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| The '''Persian Gulf''' (]: خليج فارس, ''Khaleej-é-Fars'', in ]: ''Al-Khalīj Al-Fārisī'' الخليج الفارسي), in the ] region, it is an extension of the ] located between ] (]) and the ]. Persian Gulf Arabs and their states usually refer to the water body as the ''Arabian Gulf'' (in {{lang-ar| الخلیج العربي}}, ''Al-Khalij Al-Arabi'', which is in fact the ancient name of the ]) but this is not commonly used in English and other languages and is not acknowledged by organizations such as the ]. See ]. | The '''Persian Gulf''' (]: خليج فارس, ''Khaleej-é-Fars'', in ]: ''Al-Khalīj Al-Fārisī'' الخليج الفارسي), in the ] region, it is an extension of the ] located between ] (]) and the ]. Persian Gulf Arabs and their states usually refer to the water body as the '''''Arabian Gulf''''' (in {{lang-ar| الخلیج العربي}}, ''Al-Khalij Al-Arabi'', which is in fact the ancient name of the ]) but this is not commonly used in English and other languages and is not acknowledged by organizations such as the ]. See ]. | ||
| This inland sea of some 233,000 km² is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the ], and its western end is marked by the major ] of ], which carries the waters of the ] and the ]. Its length is 989 kilometres separating mainly Iran from Saudi Arabia with the shortest divide of about 56 kilometres in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow and have a maximum depth of 90 metres, and an average depth of 50 metres. | This inland sea of some 233,000 km² is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the ], and its western end is marked by the major ] of ], which carries the waters of the ] and the ]. Its length is 989 kilometres separating mainly Iran from Saudi Arabia with the shortest divide of about 56 kilometres in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow and have a maximum depth of 90 metres, and an average depth of 50 metres. | ||
Revision as of 01:32, 31 March 2006
The Persian Gulf (Persian: خليج فارس, Khaleej-é-Fars, in Arabic: Al-Khalīj Al-Fārisī الخليج الفارسي), in the Middle East region, it is an extension of the Gulf of Oman located between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. Persian Gulf Arabs and their states usually refer to the water body as the Arabian Gulf (in Template:Lang-ar, Al-Khalij Al-Arabi, which is in fact the ancient name of the Red Sea) but this is not commonly used in English and other languages and is not acknowledged by organizations such as the United Nations. See Persian Gulf naming dispute.
This inland sea of some 233,000 km² is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz, and its western end is marked by the major river delta of Arvand/Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris. Its length is 989 kilometres separating mainly Iran from Saudi Arabia with the shortest divide of about 56 kilometres in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow and have a maximum depth of 90 metres, and an average depth of 50 metres.
Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are (clockwise, from the north): Iran, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast, Bahrain on an island, Kuwait and Iraq in the northwest. Various small islands lie within the Persian Gulf.
The oil-rich Arab countries (excluding Iraq) that have a coastline on the Persian Gulf are referred to as the Persian Gulf States. They are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
The Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the world's largest single source of crude oil and related industries dominate the region.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the Iraq-Iran War that lasted from 1980 to 1988, with each side attacking the other's oil tankers. In 1991 the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or "The Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The natural environment of the Persian Gulf is very rich with good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs and pearl oysters in abundance, but has become increasingly under pressure due to the heavy industrialisation and in particular the repeated major oil spillages associated with various recent wars fought in the region.
British Residency of the Persian Gulf (1763 -1971) :
- 1763: British Residency established at Bushir in Persia by the British East India Company.
- 8 Jan 1820 - 15 Mar 1820:Treaty with the "Trucial Coast States" and Bahrain, abolishing slave trade and forbidding piracy and warfare between the states (This last point was never fully implemented).
- 1822: Persian Gulf Residency established by Britain.
- 1822 - 1873: Subordinated to the governor of Bombay.
- 1835: Treaty with the Trucial States, installing a truce of six months a year, during the pearling season.
- 1843: Treaty renews the treaty of 1835 for ten years.
