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{{Tribes of Israel}} {{Tribes of Israel}}


The '''Tribe of Dan''', also sometimes spelled as "Dann", ({{Hebrew Name|דָּן|Dan|Dān|"Judge"}}) was one of the ]. Though known mostly from biblical sources, they were possibly descendants of the ] ] who joined with ]. Eventually they were excluded from list of sealed tribes for pagan practices. Their descendants settled ], including in Europe and other places. The '''Tribe of Dan''', also sometimes spelled as "Dann", ({{Hebrew Name|דָּן|Dan|Dān|"Judge"}}) was one of the ]. Though known mostly from biblical sources, they were possibly descendants of the ] ] who joined with ]. Eventually they were excluded from list of sealed tribes for pagan practices.


==Origin== ==Origin==
{{Main|Denyen}} {{Main|Denyen}}
] ]

⚫ The most famous Danite was ], whom some suggest is derived from ] tribal legends.<ref>, Peter Lang, 2006. ISBN 3039108522, 9783039108527. p. 278-282</ref>


According to the ], the tribe consisted of descendants of ], a son of ] and ], ] maidservant ({{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|30:4|HE}}). In the Biblical account, Dan is one of the two children of ], Rachel's handmaid and one of Jacob's wives, the other child of Bilhah being ]. Scholars see this as indicating that the authors saw Dan and Naphtali as being not of entirely Israelite origin (hence descendants of ''handmaids'' rather than of full wives).<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> Some have noted that the territory of the ''handmaid tribes'' happens to be the territory closest to the north and eastern borders of Canaan, thus exposing them to ] and ].<ref>'']''</ref> However, other tribes born to wives, including the firstborn Reuben, were also included on the eastern outskirts, and immediately adjacent to Israel's more traditional enemies at the time of their entry to Canaan, the Moabites and Ammonites (wars with Aram and Assyria did not begin until over 500 years after the entry to Canaan- I Kings 11:25, II Kings 15:19). According to the ], the tribe consisted of descendants of ], a son of ] and ], ] maidservant ({{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|30:4|HE}}). In the Biblical account, Dan is one of the two children of ], Rachel's handmaid and one of Jacob's wives, the other child of Bilhah being ]. Scholars see this as indicating that the authors saw Dan and Naphtali as being not of entirely Israelite origin (hence descendants of ''handmaids'' rather than of full wives).<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> Some have noted that the territory of the ''handmaid tribes'' happens to be the territory closest to the north and eastern borders of Canaan, thus exposing them to ] and ].<ref>'']''</ref> However, other tribes born to wives, including the firstborn Reuben, were also included on the eastern outskirts, and immediately adjacent to Israel's more traditional enemies at the time of their entry to Canaan, the Moabites and Ammonites (wars with Aram and Assyria did not begin until over 500 years after the entry to Canaan- I Kings 11:25, II Kings 15:19).

Dan had one child, a son named ].<ref>, Francis Henry Laing. R. Washbourne, 1871. p. 358</ref>


According to the biblical narrative, the tribe had originally tried to settle in the central coastal area of Canaan, but due to enmity with the Philistines who had already settled there, were only able to camp in the hill country overlooking the ], the camp location becoming known as ''Mahaneh Dan'' ("Camps of Dan"). ({{bibleverse-lb||Joshua|19|HE}}) The region they were trying to settle included the area as far north as ], and extending south into the ] in the area of ]; as a result, the modern state of ] refers to the region as ] (''the Dan area''). However, as a consequence of the pressure from the Philistines, the tribe abandoned hopes of settling near the central coast, instead migrating to the north of the country, and after conquering ], refounded it as their capital (renaming it ''Dan''). ({{bibleverse-lb||Judges|18|HE}}) According to the biblical narrative, the tribe had originally tried to settle in the central coastal area of Canaan, but due to enmity with the Philistines who had already settled there, were only able to camp in the hill country overlooking the ], the camp location becoming known as ''Mahaneh Dan'' ("Camps of Dan"). ({{bibleverse-lb||Joshua|19|HE}}) The region they were trying to settle included the area as far north as ], and extending south into the ] in the area of ]; as a result, the modern state of ] refers to the region as ] (''the Dan area''). However, as a consequence of the pressure from the Philistines, the tribe abandoned hopes of settling near the central coast, instead migrating to the north of the country, and after conquering ], refounded it as their capital (renaming it ''Dan''). ({{bibleverse-lb||Judges|18|HE}})


