Misplaced Pages

Tribe of Dan: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 02:38, 20 November 2011 editHeironymous Rowe (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers25,668 edits WP:RELIABLE, WP:FRINGE← Previous edit Revision as of 02:47, 20 November 2011 edit undoWheres Dan (talk | contribs)198 edits Undid revision 461528280 by Heironymous Rowe (talk) You've removed sources already approved by editors, as well as supported by other wiki cited material--everything is properNext edit →
Line 10: Line 10:
According to the ], the tribe consisted of descendants of ], a son of ] and ], ] maidservant ({{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|30:4|HE}}). In the Biblical account, Dan is one of the two children of ], Rachel's handmaid and one of Jacob's wives, the other child of Bilhah being ]. Scholars see this as indicating that the authors saw Dan and Naphtali as being not of entirely Israelite origin (hence descendants of ''handmaids'' rather than of full wives).<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> Some have noted that the territory of the ''handmaid tribes'' happens to be the territory closest to the north and eastern borders of Canaan, thus exposing them to ] and ].<ref>'']''</ref> However, other tribes born to wives, including the firstborn Reuben, were also included on the eastern outskirts, and immediately adjacent to Israel's more traditional enemies at the time of their entry to Canaan, the Moabites and Ammonites (wars with Aram and Assyria did not begin until over 500 years after the entry to Canaan- I Kings 11:25, II Kings 15:19). According to the ], the tribe consisted of descendants of ], a son of ] and ], ] maidservant ({{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|30:4|HE}}). In the Biblical account, Dan is one of the two children of ], Rachel's handmaid and one of Jacob's wives, the other child of Bilhah being ]. Scholars see this as indicating that the authors saw Dan and Naphtali as being not of entirely Israelite origin (hence descendants of ''handmaids'' rather than of full wives).<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> Some have noted that the territory of the ''handmaid tribes'' happens to be the territory closest to the north and eastern borders of Canaan, thus exposing them to ] and ].<ref>'']''</ref> However, other tribes born to wives, including the firstborn Reuben, were also included on the eastern outskirts, and immediately adjacent to Israel's more traditional enemies at the time of their entry to Canaan, the Moabites and Ammonites (wars with Aram and Assyria did not begin until over 500 years after the entry to Canaan- I Kings 11:25, II Kings 15:19).


The tribe was the last to be receive its territorial inheritance.<ref>, George Laurens Petrie. Neale, 1910. p. 111</ref><ref>, James Glentworth Butler. Funk & Wagnalls, 1889. p. 129</ref> According to the biblical narrative, the tribe had originally tried to settle in the central coastal area of Canaan, but due to enmity with the Philistines who had already settled there, were only able to camp in the hill country overlooking the ], the camp location becoming known as ''Mahaneh Dan'' ("Camps of Dan"). ({{bibleverse-lb||Joshua|19|HE}}) The region they were trying to settle included the area as far north as ], and extending south into the ] in the area of ]; as a result, the modern state of ] refers to the region as ] (''the Dan area''). However, as a consequence of the pressure from the Philistines, the tribe abandoned hopes of settling near the central coast, instead migrating to the north of the country, and after conquering ], refounded it as their capital (renaming it ''Dan''). ({{bibleverse-lb||Judges|18|HE}}) During the ] they were led by their prince ] and their chief spy was ]. The tribe was the last to be receive its territorial inheritance.<ref>, George Laurens Petrie. Neale, 1910. p. 111</ref><ref>, James Glentworth Butler. Funk & Wagnalls, 1889. p. 129</ref> During the time of the land divisions, they were led by their prince ], who was appointed by ] as an apportioner of the land of ] amongst the tribes.<ref>, Publisher Continuum International Publishing Group, 1995. ISBN 0567094774, 9780567094773. p. 180</ref>
According to the biblical narrative, the tribe had originally tried to settle in the central coastal area of Canaan, but due to enmity with the Philistines who had already settled there, were only able to camp in the hill country overlooking the ], the camp location becoming known as ''Mahaneh Dan'' ("Camps of Dan"). ({{bibleverse-lb||Joshua|19|HE}}) The region they were trying to settle included the area as far north as ], and extending south into the ] in the area of ]; as a result, the modern state of ] refers to the region as ] (''the Dan area''). However, as a consequence of the pressure from the Philistines, the tribe abandoned hopes of settling near the central coast, instead migrating to the north of the country, and after conquering ], refounded it as their capital (renaming it ''Dan''). ({{bibleverse-lb||Judges|18|HE}})


