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| ==Outline of the events== | ==Outline of the events== | ||
| On the initiative of |
On the initiative of a Slovak priest ], the Slovak inhabitants of Černová decided to build their own Catholic church, financed in part with ]' money. Construction started in April 1907 and by the autumn, the church was ready for consecration.<ref name="cernova">http://www.cernova.sk/sublinks/cernovska_masakra1.html {{sk icon}}</ref> | ||
| At that time, Hlinka was suspended by his bishop ] because he supported the |
At that time, Hlinka was suspended by his bishop ] because he supported the ] opponent of the Catholic People's Party in an election campaign. Moreover, Hlinka was sentenced to two years in jail because his campaign speeches were considered ] according to §172 of the 1878 Hungarian ].<ref> - 1878. évi V. törvénycikk a magyar büntetőtörvénykönyv a büntettekről és vétségekről ''(Act No. 5 (1878): on the Hungarian Penal Code for crimes and offences)''</ref>{{Or|date=May 2011}} However, the inhabitants requested that Hlinka should consecrate the church; otherwise' they requested that the consecration be delayed in a letter written by Hlinka.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}. Párvy gave his consent to that. In a second letter, also written by Hlinka,{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}, the people requested that Hlinka be present at the consecration and in a third one, that Hlinka himself would consecrate the church. Párvy — according to ] — refused to cancel Hlinka' suspension. Instead, he appointed ] Anton Kurimsky, the former ] of ]. | ||
| Hlinka was |
Hlinka was preparing for a lecture tour in ]. Before he left, the people of Černová again wrote a letter to Bishop Párvy. He delayed the consecration with a few days, but reappointed Kurimsky. When Hlinka left, he told the people: ''"If you want, consecrate the church, if not, well, not!"''. The people were not aware of canon law, and Hlinka did not tell them that he had no right to consecrate the church.{{Or|date=May 2011}} Instead of explaining it, he left his followers with the belief that they had the right to review the bishop's decision. This lack of disclosure was one of the main factors leading to the tragedy.{{Or|date=May 2011}} | ||
| Dean Pazúrik, Hlinka's superior upon learning the new date, asked for a further delay so Hlinka could return to take part. The bishop agreed, but Hlinka wrote in his response (24 October): ''"I won't participate on the consecration on any conditions.... Try to dissuade Kurimsky if you can and you yourself consecrate the church. I also don't want to be present because I don't want to be responsible for any possible events."'' {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} This letter makes clear that Hlinka was aware of the risk of "possible events" (though probably not a ]), but he refused to return to calm |
Dean Pazúrik, Hlinka's superior, upon learning the new date, asked for a further delay so Hlinka could return to take part. The bishop agreed, but Hlinka wrote in his response (24 October): ''"I won't participate on the consecration on any conditions.... Try to dissuade Kurimsky if you can and you yourself consecrate the church. I also don't want to be present because I don't want to be responsible for any possible events."'' {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} This letter makes clear that Hlinka was aware of the risk of "possible events" (though probably not a ]), but he refused to return to calm his people.{{Or|date=May 2011}} Although he was suspended as a parish priest, he was welcome to participate as a worshiper but seemed to be too offended to do so. | ||
| The people of Černová knew nothing about this letter and kept |
The people of Černová knew nothing about this letter and kept agitating in favor of Hlinka. | ||
| ] came to sanctify the church on 27 October in a ] with 15 Hungarian<ref>{{cite book|last=Wingfield|first=Nancy Meriwether |title=reating the other: ethnic conflict and nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R43P5vJQDkoC&pg=PA170&dq=cernova+hungarian+gendarmes&ei=sCwVTIbhJ47ezQTE5bS9Cg&cd=5#v=onepage&q=cernova%20hungarian%20gendarmes&f=false}}</ref> gendarmes (according to Roman Holec, the majority of them was of ] origin<ref name="holec"> Interview with Roman Holec, historian</ref> according to some sources, others<ref name="Felak 1994 12">{{cite book|last=Felak|first=James Ramon |title=At the price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929-1938|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|pages=12|year=1994}}</ref> list their ethnicity as Magyar). When the coach turned into the narrow street leading to the church, the crowd |
] came to sanctify the church on 27 October in a ] with 15 Hungarian<ref>{{cite book|last=Wingfield|first=Nancy Meriwether |title=reating the other: ethnic conflict and nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R43P5vJQDkoC&pg=PA170&dq=cernova+hungarian+gendarmes&ei=sCwVTIbhJ47ezQTE5bS9Cg&cd=5#v=onepage&q=cernova%20hungarian%20gendarmes&f=false}}</ref> gendarmes (according to Roman Holec, the majority of them was of ] origin<ref name="holec"> Interview with Roman Holec, historian</ref> according to some sources, others<ref name="Felak 1994 12">{{cite book|last=Felak|first=James Ramon |title=At the price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929-1938|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|pages=12|year=1994}}</ref> list their ethnicity as Magyar). When the coach turned into the narrow street leading to the church, the crowd of some 400 local people obstructed its path. After being attacked by the mob throwing stones{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}, the gendarmes lost control and ] Ján Ladiczky,<ref name="holec" /> an ethnic Slovak<ref></ref> gave the order to open fire. The gendarmes fired four times, killing 15 people, seriously wounding 12 and lightly injuring 40.<ref>http://www.cernova.sk/sublinks/cernovska_masakra3.html {{sk icon}}</ref> | ||
| ==Consequences== | ==Consequences== | ||
Revision as of 14:34, 28 January 2012
The Černová massacre (or Černová tragedy, Template:Lang-sk, Template:Lang-hu or Csernova Affair) was a shooting that happened in Csernova (then in the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary, today Černová, part of Ružomberok, Slovakia) on 27 October 1907 in which 15 people were killed and many were wounded after gendarmes fired into a crowd of people gathering for the consecration of a church. The shootings sparked protests in the European and United States press and turned world's attention to the minorities in the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary.