==History== ==History==
According to the ], following the completion of the conquest of ] by the ] tribes after about ],<ref name = "pnxthp">Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)(ISBN 0-8028-4960-1)</ref> ] allocated the land among the twelve tribes. During this time, ] was the prince of the tribe. Dan was allocated the most northerly region, to the north of the ], and west of the ], stretching north as far as ], Dan's main city (which became known as ''Dan''). ({{bibleverse||Joshua|19:40-48|HE}}) According to the ], following the completion of the conquest of ] by the ] tribes after about ],<ref name = "pnxthp">Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)(ISBN 0-8028-4960-1)</ref> ] allocated the land among the twelve tribes. Dan was allocated the most northerly region, to the north of the ], and west of the ], stretching north as far as ], Dan's main city (which became known as ''Dan''). ({{bibleverse||Joshua|19:40-48|HE}})


In the Biblical ] of the ], the tribe of Dan is portrayed as the second largest Israelite tribe (after Judah).<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|1:39|HE}}</ref> Some ] regard the census as being from the ], dating it to around the ], and more likely to reflect the biases of its authors, though this still implies that Dan was one of the largest tribes at a point fresh to the memories of the 7th century BC.<ref>], '']'' (Harper San Francisco) (1987) ISBN 0-06-063035-3</ref><ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Book of Numbers''</ref> In the '']'', which some textual scholars regard as dating from only slightly earlier than the ],<ref>Richard Elliott Friedman, ''Who wrote the Bible?''</ref> Dan is seemingly prophesied to ''leap from Bashan''; scholars are uncertain why this should be since the tribe are not recorded as having ever been resident in the ] plain, which lies to the east of the Jordan.<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Dan''</ref> In the Biblical ] of the ], the tribe of Dan is portrayed as the second largest Israelite tribe (after Judah).<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|1:39|HE}}</ref> Some ] regard the census as being from the ], dating it to around the ], and more likely to reflect the biases of its authors, though this still implies that Dan was one of the largest tribes at a point fresh to the memories of the 7th century BC.<ref>], '']'' (Harper San Francisco) (1987) ISBN 0-06-063035-3</ref><ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Book of Numbers''</ref> In the '']'', which some textual scholars regard as dating from only slightly earlier than the ],<ref>Richard Elliott Friedman, ''Who wrote the Bible?''</ref> Dan is seemingly prophesied to ''leap from Bashan''; scholars are uncertain why this should be since the tribe are not recorded as having ever been resident in the ] plain, which lies to the east of the Jordan.<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Dan''</ref>
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From after the conquest of the land by Joshua until the formation of the first ] in c. ], the Tribe of Dan was a part of a loose confederation of Israelite tribes. No central government existed, and in times of crisis the people were led by ad hoc leaders known as ]. (see the ]) With the growth of the threat from Philistine incursions, the Israelite tribes decided to form a strong centralised monarchy to meet the challenge, and the Tribe of Dan joined the new kingdom with ] as the first king. After the death of Saul, all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul, but after the death of ], Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, the Tribe of Dan joined the other northern Israelite tribes in making ], who was then the king of Judah, king of a re-united Kingdom of Israel. However, on the accession of ], David's grandson, in c. 930 BC the northern tribes split from the ] to reform a Kingdom of Israel as the Northern Kingdom. From after the conquest of the land by Joshua until the formation of the first ] in c. ], the Tribe of Dan was a part of a loose confederation of Israelite tribes. No central government existed, and in times of crisis the people were led by ad hoc leaders known as ]. (see the ]) With the growth of the threat from Philistine incursions, the Israelite tribes decided to form a strong centralised monarchy to meet the challenge, and the Tribe of Dan joined the new kingdom with ] as the first king. After the death of Saul, all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul, but after the death of ], Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, the Tribe of Dan joined the other northern Israelite tribes in making ], who was then the king of Judah, king of a re-united Kingdom of Israel. However, on the accession of ], David's grandson, in c. 930 BC the northern tribes split from the ] to reform a Kingdom of Israel as the Northern Kingdom.