==History== ==History==
According to the ], following the completion of the conquest of ] by the ] tribes after about ],<ref name = "pnxthp">Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)(ISBN 0-8028-4960-1)</ref> ] allocated the land among the twelve tribes. Dan was allocated the most northerly region, to the north of the ], and west of the ], stretching north as far as ], Dan's main city (which became known as ''Dan''). ({{bibleverse||Joshua|19:40-48|HE}}) The tribe was subjected to historical negativism and suppression by ] historicans.<ref name=UD /> According to the ], following the completion of the conquest of ] by the ] tribes after about ],<ref name = "pnxthp">Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)(ISBN 0-8028-4960-1)</ref> ] allocated the land among the twelve tribes. Dan was allocated the most northerly region, to the north of the ], and west of the ], stretching north as far as ], Dan's main city (which became known as ''Dan''). ({{bibleverse||Joshua|19:40-48|HE}})


In the Biblical ] of the ], the tribe of Dan is portrayed as the second largest Israelite tribe (after Judah).<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|1:39|HE}}</ref> Some ] regard the census as being from the ], dating it to around the ], and more likely to reflect the biases of its authors, though this still implies that Dan was one of the largest tribes at a point fresh to the memories of the 7th century BC.<ref>], '']'' (Harper San Francisco) (1987) ISBN 0-06-063035-3</ref><ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Book of Numbers''</ref> In the '']'', which some textual scholars regard as dating from only slightly earlier than the ],<ref>Richard Elliott Friedman, ''Who wrote the Bible?''</ref> Dan is seemingly prophesied to ''leap from Bashan''; scholars are uncertain why this should be since the tribe are not recorded as having ever been resident in the ] plain, which lies to the east of the Jordan.<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Dan''</ref> In the Biblical ] of the ], the tribe of Dan is portrayed as the second largest Israelite tribe (after Judah).<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|1:39|HE}}</ref> Some ] regard the census as being from the ], dating it to around the ], and more likely to reflect the biases of its authors, though this still implies that Dan was one of the largest tribes at a point fresh to the memories of the 7th century BC.<ref>], '']'' (Harper San Francisco) (1987) ISBN 0-06-063035-3</ref><ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Book of Numbers''</ref> In the '']'', which some textual scholars regard as dating from only slightly earlier than the ],<ref>Richard Elliott Friedman, ''Who wrote the Bible?''</ref> Dan is seemingly prophesied to ''leap from Bashan''; scholars are uncertain why this should be since the tribe are not recorded as having ever been resident in the ] plain, which lies to the east of the Jordan.<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Dan''</ref>
Line 21: Line 23:
The most celebrated Danite was ], whom some suggest is derived from ] tribal legends.<ref>, Peter Lang, 2006. ISBN 3039108522, 9783039108527. p. 278-282</ref> The most celebrated Danite was ], whom some suggest is derived from ] tribal legends.<ref>, Peter Lang, 2006. ISBN 3039108522, 9783039108527. p. 278-282</ref>


===Symbology=== ===Symbology and landmarks===
] ]
Modern artists use the "scales of justice" to represent the Tribe of Dan due to {{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|49:16|HE}}referencing Dan judging his people. However, more traditional artists use a snake to represent Dan, based on {{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|49:17|HE}}. Modern artists use the "scales of justice" to represent the Tribe of Dan due to {{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|49:16|HE}}referencing Dan judging his people. However, more traditional artists use a ] to represent Dan, based on {{bibleverse-lb||Genesis|49:17|HE}}. The ] is also a symbol associated with the tribe. Colors associated with the tribe's flag included red and white.<ref name=DO>, Charles Randall Barnes. Eaton & Mains, 1900. p. 243-244</ref>