- 1853:T reaty with Trucial States, renewing the treaty of 1835 for an unlimited period.
- 1873 - 1947: Subordinate to British India (from 1946 resident in Bahrain).
- 1861: Protectorate treaty with Bahrain (completed by treaties of 2 Dec 1880 and 1892).
- 8 Mar 1892: Informal protectorate with Oman and formal protectorate with the Trucial States.
- 1899: Protectorate treaty with Kuwait (completed 3 Nov 1914).
- 3 Nov 1916: Protectorate treaty with Qatar.
- 16 Dec 1971: End of British protectorate presence in the Persian Gulf.
Agents:
- 1763 - 1812 : ....
- c.1798 : Mirza Mahdi Ali Khan
- c.1810 : Hankey Smith
- 1812 - 1822 : William Bruce (acting to 1813)
Chief political residents of the Persian Gulf :
- (for Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States)
- 1822 - 1823 : John Mcleod
- 1823 - 1827 : Ephraim Gerrish Stannus
- 1827 - 1831 : David Wilson
- 1831 - 1835 : David Alexander Blane
- 1835 - 1838 : James Morrison
- 1838 - 1852 : Samuel Hennell
- 1852 - 1856 : Arnold Burrowes Kemball
- 1856 - 1862 : James Felix Jones
- 1862 : Herbert Frederick Disbrowe (acting)
- 1862 - 1872: Lewis Pelly
- 1872 - 1891: Edward Charles Ross
- 1891 - 1893 : Adelbert Cecil Talbot
- 1893 : Stuart Hill Godfrey (acting)
- 1893 : James Hayes Sadler (1st time)(acting)
- 1893: James Adair Crawford (acting)
- 1893 - 1894 : James Hayes Sadler (2nd time)(acting)
- 1894 - 1897 : Frederick Alexander Wilson
- 1897 - 1900 : Malcolm John Meade
- 1900 - 1904 : Charles Arnold Kemball (acting)
- 1904 - 1920: Percy Zachariah Cox
- - Acting for Cox -
- 1913 - 1914 : John Gordon Lorimer
- 1914 : Richard Lockinton Birdwood
- 1914 : Stuart George Knox (1st time)
- 1915 : Stuart George Knox (2nd time)
- 1915 - 1917 : Arthur Prescott Trevor (1st time)
- 1917 - 1919 : John Hugo Bill
- 1919 : Cecil Hamilton Gabriel
- 1919 - 1920: Arthur Prescott Trevor (2nd time)
Chief Political Residents :
- 1920: Arnold Talbot Wilson (acting)
- 1920 - 1924 : Arthur Prescott Trevor
- 1924 - 1927 : Francis Bellville Prideaux
- 1927 - 1928 : Lionel Berkeley Holt Haworth
- 1928 - 1929 : Frderick William Johnston
- 1929 : Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett (acting)
- 1929 - 1932: Hugh Vincent Biscoe
- 1932 - 1939: Trenchard Craven William Fowle
- 1939 - 1946: Charles Geoffrey Prior
- 1946 - 1953:William Rupert Hay(from 1952, Sir William)
- 22 Oct 1953 - 1958:Bernard Alexander Brocas(from 1955, Sir Bernard)
- 1958 - 1961 Sir George Humphrey Middleton
- 1961 - 1966 Sir William Henry Tucker Luce
- 1966 - 1970 Sir Robert Stewart Crawford
- 1970 - 15 Aug 1971: Sir Geoffrey Arthur
See also
External links
- The Persian Gulf, Information, history and resources of the Persian Gulf
- The Portuguese in the Arabian peninsula and in the Persian Gulf
- Persian Gulf Region
- Persian Gulf Pavillion of Tehran Int'l Book Fair
- Publication of Historical Maps of the Persian Gulf in Tehran
- Factsheet on the Legal and Historical Usage of the "Persian Gulf" - ISG MIT
- The Persian Gulf: The Politics of Geographic Renaming