Brandao' (Brandão) is a Portuguese surname, from the three Hebrew particles Bar-An-Dan; Bar means 'son', Am or An means 'tribe', thus Son of the Tribe of Dan is Bar-An-Dan, which becomes Brandão.
⚫ The most celebrated Danite was ], whom some suggest is derived from ] tribal legends.<ref>, Peter Lang, 2006. ISBN 3039108522, 9783039108527. p. 278-282</ref>


===Symbology and landmarks=== ===Symbology===
]
] ]
Modern artists use the "scales of justice" to represent the Tribe of Dan due to {{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|49:16|HE}} referencing Dan judging his people. However, more traditional artists use a serpent to represent Dan, based on {{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|49:17|HE}}. The ], which was the armorial bearer on its banner, and the ], are also symbols associated with the tribe. Colors associated with the tribe's flag included red and white.<ref>, Charles Randall Barnes. Eaton & Mains, 1900. p. 243</ref> Modern artists use the "scales of justice" to represent the Tribe of Dan due to {{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|49:16|HE}}referencing Dan judging his people. However, more traditional artists use a snake to represent Dan, based on {{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|49:17|HE}}.

The ] ] religiously on the ],<ref>, Charles George Herbermann, Edward Aloysius Pace, Condé Bénoist Pallen, Thomas Joseph Shahan, John Joseph Wynne, Andrew Alphonsus MacErlean. Robert Appleton company, 1912. p. 308</ref><ref>, Ignatius Press, 2006. ISBN 0898708346, 9780898708349. p. 70</ref><ref>, Richard Watson. Carlton & Phillips, 1833. p. 180</ref> situated between the ]'s ]<ref name=TA>, John. H. Brownell, Arthur Maurice Smith, Joseph E. Morcombe, Richard Pride, George T. Campbell. J. H. Brownell, 1899. p. 442</ref> and the ]'s diamond.<ref>, Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia. The Grand Lodge, 1873. p. 270</ref>

The tribe's season is ] astrologically.<ref>, H. D. Robinson. H.M. Duhecquet., 1833. p. 311</ref>

The towers of Ailon, Selebi, and ] were notable landmarks of the tribe.<ref>, Sir Robert Smith. J. Murray, 1863. p. 1220</ref>


===Characteristics=== ===Characteristics===
Their primary trade characteristic was ], unusual for the Israeli tribes,<ref>Mediterranean archaeology, Volume 16. University of Sydney. Dept. of Archaeology. 2003. p. 117</ref> and they pursued ].<ref>, Elijah Parish. Samuel T. Armstrong, 1813</ref> In the ] the tribe is said to have stayed on their ships with their belongings.<ref>, Raphael Patai. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 0691009686, 9780691009681. p. 59</ref> Their primary trade characteristic was seafaring, unusual for the Israeli tribes.<ref>Mediterranean archaeology, Volume 16. University of Sydney. Dept. of Archaeology. 2003. p. 117</ref> In the ] the tribe is said to have stayed on their ships with their belongings.<ref>, Raphael Patai. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 0691009686, 9780691009681. p. 59</ref><ref>, Shemaryahu Talmon. BRILL, 1986. ISBN 9652236519, 9789652236517. p. 97</ref><ref>, Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0802849628, 9780802849625. p. 270</ref>