The ] ] religiously on the ],<ref>, Charles George Herbermann, Edward Aloysius Pace, Condé Bénoist Pallen, Thomas Joseph Shahan, John Joseph Wynne, Andrew Alphonsus MacErlean. Robert Appleton company, 1912. p. 308</ref><ref>, Ignatius Press, 2006. ISBN 0898708346, 9780898708349. p. 70</ref><ref>, Richard Watson. Carlton & Phillips, 1833. p. 180</ref> situated between the ]'s ]<ref name=TA>, John. H. Brownell, Arthur Maurice Smith, Joseph E. Morcombe, Richard Pride, George T. Campbell. J. H. Brownell, 1899. p. 442</ref> and the ]'s diamond.<ref>, Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia. The Grand Lodge, 1873. p. 270</ref>

The towers of Ailon, Selebi, and ] were notable landmarks of the tribe.<ref>, Sir Robert Smith. J. Murray, 1863. p. 1220</ref>


===Characteristics=== ===Characteristics===
Their primary trade characteristic was seafaring, unusual for the Israeli tribes.<ref>Mediterranean archaeology, Volume 16. University of Sydney. Dept. of Archaeology. 2003. p. 117</ref> In the ] the tribe is said to have stayed on their ships with their belongings.<ref>, Raphael Patai. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 0691009686, 9780691009681. p. 59</ref><ref>, Shemaryahu Talmon. BRILL, 1986. ISBN 9652236519, 9789652236517. p. 97</ref><ref>, Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0802849628, 9780802849625. p. 270</ref> Their primary trade characteristic was seafaring, unusual for the Israeli tribes, and they engaged in fishing and ].<ref>Mediterranean archaeology, Volume 16. University of Sydney. Dept. of Archaeology. 2003. p. 117</ref><ref name=DO /> In the ] the tribe is said to have stayed on their ships with their belongings.<ref>, Raphael Patai. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 0691009686, 9780691009681. p. 59</ref><ref>, Shemaryahu Talmon. BRILL, 1986. ISBN 9652236519, 9789652236517. p. 97</ref><ref>, Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0802849628, 9780802849625. p. 270</ref>

They were artisans and craftsmen,<ref>, Othniel Margalith. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1994. ISBN 3447035161, 9783447035163. p. 122</ref> the tribe including ] and ] as descendants.<ref name=UD>, Mark W. Bartusch. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0826466575, 9780826466570. p. 41, 44-47</ref><ref>, Shemaryahu Talmon. BRILL, 1986. ISBN 9652236519, 9789652236517. p. 97</ref><ref>, Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0802849628, 9780802849625. p. 270</ref>

They relied on ] and were warlike,<ref name=UD /><ref>, Alfred Jones. Kregel Publications, 1990. ISBN 0825429617, 9780825429613. p. 91</ref> evident during their conquest of Laish recounted in the story of ].

====Archeology====
Excavations have unearthed a large number of collared-rim jars, ], ], ], ], and ] objects at ] dated from the 11th and 12th century BC, which have been ascribed to the tribe, indicating an ] nature.<ref>, Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0826485715, 9780826485717. p. 131</ref><ref>, Seymour Gitin, American Schools of Oriental Research. Eisenbrauns, 1989. ISBN 0897570499, 9780897570497. p. 71-73</ref>


==Fate== ==Fate==

Revision as of 02:47, 20 November 2011

For the 1990s band, see Dan Donovan (guitarist).
Tribes of Israel
The Tribes of Israel
Other tribes
Related topics

The Tribe of Dan, also sometimes spelled as "Dann", (Hebrew: דָּן, Modern: Dan, Tiberian: Dān, "Judge") was one of the Tribes of Israel. Though known mostly from biblical sources, they were possibly descendants of the Denyen Sea Peoples who joined with Hebrews. Eventually they were excluded from list of sealed tribes for pagan practices.

