum et Carantanorum'' (i.e. ''Conversio''), created in Salzburg in the 870s. In addition, several buildings discovered by archaeologists in ] and ] are dated to the period of his life. The ''Con | |||
| == Early life == | |||
| 1680 | |||
| versio'' proves that the building of several churches in the region of ] was connected to his activities. | |||
| ==Life== | |||
| According to a marginal notation to the ''Conversion'' that has by now been incorporated into its main text, Pribina's allodial lands were situated ''in Nitrava ultra Danuvium'' where Archbishop ] (821–836) consecrated a church.<ref name='Goldberg 84'>Goldberg 2006, p. 84.</ref><ref name='Bowlus 105'>Bowlus 1994, p. 105.</ref> Since ''Nitrava'' has been identified, although not unanimously, with modern Nitra in Slovakia, Pribina is considered to have ruled the large early medieval fortress excavated at that town.<ref name='Goldberg 84'/><ref name='Bowlus 105'/> The consecration of the church ''in Nitrava'' took place around 827, thus it was the first church in all ] whose existence is documented in writing.<ref name='Goldberg 84'/><ref>Bartl 2002, p. 17.</ref> That the church was consecrated for Pribina himself (who, all the same, still remained a ]), or for his wife cannot be decided.<ref name='Vlasto 24'>Vlasto 1970, p. 24.</ref><ref>Sommer ''et al.'' 2007, p. 221.</ref> She seems to have been a member of the ]n ].<ref name='Goldberg 84'/> | |||
| ] | |||
| The ''Conversio'' mentions that he built a Christian church in his possession in ''Nitrava'' (], ]).<ref>'']: "Cui quondam'' Adalrammus ''archiepiscopus ultra Danubium in sua proprietate loco vocato'' Nitrava ''consecravit ecclesiam." ("For him, Archbishop'' Adalrammus ''consecrated a church over the Danube in his own possession, in a place called'' Nitrava'').''</ref> ] was located approximately in present-day Slovakia and parts of present-day Hungary. Historians are divided about the issue whether Pribina was still a pagan at that time. The church was consecrated by Bishop Adalram of ] in about 828. It was the first known church building of all Western and Eastern Slavs. The church may have served to Christian merchants living in Nitra or to Pribina's ]n wife. In addition, the construction of several castles is attributed to his period. | |||
| In 833, Pribina was expelled from Nitra by the Moravian (''Maravi'') duke ].<ref>{{cite book | |||
| Whether Pribina held ''Nitrava'' as a lieutenant of Mojmír I, the first known ruler of Moravia, or he was – maybe the second or third – prince of ] is still debated by modern historians.<ref name='Vlasto 24'/><ref>Kirschbaum 2007, pp. 207., 232.</ref> Nevertheless, according to the ''Conversion'', he was "driven across the ] by Mojmír, duke of the Moravians" shortly after the defense of the frontier had been taken over by Ratpot in East Francia in around 833.<ref name='Goldberg 84'/><ref>Bowlus 1994, pp. 101., 104., 106.</ref><ref>Bartl 2002, p. 19.</ref> | |||
| | last = Kirschbaum | |||
| | first = Stanislav J. | |||
| | authorlink = http://web.as.uky.edu/ssa/biblio/biblio_kirschbaum.htm | |||
| | title = A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival | |||
| | publisher = ]; ] | |||
| | date = March 1995 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | url = http://us.macmillan.com/ahistoryofslovakia | |||
| | isbn = 978-0-312-10403-0 | |||
| | page = 84}}</ref> The destruction of the castles in ] and Čingov are attributed to his fierce resistance. Modern historians claim that his principality was finally unified to the principality of Mojmír I, forming the core of the latter's ]. Pribina went to count Ratbod who administered the Eastern March, and the count introduced him to king ]. He was baptised on the order of the king.<ref>'']: "In cuius spacio temporis quidam'' Priwina ''exulatus a'' Moimaro ''duce'' Maravorum ''supra Danubium venit ad'' Ratbodum''. Qui statim illum præsentavit domno regi nostro'' Hludowico'', et suo iussu fide instructus baptizatus est in ecclesia sancti Martini loco'' Treisma ''nuncupato, curte videlicet pertinenti ad sedem Iuvavensem." ("In his days, a certain'' Priwina'', who had been expelled by'' Moimarus'', duke of the'' Maravi ''living over the Danube, came to'' Ratbodus''. He introduced him to our Lord the King'' Hludowicus''; and, on the order of the king, he was educated and baptised in Saint Martin's Church in '' Treisma'', i.e., in a grange attached to the See of Salzburg.")''</ref> | |||