⚫ Many ], also known as ], claim descent from the Tribe of Dan who migrated south into the ], now ] and ],<ref>, Mitchell Geoffrey Bard. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0275970000, 9780275970000. p. 2</ref> during the destruction of the ]. This position is supported by former Sephardic Chief Rabbi ].<ref>, Devorah Kalekin-Fishman. Springer, 2004. ISBN 1402080735, 9781402080739. p. 274</ref> Religious writers have tried to attach the serpent ] God ] to this group, as the practice they suggest was a heterodox form of Ethiopian Judaism.<ref>, Charles Upton. Sophia Perennis, 2005. ISBN 0900588381, 9780900588389. p. 441</ref>
They excelled in ],<ref>, Thomas Scott. S. T. Armstrong, 1832. p. 179</ref> and they were militaristic in nature having lived next to the ], while being aggressive and valorous.<ref name=TM /> Other descriptions include warlike, independent, and freebooters.<ref>, Sir William Smith. Little, Brown, and Company, 1865. p. 186=187</ref> Many decisions were made based on military calculation, such as conquering Laish from the territory of the ] and renaming it Dan.<ref>, Simon Patrick, William Lowth, Richard Arnald, Moses Lowman, Daniel Whitby. Carey and Hart, 1844. p. 80</ref> The conquest is recounted in the story of ].

They were artisans, the tribe including ] and ] as descendants, who possibly introduced architectural knowledge to the ] and ].<ref name=TM>, Morton W. Spencer. The Holliswood Press, 1901. p. 41, 190</ref><ref>, Shemaryahu Talmon. BRILL, 1986. ISBN 9652236519, 9789652236517. p. 97</ref><ref>, Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0802849628, 9780802849625. p. 270</ref>

The tribe was disobedient, continuing to worship ], establishing rival priesthoods, practicing ],<ref>, Walter A. Elwell, Philip Wesley Comfort. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0842370897, 9780842370899. p. 347</ref> and considered the blacksheep of the tribes.<ref>, Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler. Funk and Wagnalls, 1912. p. 423</ref>


==Fate== ==Fate==
As part of the ], the territory of Dan was conquered by the ], ]; the manner of their exile led to ]. They were scattered throughout the world, including in Europe and other places. As part of the ], the territory of Dan was conquered by the ], ]; the manner of their exile led to ].

⚫ ], also known as ], claim descent from the Tribe of Dan, whose members migrated south along with members of the Tribes of Gad, Asher, and Naphtali, into the ], now ] and ],<ref>, Mitchell Geoffrey Bard. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0275970000, 9780275970000. p. 2</ref> during the destruction of the ]. This position is supported by former Sephardic Chief Rabbi ].<ref>, Devorah Kalekin-Fishman. Springer, 2004. ISBN 1402080735, 9781402080739. p. 274</ref> They are said to have fought with the natives.<ref>, Abraham Melamed. Psychology Press, 2003. ISBN 0700715878, 9780700715879. p. 153</ref> Religious writers have tried to attach the serpent ] God ] to this group, as the practice they suggest was a heterodox form of Ethiopian Judaism.<ref>, Charles Upton. Sophia Perennis, 2005. ISBN 0900588381, 9780900588389. p. 441</ref>


According to the ] (7:4-8), the tribe of Dan is the only original tribe of Israel which is not included in the list of tribes which are sealed. No mention is made of why they are excluded. It could be because of their pagan practices.<ref>, Richard R. Losch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0802828051, 9780802828057. p. 83</ref> This made ] and a few ] apparently claim that the Antichrist will come from the tribe of Dan.<ref>, Mark W. Bartusch. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0826466575, 9780826466570. p. 4</ref><ref>, Jerry L. Walls. Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 0199735883, 9780199735884. p. 371</ref> According to the ] (7:4-8), the tribe of Dan is the only original tribe of Israel which is not included in the list of tribes which are sealed. No mention is made of why they are excluded. It could be because of their pagan practices.<ref>, Richard R. Losch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0802828051, 9780802828057. p. 83</ref> This made ] and a few ] apparently claim that the Antichrist will come from the tribe of Dan.<ref>, Mark W. Bartusch. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0826466575, 9780826466570. p. 4</ref><ref>, Jerry L. Walls. Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 0199735883, 9780199735884. p. 371</ref>

Revision as of 00:49, 18 November 2011

For the 1990s band, see Dan Donovan (guitarist). For the post 2011 Boston-based Band Tribe of Dan, see Dan Fallon (performance artist).
Tribes of Israel
The Tribes of Israel
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The Tribe of Dan, also sometimes spelled as "Dann", (Hebrew: דָּן, Modern: Dan, Tiberian: Dān, "Judge") was one of the Tribes of Israel. Though known mostly from biblical sources, they were possibly descendants of the Denyen Sea Peoples who joined with Hebrews. Eventually they were excluded from list of sealed tribes for pagan practices.