Origin

Main article: Denyen
The territory of Judah appears in orange at the south on this map of the tribes.

According to the Torah, the tribe consisted of descendants of Dan, a son of Jacob and Bilhah, Rachel's maidservant (Genesis 30:4). In the Biblical account, Dan is one of the two children of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid and one of Jacob's wives, the other child of Bilhah being Naphtali. Scholars see this as indicating that the authors saw Dan and Naphtali as being not of entirely Israelite origin (hence descendants of handmaids rather than of full wives). Some have noted that the territory of the handmaid tribes happens to be the territory closest to the north and eastern borders of Canaan, thus exposing them to Assyria and Aram. However, other tribes born to wives, including the firstborn Reuben, were also included on the eastern outskirts, and immediately adjacent to Israel's more traditional enemies at the time of their entry to Canaan, the Moabites and Ammonites (wars with Aram and Assyria did not begin until over 500 years after the entry to Canaan- I Kings 11:25, II Kings 15:19).

During the Exodus they were led by their prince Ahiezer and their chief spy was Ammiel. The tribe was the last to be receive its territorial inheritance. During the time of the land divisions, they were led by their prince Bukki, who was appointed by Moses as an apportioner of the land of Canaan amongst the tribes.

According to the biblical narrative, the tribe had originally tried to settle in the central coastal area of Canaan, but due to enmity with the Philistines who had already settled there, were only able to camp in the hill country overlooking the Sorek Valley, the camp location becoming known as Mahaneh Dan ("Camps of Dan"). (Joshua 19) The region they were trying to settle included the area as far north as Joppa, and extending south into the Shephelah in the area of Timnah; as a result, the modern state of Israel refers to the region as Gush Dan (the Dan area). However, as a consequence of the pressure from the Philistines, the tribe abandoned hopes of settling near the central coast, instead migrating to the north of the country, and after conquering Laish, refounded it as their capital (renaming it Dan). (Judges 18)

History

The tribe was subjected to historical negativism and suppression by Deuteronomistic historicans. According to the Hebrew Bible, following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes after about 1200 BCE, Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes. Dan was allocated the most northerly region, to the north of the Galilee, and west of the Jordan, stretching north as far as Laish, Dan's main city (which became known as Dan). (Joshua 19:40–48)

In the Biblical census of the Book of Numbers, the tribe of Dan is portrayed as the second largest Israelite tribe (after Judah). Some textual scholars regard the census as being from the Priestly Source, dating it to around the 7th century BC, and more likely to reflect the biases of its authors, though this still implies that Dan was one of the largest tribes at a point fresh to the memories of the 7th century BC. In the Blessing of Moses, which some textual scholars regard as dating from only slightly earlier than the deuteronomist, Dan is seemingly prophesied to leap from Bashan; scholars are uncertain why this should be since the tribe are not recorded as having ever been resident in the Bashan plain, which lies to the east of the Jordan.

From after the conquest of the land by Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel in c. 1050 BC, the Tribe of Dan was a part of a loose confederation of Israelite tribes. No central government existed, and in times of crisis the people were led by ad hoc leaders known as Judges. (see the Book of Judges) With the growth of the threat from Philistine incursions, the Israelite tribes decided to form a strong centralised monarchy to meet the challenge, and the Tribe of Dan joined the new kingdom with Saul as the first king. After the death of Saul, all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul, but after the death of Ish-bosheth, Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, the Tribe of Dan joined the other northern Israelite tribes in making David, who was then the king of Judah, king of a re-united Kingdom of Israel. However, on the accession of Rehoboam, David's grandson, in c. 930 BC the northern tribes split from the House of David to reform a Kingdom of Israel as the Northern Kingdom.

The most celebrated Danite was Samson, whom some suggest is derived from Denyen tribal legends.