| Pribina left Eastern March after a dispute with count Ratbod. He escaped, with his family and retinue, to the ], and tried to persuade Khan Malamir to attack the Franks. Having recently made peace with them, Malamir refused, so Pribina thence moved to the court of ]. Being technically under Ratbod's prefecture, Ratimir's harbouring of Pribina was tantamount to rebellion, so ]ish troops, led by count Ratbod, invaded his territories. Ratimir fled, whilst Pribina sought refuge with Salacho, the Bavarian margrave of ]. Having great sway with Louis the German, Salacho borkered a reconciliation between Pribina and Ratbod<ref>The Struggle for Empire. Kingship and Coflict under Louis the German. 917-976. Pg 83-85. E J Goldberg. ISBN 976-0-8014-3890-5</ref>. Louis gave Pribina extensive lands in '']'' -the region between the Raab, Danube and Drava rivers, centred on the ], as a ].<ref>'']: "Aliqua vero interim occasione percepta, rogantibus prædicti regis fidelibus præstavit rex'' Priwinæ ''aliquam inferioris Pannoniæ in beneficium partem circa fluvium qui dicitur'' Sala''" ("In the meantime, when an opportunity offered, the king, on the request of his above-mentioned faithful men, granted the parts of Lower Pannonia around the river called'' Sala ''to'' Priwina ''as a benefice").''</ref> | |||
| == His wanderings == | |||
| After Pribina's arrival to his new property, he had a fortress built there; shortly afterwards, a settlement called Blatnograd (German Mosapurc or Moosburg, near today's ]) was developing around the fortress. He also had other ] and churches built. Pribina could strengthen his power by gathering people and expanding his territories. On 12 October 848, King ] granted him all the territories he had owned in benefice as a fief.<ref>'']: "...concessit illi in proprium totum quod prius habuit in beneficium.." ("''/The king/ ''...granted him the full possession of everything he had held as a benefice...")''.</ref> | |||
| Having been expelled, Pribina fled to Ratpot, the ] who presented him to Louis the German.<ref name='Bowlus 105'/> The king ordered that Pribina be baptized in the church of ] (]) and then serve with his followers in Ratpot's army.<ref name='Goldberg 84'/> Before long, however, Ratpot and Pribina fell out, and the latter, fearing for his life, fled with his son ] to the ].<ref name='Bowlus 104'>Bowlus 1994, p. 104.</ref> However, ] had by that time made peace with East Francia, thus Pribina was unable to persuade him to act against the ].<ref name='Róna-Tas 243'>Róna-Tas 1999, p. 243.</ref> | |||
| In 861, he supported East Francia in its struggle against Great Moravia and died in a battle against the Great Moravian prince ] (although some authors believe that he died at the hands of Carloman, during his rebellion against his father, Louis the German)<ref>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250.Florin Curta, Paul Stephenson. Pg 133-35</ref>. He was succeeded by his son ]. | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| Subsequently Pribina departed for ], the region ruled by ].<ref name='Bowlus 104'/> Since Lower Pannonia was part of Ratpot's prefecture, Ratimar's harboring of Pribina was tantamount to rebellion.<ref name='Goldberg 84'/> Therefore, in 838 Louis the German sent Ratpot at the head of a large Bavarian army to crush Ratimar, but Pribina and his followers took refuge with the count of ], Salacho.<ref name='Goldberg 84'/><ref name='Bowlus 104'/> In short time the latter brokered a reconciliation between Ratpot and Pribina.<ref name='Goldberg 84'/><ref name='Bowlus 104'/> | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| Louis the German now devised a plan to solve the ongoing instability in Lower Pannonia by making Pribina himself the new client ruler of that region.<ref name='Goldberg 84'/> Subsequently, at the request of his followers, the king granted Pribina lands near Lake Balaton on the river ] (Hungary) where he was to rule as Louis the German's faithful ''dux''.<ref name='Goldberg 84'/><ref name='Bowlus 104'/> | |||
| {{Quote|''Having these things happened, Ratpot took command of the borderlands' defense. In his day one Pribina driven across the Danube by Mojmír, the duke of the Moravians came to Ratpot. Ratpot soon presented him to our lord and king, Louis. By order of the king Pribina was introduced to the faith and baptized in Saint Martin Church in a place called Traismauer, that is to say at a grange belonging to the Archbishopric of Salzburg. In time he was commended to Ratpot with whom he stayed for a time. Meanwhile, however, dissensions began to spring up between them. Feeling anxious about it, Pribina and his men, together with his son Kocil, fled for the land of the Bulgarians. Some time later he left the Bulgarians for'' dux ''Ratimar's territory. At that time king Louis sent Ratpot with a large force to expel prince Ratimar. Having no confidence in being able to defend himself, he took to flight together with his men who had escaped from the massacre. The above mentioned Pribina stopped, and crossed the river Sava, together with his men, where Count Salacho gave shelter to him and brought about his reconciliation with Ratbot. In time, as soon as the occasion arose, the king, at the request of his faithful men, gave Pribina as benefice the region of Lower Pannonia around the Zala River. He then began to live there, to build a fortress in a certain forest and swamp on the Zala River, gathered the surrounding peoples, and greatly thrived in that land. ''|]<ref>Wolfram 1979, pp. 50-53.</ref>}} | |||
| == ''Dux'' in Lower Pannonia == | |||
| ] under Pribina's rule]] | |||
| Pribina's main duty was to gather the groups of Slavs who were fleeing from various directions, and to keep them loyal to the Franks.<ref name='Róna-Tas 243'/> For this purpose, he built a large fortress as his seat of power at modern ], in a territory surrounded by impenetrable forests and swamps along the river Zala.<ref name='Róna-Tas 243'/><ref name='Goldberg 85'>Goldberg 2006, p. 85.</ref> His extremely well fortified castle that became known as ''Moosburg'' or ''Blatnograd''{{fact|date=June 2010}} ("Swamp Fortress") served as a bulwark both against the ] and the Moravians.<ref name='Goldberg 85'/><ref name='Róna-Tas 243'/> | |||
| Pribina undertook to Christianize the local population and built churches in the region.<ref name='Kirschbaum 232'/> At his request, the archbishop of Salzburg consecrated a number of churches in Lower Pannonia, among them one at modern ].<ref>Curta 2006, p. 134.</ref> Pribina also made a donation of three hundred homesteads and vineyards on a knee of the river Zala to the ], which was confirmed in 860 by Louis the German.<ref>Bowlus 1994, p. 134.</ref> | |||
| Pribina seems to have played a prominent role in Louis the German's campaigns against Mojmír.<ref>Goldberg 2006, p. 139.</ref> For example, in 846 the king made a generous gift of one hundred homesteads in the Bavarian marches to him, presumably in order to help supply Pribina's troops in the upcoming campaign.<ref>Goldberg 2006, pp. 139-140.</ref> Moreover, in 847 Louis the German converted all Pribina's ]s near Lake Balaton, save those he held from the archbishop of Salzburg, into personal property in order to reward the Slavic ''dux'' for his loyal service, presumably in the recent campaigns against the ]s and the Moravians.<ref>Goldberg 2006, p. 142.</ref> | |||
| There is some uncertainty about his death.<ref name='Róna-Tas 244'>Róna-Tas 1999, p. 244.</ref> Pribina may have been killed in a battle with the Moravians who supported Louis the German's son, ] in a revolt against the king, or he may have been captured and handed over to the Moravians by Carloman.<ref name='Róna-Tas 244'/><ref>Bartl 2002, p. 20.</ref> His son, Koceľ was installed as the ruler of Lower Pannonia in 864 by Louis the German.<ref>Goldberg 2006, pp. 273-274.</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| == Sources == | |||
| *Bartl, Július (2002). ''Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon''. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 0-86516-444-4. | |||
| *Bowlus, Charles R. (1994). ''Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907''. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3276-3. | |||
| *Curta, Florin (2006). ''Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4. | |||
| *Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). ''Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817–876''. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7529-0. | |||
| *Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (2007). ''Historical Dictionary of Slovakia''. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-5535-9. | |||
| *Róna-Tas, András (1999). ''Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History''. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1. | |||
| *Sommer, Petr; Třeštík, Dušan; Žemlička, Josef; Opačić, Zoë (2007). ''Bohemia and Moravia''. ''In:'' Berend, Nora (2007); ''Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus’, c. 900–1200''; Cambridge University Press; ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2. | |||
| *Spiesz, Anton; Caplovic, Dusan; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006). ''Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe''. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-86516-426-0. | |||
| *Vlasto, A. P. (1970). ''The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07459-2. | |||
| *Wolfram, Herwig (1979). ''Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: Das Weissbuch der Salzburger Kirche über die erfolgreiche Mission in Karantanien und Pannonien''. Böhlau Quellenbücher. ISBN 978-3-20508-361-0. | |||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
| * | * | ||
| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. --> | |||
| | NAME = | |||
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = | |||
| | DATE OF BIRTH = | |||
| | PLACE OF BIRTH = | |||
| | DATE OF DEATH = 860 | |||
| | PLACE OF DEATH = | |||
| }} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 06:31, 6 June 2011
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Pribina, also called Priwina or Privina by Frankish chronicles, was the ruler and Prince of the Principality of Nitra before 833, and established and ruled the Balaton Principality from 839/840 to 861.