Origin

Main article: Denyen
The territory of Judah appears in orange at the south on this map of the tribes.

The most famous Danite was Samson, whom some suggest is derived from Denyen tribal legends.

According to the Torah, the tribe consisted of descendants of Dan, a son of Jacob and Bilhah, Rachel's maidservant (Genesis 30:4). In the Biblical account, Dan is one of the two children of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid and one of Jacob's wives, the other child of Bilhah being Naphtali. Scholars see this as indicating that the authors saw Dan and Naphtali as being not of entirely Israelite origin (hence descendants of handmaids rather than of full wives). Some have noted that the territory of the handmaid tribes happens to be the territory closest to the north and eastern borders of Canaan, thus exposing them to Assyria and Aram. However, other tribes born to wives, including the firstborn Reuben, were also included on the eastern outskirts, and immediately adjacent to Israel's more traditional enemies at the time of their entry to Canaan, the Moabites and Ammonites (wars with Aram and Assyria did not begin until over 500 years after the entry to Canaan- I Kings 11:25, II Kings 15:19).

According to the biblical narrative, the tribe had originally tried to settle in the central coastal area of Canaan, but due to enmity with the Philistines who had already settled there, were only able to camp in the hill country overlooking the Sorek Valley, the camp location becoming known as Mahaneh Dan ("Camps of Dan"). (Joshua 19) The region they were trying to settle included the area as far north as Joppa, and extending south into the Shephelah in the area of Timnah; as a result, the modern state of Israel refers to the region as Gush Dan (the Dan area). However, as a consequence of the pressure from the Philistines, the tribe abandoned hopes of settling near the central coast, instead migrating to the north of the country, and after conquering Laish, refounded it as their capital (renaming it Dan). (Judges 18)

History

According to the Hebrew Bible, following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes after about 1200 BCE, Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes. Dan was allocated the most northerly region, to the north of the Galilee, and west of the Jordan, stretching north as far as Laish, Dan's main city (which became known as Dan). (Joshua 19:40–48)

In the Biblical census of the Book of Numbers, the tribe of Dan is portrayed as the second largest Israelite tribe (after Judah). Some textual scholars regard the census as being from the Priestly Source, dating it to around the 7th century BC, and more likely to reflect the biases of its authors, though this still implies that Dan was one of the largest tribes at a point fresh to the memories of the 7th century BC. In the Blessing of Moses, which some textual scholars regard as dating from only slightly earlier than the deuteronomist, Dan is seemingly prophesied to leap from Bashan; scholars are uncertain why this should be since the tribe are not recorded as having ever been resident in the Bashan plain, which lies to the east of the Jordan.

From after the conquest of the land by Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel in c. 1050 BC, the Tribe of Dan was a part of a loose confederation of Israelite tribes. No central government existed, and in times of crisis the people were led by ad hoc leaders known as Judges. (see the Book of Judges) With the growth of the threat from Philistine incursions, the Israelite tribes decided to form a strong centralised monarchy to meet the challenge, and the Tribe of Dan joined the new kingdom with Saul as the first king. After the death of Saul, all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul, but after the death of Ish-bosheth, Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, the Tribe of Dan joined the other northern Israelite tribes in making David, who was then the king of Judah, king of a re-united Kingdom of Israel. However, on the accession of Rehoboam, David's grandson, in c. 930 BC the northern tribes split from the House of David to reform a Kingdom of Israel as the Northern Kingdom.

Brandao' (Brandão) is a Portuguese surname, from the three Hebrew particles Bar-An-Dan; Bar means 'son', Am or An means 'tribe', thus Son of the Tribe of Dan is Bar-An-Dan, which becomes Brandão.

Symbology

Scales of justice emblem of the tribe

Modern artists use the "scales of justice" to represent the Tribe of Dan due to Genesis 49:16referencing Dan judging his people. However, more traditional artists use a snake to represent Dan, based on Genesis 49:17.

Characteristics

Their primary trade characteristic was seafaring, unusual for the Israeli tribes. In the Song of Deborah the tribe is said to have stayed on their ships with their belongings.

Many Ethiopian Jews, also known as Beta Israel, claim descent from the Tribe of Dan who migrated south into the Kingdom of Kush, now Ethiopia and Sudan, during the destruction of the First Temple. This position is supported by former Sephardic Chief Rabbi Ovadia Yosef. Religious writers have tried to attach the serpent voodoo God Danbhala to this group, as the practice they suggest was a heterodox form of Ethiopian Judaism.

Fate

As part of the Kingdom of Israel, the territory of Dan was conquered by the Assyrians, and exiled; the manner of their exile led to their further history being lost.

According to the Book of Revelation (7:4-8), the tribe of Dan is the only original tribe of Israel which is not included in the list of tribes which are sealed. No mention is made of why they are excluded. It could be because of their pagan practices. This made Hippolytus of Rome and a few Millennialists apparently claim that the Antichrist will come from the tribe of Dan.

The tribes of Joseph and of Levi are mentioned in Revelation 7:5-8, while they were not commonly counted as tribes elsewhere. In most listings of the twelve tribes Levi is omitted, since the inheritance of Levi are the sacrifices of Israel and not an allotment of territory. Ordinarily Ephraim and the Tribe of Manasseh take the place of Joseph to keep the number of tribes at twelve once Levi is excluded. If Dan were excluded from Revelation 7:5-8 due to its being a seat of idolatry in the Northern Kingdom, perhaps the same reasoning might account for the exclusion of Ephraim since the other seat of idolatry in the Northern Kingdom was Bethel, situated in the territory of Ephraim. However, in Numbers 1:32, the tribe of Ephraim is clearly referenced as representing the "children of Joseph," thus, Ephraim appears to be a euphemism for Joseph, explaining Ephraim's apparent omission in Revelation chapter 7.

See also

References

  1. "Samson: the hero and the man : the story of Samson", Peter Lang, 2006. ISBN 3039108522, 9783039108527. p. 278-282
  2. Jewish Encyclopedia
  3. Peake's commentary on the Bible
  4. Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)(ISBN 0-8028-4960-1)
  5. Numbers 1:39
  6. Richard Elliott Friedman, Who Wrote the Bible? (Harper San Francisco) (1987) ISBN 0-06-063035-3
  7. Jewish Encyclopedia, Book of Numbers
  8. Richard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible?
  9. Jewish Encyclopedia, Dan
  10. Mediterranean archaeology, Volume 16. University of Sydney. Dept. of Archaeology. 2003. p. 117
  11. "The Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times", Raphael Patai. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 0691009686, 9780691009681. p. 59
  12. "King, cult, and calendar in ancient Israel: collected studies", Shemaryahu Talmon. BRILL, 1986. ISBN 9652236519, 9789652236517. p. 97
  13. "Women in scripture: a dictionary of named and unnamed women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books, and the New Testament", Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0802849628, 9780802849625. p. 270
  14. "From tragedy to triumph: the politics behind the rescue of Ethiopian Jewry", Mitchell Geoffrey Bard. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0275970000, 9780275970000. p. 2
  15. "Ideology, policy, and practice: education for immigrants and minorities in Israel today", Devorah Kalekin-Fishman. Springer, 2004. ISBN 1402080735, 9781402080739. p. 274
  16. "The system of Antichrist: truth & falsehood in postmodernism and the New Age Religious", Charles Upton. Sophia Perennis, 2005. ISBN 0900588381, 9780900588389. p. 441
  17. "The uttermost part of the earth: a guide to places in the Bible", Richard R. Losch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0802828051, 9780802828057. p. 83
  18. "Understanding Dan: an exegetical study of a biblical city, tribe and ancestor", Mark W. Bartusch. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0826466575, 9780826466570. p. 4
  19. "The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology", Jerry L. Walls. Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 0199735883, 9780199735884. p. 371

External links

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