Symbology and landmarks

Scales of justice emblem of the tribe

Modern artists use the "scales of justice" to represent the Tribe of Dan due to Genesis 49:16referencing Dan judging his people. However, more traditional artists use a serpent to represent Dan, based on Genesis 49:17. The eagle is also a symbol associated with the tribe. Colors associated with the tribe's flag included red and white.

The sapphire represented the tribe religiously on the ephod of the high priest, situated between the Tribe of Judah's emerald and the Tribe of Naphtali's diamond.

The towers of Ailon, Selebi, and Emmaus Nicopolis were notable landmarks of the tribe.

Characteristics

Their primary trade characteristic was seafaring, unusual for the Israeli tribes, and they engaged in fishing and commerce. In the Song of Deborah the tribe is said to have stayed on their ships with their belongings.

They were artisans and craftsmen, the tribe including Hiram Abiff and Aholiab as descendants.

They relied on stratagems and were warlike, evident during their conquest of Laish recounted in the story of Micah's Idol.

Archeology

Excavations have unearthed a large number of collared-rim jars, crucibles, pits, tuyeres, furnaces, and metal objects at Tel Dan dated from the 11th and 12th century BC, which have been ascribed to the tribe, indicating an industrial nature.

Fate

As part of the Kingdom of Israel, the territory of Dan was conquered by the Assyrians, and exiled; the manner of their exile led to their further history being lost.

Ethiopian Jews, also known as Beta Israel, claim descent from the Tribe of Dan, whose members migrated south along with members of the Tribes of Gad, Asher, and Naphtali, into the Kingdom of Kush, now Ethiopia and Sudan, during the destruction of the First Temple. This position is supported by former Sephardic Chief Rabbi Ovadia Yosef. They are said to have fought with the natives. Religious writers have tried to attach the serpent voodoo God Danbhala to this group, as the practice they suggest was a heterodox form of Ethiopian Judaism.

According to the Book of Revelation (7:4-8), the tribe of Dan is the only original tribe of Israel which is not included in the list of tribes which are sealed. No mention is made of why they are excluded. It could be because of their pagan practices. This made Hippolytus of Rome and a few Millennialists apparently claim that the Antichrist will come from the tribe of Dan.

The tribes of Joseph and of Levi are mentioned in Revelation 7:5-8, while they were not commonly counted as tribes elsewhere. In most listings of the twelve tribes Levi is omitted, since the inheritance of Levi are the sacrifices of Israel and not an allotment of territory. Ordinarily Ephraim and the Tribe of Manasseh take the place of Joseph to keep the number of tribes at twelve once Levi is excluded. If Dan were excluded from Revelation 7:5-8 due to its being a seat of idolatry in the Northern Kingdom, perhaps the same reasoning might account for the exclusion of Ephraim since the other seat of idolatry in the Northern Kingdom was Bethel, situated in the territory of Ephraim. However, in Numbers 1:32, the tribe of Ephraim is clearly referenced as representing the "children of Joseph," thus, Ephraim appears to be a euphemism for Joseph, explaining Ephraim's apparent omission in Revelation chapter 7.