The main written source describing his life is Libellus de conversione Bagoariorum et Carantanorum (i.e. Conversio), created in Salzburg in the 870s. In addition, several buildings discovered by archaeologists in Slovakia and Hungary are dated to the period of his life. The Con 1680 versio proves that the building of several churches in the region of Transdanubia was connected to his activities.
Life
The Conversio mentions that he built a Christian church in his possession in Nitrava (Nitra, Slovakia). The Principality of Nitra was located approximately in present-day Slovakia and parts of present-day Hungary. Historians are divided about the issue whether Pribina was still a pagan at that time. The church was consecrated by Bishop Adalram of Salzburg in about 828. It was the first known church building of all Western and Eastern Slavs. The church may have served to Christian merchants living in Nitra or to Pribina's Bavarian wife. In addition, the construction of several castles is attributed to his period.
In 833, Pribina was expelled from Nitra by the Moravian (Maravi) duke Mojmír I. The destruction of the castles in Pobedim and Čingov are attributed to his fierce resistance. Modern historians claim that his principality was finally unified to the principality of Mojmír I, forming the core of the latter's Great Moravian Empire. Pribina went to count Ratbod who administered the Eastern March, and the count introduced him to king Louis the German. He was baptised on the order of the king.
Pribina left Eastern March after a dispute with count Ratbod. He escaped, with his family and retinue, to the Bulgarian Empire, and tried to persuade Khan Malamir to attack the Franks. Having recently made peace with them, Malamir refused, so Pribina thence moved to the court of Ratimir of Pannonia. Being technically under Ratbod's prefecture, Ratimir's harbouring of Pribina was tantamount to rebellion, so Frankish troops, led by count Ratbod, invaded his territories. Ratimir fled, whilst Pribina sought refuge with Salacho, the Bavarian margrave of Carniola. Having great sway with Louis the German, Salacho borkered a reconciliation between Pribina and Ratbod. Louis gave Pribina extensive lands in Lower Pannonia -the region between the Raab, Danube and Drava rivers, centred on the Zala, as a benefice.
After Pribina's arrival to his new property, he had a fortress built there; shortly afterwards, a settlement called Blatnograd (German Mosapurc or Moosburg, near today's Zalavár) was developing around the fortress. He also had other fortified settlements and churches built. Pribina could strengthen his power by gathering people and expanding his territories. On 12 October 848, King Louis the German granted him all the territories he had owned in benefice as a fief. In 861, he supported East Francia in its struggle against Great Moravia and died in a battle against the Great Moravian prince Rastislav (although some authors believe that he died at the hands of Carloman, during his rebellion against his father, Louis the German). He was succeeded by his son Koceľ.
Notes
- Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (March 1995). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; St. Martin's Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-312-10403-0.
{{cite book}}: Check|authorlink=value (help); External link in|authorlink= - Bagnell Bury, John (1923). The Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Macmillan. p. 211.
- Libellus de conversione Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: "Cui quondam Adalrammus archiepiscopus ultra Danubium in sua proprietate loco vocato Nitrava consecravit ecclesiam." ("For him, Archbishop Adalrammus consecrated a church over the Danube in his own possession, in a place called Nitrava).
- Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (March 1995). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; St. Martin's Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-312-10403-0.
{{cite book}}: Check|authorlink=value (help); External link in|authorlink= - Libellus de conversione Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: "In cuius spacio temporis quidam Priwina exulatus a Moimaro duce Maravorum supra Danubium venit ad Ratbodum. Qui statim illum præsentavit domno regi nostro Hludowico, et suo iussu fide instructus baptizatus est in ecclesia sancti Martini loco Treisma nuncupato, curte videlicet pertinenti ad sedem Iuvavensem." ("In his days, a certain Priwina, who had been expelled by Moimarus, duke of the Maravi living over the Danube, came to Ratbodus. He introduced him to our Lord the King Hludowicus; and, on the order of the king, he was educated and baptised in Saint Martin's Church in Treisma, i.e., in a grange attached to the See of Salzburg.")
- The Struggle for Empire. Kingship and Coflict under Louis the German. 917-976. Pg 83-85. E J Goldberg. ISBN 976-0-8014-3890-5
- Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: "Aliqua vero interim occasione percepta, rogantibus prædicti regis fidelibus præstavit rex Priwinæ aliquam inferioris Pannoniæ in beneficium partem circa fluvium qui dicitur Sala" ("In the meantime, when an opportunity offered, the king, on the request of his above-mentioned faithful men, granted the parts of Lower Pannonia around the river called Sala to Priwina as a benefice").
- Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum: "...concessit illi in proprium totum quod prius habuit in beneficium.." ("/The king/ ...granted him the full possession of everything he had held as a benefice...").
- Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250.Florin Curta, Paul Stephenson. Pg 133-35