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| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| {{Main|Israeli–Palestinian conflict|International recognition of the State of Palestine}} | |||
| {{Expand section|date=September 2011}} | |||
| The ] was ] on 15 November 1988 in ] at an extraordinary session in exile of the ]. Legal justification for this act was based on United Nations General Assembly ] of 29 November 1947, which provided for the termination and partition of the ] into two states. In acknowledgement of the declaration, the United Nations upgraded the ] status of the ] (PLO) and accorded it the designation "Palestine", without explicitly referring to it as a state. | |||
| <!-- Including causes --> | |||
| At the Security Council in 1989, the PLO representative acknowledged that 94 member states—at that time a majority—had recognised the new Palestinian state.<ref name="undpsca"/><ref name="reuti"/> It subsequently attempted to gain membership as a state in several ] connected to the United Nations, but its efforts were thwarted by threats from the ] to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quigley, John|year=1990|title=Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice|publisher=Duke University Press|page=231}}</ref> Consequently, applications and letters of accession to various treaties were either withdrawn or deferred indefinitely.<ref name="quigley2009">{{Cite journal|author=Quigley, John|title=The Palestine Declaration to the International Criminal Court: The Statehood Issue|journal=Rutgers Law Record|volume=35|year=2009|url=http://www.lawrecord.com/files/35-rutgers-l-rec-1.pdf|publisher=Rutgers School of Law|location=Newark|accessdate=2010-11-21}}</ref> As a consequence, in November 1989, the Arab League proposed a General Assembly resolution to formally recognise the PLO as the government of an independent Palestinian state. The draft, however, was abandoned when the U.S. again threatened to cut off its financing for the United Nations should the vote go ahead. The Arab states agreed not to press the resolution, but demanded that the U.S. promise not to threaten the United Nations with financial sanctions again.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lewis, Paul|title=Arabs at U.N. Relax Stand on P.L.O.|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/06/world/arabs-at-un-relax-stand-on-plo.html|newspaper=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=6 December 1989|accessdate=2010-11-21}}</ref> | |||
| The PLO subsequently committed itself to ] with Israel brokered by the international community. These begun with the ] in 1991, and resulted in the signing of the ] in 1993, leading to the creation of the Palestinian National Authority. In 2002, a ] of third-party brokers developed a ] aimed at achieving a viable solution to the conflict including the establishment of a Palestinian state. The current outline for a solution was determined and agreed to by both parties during the ] of 2007. | |||
| ===Causes=== | |||
| <!-- '''Reasons for the push to the UN: frustration, settlement encroachment, stalling, unreasonable demands, potential benefits ...''' | |||
| <ref>{{Cite news|author=|title=|url=|date=|newspaper=|accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> | |||
| <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=|url=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> --> | |||
| The push for a statehood resolution at the United Nations is seen as a result of growing frustration among Palestinians over the lack of progress in negotiations, and over the continued expansion of ] in the ]. In 2008, ''The New York Times'' reported that, "Even among the most moderate Palestinians, the credo of a negotiated two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is beginning to erode".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kershner, Isabel|title=Support for 2-State Plan Erodes|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/04/world/middleeast/04state.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 September 2008|accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> Jewish scholar ] described "a sense among Palestinians of almost desperation, that they are being left behind, that the focus for the achievement of a Palestinian two-state solution, a Palestinian state living alongside an Israeli state based on negotiations, has collapsed."<ref name="schleifer">{{Cite news|author=Mintzer, Rebekah|title=Interview: Palestinian bid for statehood could help restart peace process in long run, expert says|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/22/c_131152554.htm|date=22 September 2011|newspaper=Xinhua|accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> In August 2008, the Palestine Strategy Group, composed of government officials, researchers and advisers, published a new strategic position recommending that the leadership transfer the conflict to the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Palestine Strategy Group|title=Regaining the Initiative|url=http://www.palestinestrategygroup.ps/Regaining_the_Initiative_FINAL_17082008_%28English%29.pdf|date=August 2008|accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> It stressed that, given the Israeli government's intransigence, the option of settling the conflict through bilateral negotiations was no longer available.<ref name="eldar">{{Cite news|author=Eldar, Akiva|title=New Palestinian strategy document will make it difficult for U.S. to oppose UN vote|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/new-palestinian-strategy-document-will-make-it-difficult-for-u-s-to-oppose-un-vote-1.381426|date=30 August 2011|newspaper=Haaretz|accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> | |||
| In June 2009, U.S. President ] delivered ] in which he became the first U.S. president to endorse the 1967 borders as the basis for a Palestinian state. He brokered ] between Israel and Palestine the following year, and at the General Assembly session in September 2010, he set a one-year deadline for these negotiations to produce an independent, sovereign state of Palestine admitted as a member.<ref name="schleifer"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Horn, Jordana|title='Palestine new UN member in 2011 if talks succeed' |url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=189067|date=24 September 2010|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> Negotiatons broke down the following month, however, when Prime Minister ] refused to extend his government's moratorium on settlement construction in the West Bank, prompting the Palestinians to disengage.<ref name="schleifer"/> President ] labelled these settlements as an attempt to impose "facts on the ground" and as "the primary obstacle to any peace process".<ref>{{Cite news|author=BBC Monitoring|title=Excerpts of Palestinian PM's maiden speech|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2986895.stm|date=29 April 2003|newspaper=BBC News|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> | |||
| Another factor that has led to the movement is the ]. Schleifer said of President Abbas, "He's very self-conscious I think of the overall atmosphere of change in the Arab world, which dramatises the lack of accomplishment in terms of achieving a Palestinian state through negotiations".<ref name="schleifer"/> | |||
| ==Campaign== | ==Campaign== | ||
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| Part of a series on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Israeli–Palestinian peace process | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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History
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| International brokers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Palestine 194 is the name commonly given to a diplomatic campaign by the Palestinian National Authority to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations at its 66th Session in September 2011. It seeks to effectively gain legal recognition for a Palestinian state based on the borders prior to the Six Day War, with East Jerusalem as its capital. The initiative developed during the two-year impasse in negotiations with Israel that followed the latter's refusal to freeze its settlement activities in the West Bank. It was first reported in late 2009, are is scheduled to culminate on 20 September, when the Arab League will submit an application to the United Nations to accept Palestine as a member state.
The endeavour was formally backed by the League of Arab States in May, and was officially confirmed by the Palestine Liberation Organization on 26 June. The decision has been labelled by the Israeli government as a unilateral step. Several other countries, such as Germany and Canada, have also denounced the decision and called for a prompt return to negotiations. Many others, however, such as Norway and Russia, have endorsed the plan, as has Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who stated, "UN members are entitled whether to vote for or against the Palestinian statehood recognition at the UN." The Palestinian government believes it is essential in order to mitigate the current impasse.
Background
Main articles: Israeli–Palestinian conflict and International recognition of the State of PalestineThe State of Palestine was proclaimed on 15 November 1988 in Algiers at an extraordinary session in exile of the Palestine National Council. Legal justification for this act was based on United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, which provided for the termination and partition of the British Mandate into two states. In acknowledgement of the declaration, the United Nations upgraded the observer status of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and accorded it the designation "Palestine", without explicitly referring to it as a state.
At the Security Council in 1989, the PLO representative acknowledged that 94 member states—at that time a majority—had recognised the new Palestinian state. It subsequently attempted to gain membership as a state in several agencies connected to the United Nations, but its efforts were thwarted by threats from the United States to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine. Consequently, applications and letters of accession to various treaties were either withdrawn or deferred indefinitely. As a consequence, in November 1989, the Arab League proposed a General Assembly resolution to formally recognise the PLO as the government of an independent Palestinian state. The draft, however, was abandoned when the U.S. again threatened to cut off its financing for the United Nations should the vote go ahead. The Arab states agreed not to press the resolution, but demanded that the U.S. promise not to threaten the United Nations with financial sanctions again.
The PLO subsequently committed itself to peace negotiations with Israel brokered by the international community. These begun with the Madrid Conference in 1991, and resulted in the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993, leading to the creation of the Palestinian National Authority. In 2002, a Quartet of third-party brokers developed a road map for peace aimed at achieving a viable solution to the conflict including the establishment of a Palestinian state. The current outline for a solution was determined and agreed to by both parties during the Annapolis Conference of 2007.
Causes
The push for a statehood resolution at the United Nations is seen as a result of growing frustration among Palestinians over the lack of progress in negotiations, and over the continued expansion of settlements in the West Bank. In 2008, The New York Times reported that, "Even among the most moderate Palestinians, the credo of a negotiated two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is beginning to erode". Jewish scholar Abdallah Schleifer described "a sense among Palestinians of almost desperation, that they are being left behind, that the focus for the achievement of a Palestinian two-state solution, a Palestinian state living alongside an Israeli state based on negotiations, has collapsed." In August 2008, the Palestine Strategy Group, composed of government officials, researchers and advisers, published a new strategic position recommending that the leadership transfer the conflict to the United Nations. It stressed that, given the Israeli government's intransigence, the option of settling the conflict through bilateral negotiations was no longer available.
In June 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama delivered a speech in which he became the first U.S. president to endorse the 1967 borders as the basis for a Palestinian state. He brokered direct negotiations between Israel and Palestine the following year, and at the General Assembly session in September 2010, he set a one-year deadline for these negotiations to produce an independent, sovereign state of Palestine admitted as a member. Negotiatons broke down the following month, however, when Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu refused to extend his government's moratorium on settlement construction in the West Bank, prompting the Palestinians to disengage. President Mahmoud Abbas labelled these settlements as an attempt to impose "facts on the ground" and as "the primary obstacle to any peace process".
Another factor that has led to the movement is the Arab Spring. Schleifer said of President Abbas, "He's very self-conscious I think of the overall atmosphere of change in the Arab world, which dramatises the lack of accomplishment in terms of achieving a Palestinian state through negotiations".
Campaign
Further information: International recognition of the State of PalestineDiplomatic efforts to gain support for the bid gained momentum following a succession of endorsements from South America in early 2011. High-level delegations led by Yasser Abed Rabbo, Riyad al-Maliki, Saeb Erekat, Nabil Shaath and Riyad Mansour paid visits to many states. Palestinian ambassadors, assisted by those of other Arab states, were charged with enlisting the support of the governments to which they were accredited. During the lead-up to the vote, Russia, Spain and the People's Republic of China have publicly pledged support the Palestinian bid, as have inter-governmental organisations such as the African Union, and the Non-Aligned Movement.
Israeli counter-measures
Israeli measures to counter the initiative also increased, and Germany, Italy, Canada and the U.S. announced publicly they would vote against the resolution. Israeli and U.S. diplomats began a campaign pressuring many countries to oppose or abstain from the vote. However, because of the "automatic majority" enjoyed by the Palestinians in the General Assembly, the Netanyahu administration has stated that it does not expect to prevent a resolution from passing should it go ahead. In August, Haaretz quoted the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations, Ron Prosor, as stating that Israel stood no chance of altering the outcome of a resolution at the General Assembly by September. "The maximum that we can hope to gain is for a group of states who will abstain or be absent during the vote," wrote Prosor. "Only a few countries will vote against the Palestinian initiative."
Instead, the Israeli government has focused on obtaining a "moral majority" of major democratic powers, in an attempt to diminish the weight of the vote. Considerable weight has been placed on the position of the European Union, which has not yet been announced. EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton has stated that it is likely to depend on the wording of the resolution. At the end of August, Israel's defence minister Ehud Barak told Ashton that Israel was seeking to influence the wording: "It is very important that all the players come up with a text that will emphasise the quick return to negotiations, without an effort to impose pre-conditions on the sides."
Efforts from both Israel and the U.S. have also focused on pressuring the Palestinian leadership to abandon its plans and return to negotiations. In the U.S., Congress passed a bill denouncing the initiative and calling on the Obama administration to veto any resolution that would recognise a Palestinian state declared outside of an agreement negotiated by the two parties. A similar bill was passed in the Senate, which also threatened a withdrawal of aid to the West Bank. In late August, another congressional bill was introduced which proposes to block U.S. government funding for any United Nations entity that supports giving Palestine an elevated status. Several top U.S. officials, including ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice and consul-general in Jerusalem Daniel Rubinstein, made similar threats. In the same month, it was reported that the Israeli Ministry of Finance was withholding its monthly payments to the PNA. Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman warned that if the Palestinians made a unilateral approach to the United Nations, they would be in violation of the Oslo Accords, and Israel would no longer consider itself bound by them. He also recommended cutting all ties with the PNA.
Activist initiatives
The PNA's campaign has seen an increasing level of support in grass-roots activism. Avaaz began an online petition urging all United Nations members to endorse the bid to admit Palestine; it reportedly attained 500,000 e-signatures in its first four days. OneVoice Palestine launched a domestic campaign in partnership with local news agencies, with the aim of getting the involvement and support of Palestinian citizens. Overseas, campaigns were launched in several nations, calling on their governments to vote "yes" in the resolution. On 7 September, a group of Palestinian activists under the banner "Palestine: State No. 194" staged a demonstration outside the United Nations' office in Ramallah. During this they submitted to the office a letter addressed to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, urging him to "exert all possible efforts toward the achievement of the Palestinian people's just demands". The following day, Ban told reporters: "I support ... the statehood of Palestinians; an independent, sovereign state of Palestine. It has been long overdue," but that "recognition of a state is something to be determined by the member states."
Responses
Domestic
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Israel
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International
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Positions of member states
In order for a state to gain membership in the General Assembly, its application must have the support of two-thirds of member states with a prior recommendation for admission from the Security Council. This requires, in particular, the absence of a veto from any the Security Council's five permanent members. At the prospect of a veto from the United States, Palestinian leaders signalled they might opt instead for a more limited upgrade to "non-member state" status, which requires a simple majority in the General Assembly.
Implications
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to itadding to it or making an edit request. (September 2011) |
Foreign Minister Erekat said, "We are not going for a unilateral declaration of the Palestinian state. We declared our state in 1988 and we have embassies in more than 130 countries and more countries are recognising our state on the 1967 borders. The recognition of the Palestinian state is a sovereignty decision by the countries and it doesn't need to happen through the UN." President Abbas said that the State of Palestine was already in existence and that the current battle is to have the state's border recognised. In Salam Fayyad's plan for Palestinian statehood, the 1988 declaration is cited four times, identifying it as having articulated "the foundations of the Palestinian state".
See also
- Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations
- List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel
- Proposals for a Palestinian state
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{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=20388&CategoryId=8`. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)
External links
- Avaaz.org
- Palestine194.org
- Palestine State 194
- OneVoice Palestine
- Analysis by The Huffington Post
- Analysis by Ynet News
- Analysis by The Monkey Cage