See also

References

  1. Jewish Encyclopedia
  2. Peake's commentary on the Bible
  3. "Jacob's sons", George Laurens Petrie. Neale, 1910. p. 111
  4. "The Bible-work, the Old Testament: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1st and 2nd Samuel, 1 Chronicles XI., 1 Kings I-XI., 2 Chronicles I-IX", James Glentworth Butler. Funk & Wagnalls, 1889. p. 129
  5. "The Aramaic Bible: Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Numbers", Publisher Continuum International Publishing Group, 1995. ISBN 0567094774, 9780567094773. p. 180
  6. ^ "Understanding Dan: an exegetical study of a biblical city, tribe and ancestor", Mark W. Bartusch. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0826466575, 9780826466570. p. 41, 44-47
  7. Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)(ISBN 0-8028-4960-1)
  8. Numbers 1:39
  9. Richard Elliott Friedman, Who Wrote the Bible? (Harper San Francisco) (1987) ISBN 0-06-063035-3
  10. Jewish Encyclopedia, Book of Numbers
  11. Richard Elliott Friedman, Who wrote the Bible?
  12. Jewish Encyclopedia, Dan
  13. "Samson: the hero and the man : the story of Samson", Peter Lang, 2006. ISBN 3039108522, 9783039108527. p. 278-282
  14. ^ "Dictionary of the Bible: biographical, geographical, historical, and doctrinal", Charles Randall Barnes. Eaton & Mains, 1900. p. 243-244
  15. "The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church, Volume 14", Charles George Herbermann, Edward Aloysius Pace, Condé Bénoist Pallen, Thomas Joseph Shahan, John Joseph Wynne, Andrew Alphonsus MacErlean. Robert Appleton company, 1912. p. 308
  16. "Catholic Bible-RSV", Ignatius Press, 2006. ISBN 0898708346, 9780898708349. p. 70
  17. "A Biblical and theological dictionary", Richard Watson. Carlton & Phillips, 1833. p. 180
  18. "The American tyler-keystone: devoted to freemasonry and its concerdant others, Volume 14", John. H. Brownell, Arthur Maurice Smith, Joseph E. Morcombe, Richard Pride, George T. Campbell. J. H. Brownell, 1899. p. 442
  19. "Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of free and accepted masons of the District of Columbia, Volume 2", Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia. The Grand Lodge, 1873. p. 270
  20. "A Dictionary of the Bible: Red-Sea-Zuzims", Sir Robert Smith. J. Murray, 1863. p. 1220
  21. Mediterranean archaeology, Volume 16. University of Sydney. Dept. of Archaeology. 2003. p. 117
  22. "The Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times", Raphael Patai. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 0691009686, 9780691009681. p. 59
  23. "King, cult, and calendar in ancient Israel: collected studies", Shemaryahu Talmon. BRILL, 1986. ISBN 9652236519, 9789652236517. p. 97
  24. "Women in scripture: a dictionary of named and unnamed women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books, and the New Testament", Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0802849628, 9780802849625. p. 270
  25. "The Sea Peoples in the Bible", Othniel Margalith. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1994. ISBN 3447035161, 9783447035163. p. 122
  26. "King, cult, and calendar in ancient Israel: collected studies", Shemaryahu Talmon. BRILL, 1986. ISBN 9652236519, 9789652236517. p. 97
  27. "Women in scripture: a dictionary of named and unnamed women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books, and the New Testament", Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0802849628, 9780802849625. p. 270
  28. "Jones' Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names", Alfred Jones. Kregel Publications, 1990. ISBN 0825429617, 9780825429613. p. 91
  29. "Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land", Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0826485715, 9780826485717. p. 131
  30. "Recent excavations in Israel: studies in Iron Age archaeology", Seymour Gitin, American Schools of Oriental Research. Eisenbrauns, 1989. ISBN 0897570499, 9780897570497. p. 71-73
  31. "From tragedy to triumph: the politics behind the rescue of Ethiopian Jewry", Mitchell Geoffrey Bard. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0275970000, 9780275970000. p. 2
  32. "Ideology, policy, and practice: education for immigrants and minorities in Israel today", Devorah Kalekin-Fishman. Springer, 2004. ISBN 1402080735, 9781402080739. p. 274
  33. "The image of the Black in Jewish culture: a history of the other", Abraham Melamed. Psychology Press, 2003. ISBN 0700715878, 9780700715879. p. 153
  34. "The system of Antichrist: truth & falsehood in postmodernism and the New Age Religious", Charles Upton. Sophia Perennis, 2005. ISBN 0900588381, 9780900588389. p. 441
  35. "The uttermost part of the earth: a guide to places in the Bible", Richard R. Losch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0802828051, 9780802828057. p. 83
  36. "Understanding Dan: an exegetical study of a biblical city, tribe and ancestor", Mark W. Bartusch. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0826466575, 9780826466570. p. 4
  37. "The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology", Jerry L. Walls. Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 0199735883, 9780199735884. p. 371
Categories: