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| ==Life cycle== | ==Life cycle== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| This infection is caused by ingestion of eggs shed in the feces of a human ] carrier. Pigs and humans become infected by ingesting eggs or ]s. Humans are infected either by ingestion of food contaminated with feces containing eggs, or by autoinfection. In the latter case, a human infected with adult T. solium can ingest eggs produced by that ], either through fecal contamination or, possibly, from ]s carried into the stomach by reverse ]. Once eggs are ingested, oncospheres hatch in the intestine, invade the intestinal wall, and migrate to striated muscles, as well as the brain, liver, and other tissues, where they develop into ]. In humans, cysts can cause serious ] if they localize in the ], resulting in ]. The parasite life cycle is completed, resulting in human tapeworm infection, when humans ingest undercooked pork containing ]. Cysts evaginate and attach to the small intestine by their ]. Adult ] develop, (up to 2 to 7 m in length and produce less than 1000 ]s, each with approximately 50,000 eggs) and reside in the ] for years. | This infection is caused by ingestion of eggs shed in the feces of a human ] carrier. Pigs and humans become infected as ] by ingesting eggs or ]s. Humans are infected either by ingestion of food contaminated with feces containing eggs, or by autoinfection. In the latter case, a human infected with adult T. solium can ingest eggs produced by that ], either through fecal contamination or, possibly, from ]s carried into the stomach by reverse ]. Once eggs are ingested, oncospheres hatch in the intestine, invade the intestinal wall, and migrate to striated muscles, as well as the brain, liver, and other tissues, where they develop into ]. In humans, cysts can cause serious ] if they localize in the ], resulting in ]. The parasite life cycle is completed, resulting in human tapeworm infection, when humans ingest undercooked pork containing ]. Cysts evaginate and attach to the small intestine by their ]. Adult ] develop, (up to 2 to 7 m in length and produce less than 1000 ]s, each with approximately 50,000 eggs) and reside in the ] for years. | ||
| ==Pathogenesis== | ==Pathogenesis== | ||
Revision as of 19:23, 12 October 2011
| Taenia solium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scolex of Taenia solium | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Cestoda |
| Order: | Cyclophyllidea |
| Family: | Taeniidae |
| Genus: | Taenia |
| Species: | T. solium |
| Binomial name | |
| Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Taenia solium, also called the pork tapeworm, is a cyclophyllid cestode in the family Taeniidae. It infects pigs and humans in Asia, Africa, South America, parts of Southern Europe and pockets of North America. In the larval stage, it causes cysticercosis in humans. Like all cyclophyllid cestodes, T. solium has four suckers on its scolex ("head"). T. solium also has two rows of hooks.
Description
T. solium is normally 2 m to 3 m in length, but can become very large, over 50 m long in some situations.
T. solium has a very similar life cycle to Taenia saginata. Cysticerci have three morphologically distinct types. The common one is the ordinary "cellulose" cysticercus which has a fluid filled bladder that is 0.5 cm to 1.5 cm in length and an invaginated scolex. The intermediate form has a scolex while the "racemose" has no evident scolex but are believed to be larger and much more dangerous. They are 20 cm in length and have 60 ml of fluid and 13% of patients might have all three types in the brain. Humans are usually infected through eating infected pork, fostering adult tapeworms in the intestine, and passing eggs through feces, but autoinfection is also possible. In that case, a cysticercus (a larva sometimes called a "bladder worm") develops in the human and the human acts like an intermediate host. This happens if eggs get to the stomach, usually as a result of contaminated hands, but also due to retroperistalsis. Cysticerci often occur in the central nervous system, which can cause major neurological problems like hydrocephalus, paraplegy, meningitis, convulsions and even death. The condition of having cysticerci in one's body is called cysticercosis.
Eggs can be diagnosed only to the family level, but if a proglottid's uterus is stained with India ink, the number of visible uterine branches can help identify the species: unlike the Taenia saginata uteri, T. solium uteri have only five to ten uterine branches on each side.
Infection with T. solium adults is treated with niclosamide, which is one of the most popular drugs for adult tapeworm infections, as well as for fluke infections. As cysticercosis is a major risk, it is important to wash one's hands before eating and to suppress vomiting if a patient may be infected with T. solium. If neurocysticercosis occurs the drug of choice is either albendazole or praziquantel. These drugs damage the parasites skin internally causing it to disintegrate and is then removed by the host's immune system.
Infection may be prevented with proper disposal of human feces around pigs, cooking meat thoroughly and/or freezing the meat at -10C for 5 days. Most cases occur because infected food handlers contaminate the food.
Life cycle
This infection is caused by ingestion of eggs shed in the feces of a human tapeworm carrier. Pigs and humans become infected as intermediate hosts by ingesting eggs or gravid proglottids. Humans are infected either by ingestion of food contaminated with feces containing eggs, or by autoinfection. In the latter case, a human infected with adult T. solium can ingest eggs produced by that tapeworm, either through fecal contamination or, possibly, from proglottids carried into the stomach by reverse peristalsis. Once eggs are ingested, oncospheres hatch in the intestine, invade the intestinal wall, and migrate to striated muscles, as well as the brain, liver, and other tissues, where they develop into cysticerci. In humans, cysts can cause serious sequelae if they localize in the brain, resulting in neurocysticercosis. The parasite life cycle is completed, resulting in human tapeworm infection, when humans ingest undercooked pork containing cysticerci. Cysts evaginate and attach to the small intestine by their scolex. Adult tapeworms develop, (up to 2 to 7 m in length and produce less than 1000 proglottids, each with approximately 50,000 eggs) and reside in the small intestine for years.
Pathogenesis
Ingestion of T. solium eggs or proglottid rupture within the host intestine can cause larvae to migrate into host tissue and cause cysticercosis. This is the most frequent and severe disease caused by T. solium. In symptomatic cases, a wide spectrum of symptoms may be expressed including headaches, dizziness and occasional seizures. In more severe cases, dementia or hypertension due to perturbation of the normal circulation of cerebrospinal fluid can occur. The severity of cysticercosis depends on location, size and number of parasite larvae in tissues, as well as the host immune response. Other symptoms include sensory deficits, involuntary movements and brain system dysfunction. In children ocular location of cysts is more common than cystation in other locations of the body. If a person is heavily infected with T. solium, it can lead to neurocysticercosis which can lead to epilepsy, seizures, lesions in the brain, blindness and tumor like growths. This kind of patient will also show the low level of eosinophils when they run the blood test.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis requires biopsy of the infected tissue and examination of feces. T. solium eggs and proglottids found in feces diagnoses taeniasis and not cysticercosis. Cysticercosis is diagnosed primarily on confirming the presence of hooks on the scolex of T. solium. Radiological test such as X-ray, CT scans and MRIs can also be used to detect diseases. X-rays are used to identify calcified larvae in the subcutaneous and muscle tissues and CT scans and MRIs are used to find lesions in the brain.
Treatment
PZQ (praziquantel) is the drug of choice for the treatment of T. solium infection. Some consider Niclosamide to be the drug of choice for all types of Tapeworms. For cysticercosis, one can be treated with albendazole combining with steroid to reduce the inflammation. Surgical intervention may be necessary to treat CNS lesions. Albendazole appears to be more effective and a safe drug for Neurocysticercosis, infection of the brain with T. solium larvae.
Prevention and control
The best way to control of getting tapeworms is by not eating under-cooked pork. Moreover, high level of personal hygiene and prevention of fecal contamination of pig foods also play major roles in prevention of getting the parasites.
Epidemiology
T. solium is found worldwide, however, it has shown to be more common in cosmopolitan areas. Because pigs are intermediate hosts of the parasite, completion of the life cycle occurs in regions where humans live in close contact with pigs and eat undercooked pork. Cysticercosis is often seen in areas where poor hygiene allows for contamination of food, soil or water supplies. Prevalence rates in the United States have shown that immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America and South-east Asia account for most of the domestic cases of cysticercosis. Taeniasis and cysticercosis are very rare in predominantly Muslim countries, as Islam forbids the consumption of pork. It is important to note that human cysticercosis is acquired by ingesting T. solium eggs shed in the feces of a human tapeworm carrier via gravid proglottids, and thus can occur in populations that neither eat pork nor share environments with pigs, although, as stated, the completion of the life cycle can occur only where humans live in close contact with pigs and eat pork.
In 1990 and 1991, four unrelated members of an Orthodox Jewish community in New York City developed recurrent seizures and brain lesions which were found to have been caused by cysticercosis from T. solium. In keeping with their religion, none of the patients ate pork; additionally, none had any history of recent foreign travel. Several immediate family members of these four patients with seizures were found to have cysticercus antibodies. The families of the four patients had all employed housekeepers from Latin American countries, and one of the housekeepers tested positive for cysticercus antibodies, leading to the conclusion that the housekeepers were the most likely source of the infections.
See also
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
References
- Rabiela, MT; Rivas, A; Flisser, A (1989). "Morphological types of Taenia solium cysticerci". Parasitology Today. 5 (11): 357–359. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(89)90111-7.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002366/
- Garcia HH, Pretell EJ, Gilman RH, Martinez SM, Moulton LH, Del Brutto OH, Herrera G, Evans CA, Gonzalez AE, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. (2004). "A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis". N Engl J Med. 350 (3): 249–258. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031294. PMID 14724304.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Matthaiou DK, Panos G, Adamidi ES, Falagas ME. (2008). "Albendazole versus praziquantel in the treatment of neurocysticercosis: a meta-analysis of comparative trials". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2 (3): e194. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000194. PMC 2265431. PMID 18335068.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Flisser A. (1988). "Neurocysticercosis in Mexico". Parasitology Today. 4 (5): 131–137. PMID 15463066.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Dworkin, Mark S. (2010). Outbreak Investigations Around the World: Case Studies in Infectious Disease. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. pp. 192–196. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
- Schantz, Peter M.; et al. (September 3, 1992). "Neurocysticercosis in an Orthodox Jewish Community in New York City". New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (10): 692–695. doi:10.1056/NEJM199209033271004. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author1=(help)
External links
- Taenia solium Genome Project - UNAM
- Cysticercosis at DPD
- Taeniasis at Stanford
- Taenia solium at Bioweb
- Parasites in Humans
- ZicodeZoo
- BioLib