Outline of the events
On the initiative of a Slovak priest Andrej Hlinka, the Slovak inhabitants of Černová decided to build their own Catholic church, financed in part with Slovak Americans' money. Construction started in April 1907 and by the autumn, the church was ready for consecration.
At that time, Hlinka was suspended by his bishop Sándor Párvy because he supported the anti-clerical opponent of the Catholic People's Party in an election campaign. Moreover, Hlinka was sentenced to two years in jail because his campaign speeches were considered incitement according to §172 of the 1878 Hungarian Penal Code. However, the inhabitants requested that Hlinka should consecrate the church; otherwise' they requested that the consecration be delayed in a letter written by Hlinka.. Párvy gave his consent to that. In a second letter, also written by Hlinka,, the people requested that Hlinka be present at the consecration and in a third one, that Hlinka himself would consecrate the church. Párvy — according to canon law — refused to cancel Hlinka' suspension. Instead, he appointed Canon Anton Kurimsky, the former parish priest of Ružomberok.
Hlinka was preparing for a lecture tour in Moravia. Before he left, the people of Černová again wrote a letter to Bishop Párvy. He delayed the consecration with a few days, but reappointed Kurimsky. When Hlinka left, he told the people: "If you want, consecrate the church, if not, well, not!". The people were not aware of canon law, and Hlinka did not tell them that he had no right to consecrate the church. Instead of explaining it, he left his followers with the belief that they had the right to review the bishop's decision. This lack of disclosure was one of the main factors leading to the tragedy.
Dean Pazúrik, Hlinka's superior, upon learning the new date, asked for a further delay so Hlinka could return to take part. The bishop agreed, but Hlinka wrote in his response (24 October): "I won't participate on the consecration on any conditions.... Try to dissuade Kurimsky if you can and you yourself consecrate the church. I also don't want to be present because I don't want to be responsible for any possible events." This letter makes clear that Hlinka was aware of the risk of "possible events" (though probably not a massacre), but he refused to return to calm his people. Although he was suspended as a parish priest, he was welcome to participate as a worshiper but seemed to be too offended to do so.
The people of Černová knew nothing about this letter and kept agitating in favor of Hlinka.
Martin Pazúrik came to sanctify the church on 27 October in a coach with 15 Hungarian gendarmes (according to Roman Holec, the majority of them was of Slovak origin according to some sources, others list their ethnicity as Magyar). When the coach turned into the narrow street leading to the church, the crowd of some 400 local people obstructed its path. After being attacked by the mob throwing stones, the gendarmes lost control and sergeant Ján Ladiczky, an ethnic Slovak gave the order to open fire. The gendarmes fired four times, killing 15 people, seriously wounding 12 and lightly injuring 40.
Consequences
Many could politically capitalize on the events, Czech and Slovak nationalists in general, and Hlinka himself in particular. On the one hand, Hlinka's appeal against his 1906 verdict was rejected, thus, on November 30, 1907 Hlinka started to serve his jail term in the Csillagbörtön (Star Prison), Szeged. On the other hand, Hlinka appealed with success his suspension at the Holy See, so it was cancelled on 8 April 1909. When Hlinka left the prison, bishop Párvy appointed him again to his Ružomberok parish, and Hlinka consecrated the church in Černová with Párvy's consent.
The tragedy sparked huge protests in the European and US press and it turned world's attention to the attitude to the minorities in Hungary. Important protesting European personalities included the Norwegian Nobel Prize holder Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, the Oxford historian Robert William Seton-Watson, the speaker of the Austrian parliament etc.
Today's Slovak politicians—especially the members of the Slovak National Party—even though all perpetrators were Slovaks, interpret the event as "Hungarian gendarmes shooting at innocent Slovaks" (during the legal actions after the massacre, some gendarmes refused to testify as witnesses, because the victims were their relatives). With many of their claims regarding the events, the Slovak National Party continues to perpetuate a "false myth of Černová". Some Slovak sources claim that the gendarmes were ethnic Hungarian even though there were very small number of ethnic Hungarians in the region where the gendarmes were recruited According to Slovak historian Roman Holec, professor at the Komenský University the majority of the gendarmes had Slovak origin and were from Liptó county. (According to the official 1910 census, over 90% of the population were ethnic Slovaks in that county.) They were nevertheless honored for the deed, because they were in the service of Hungarian state and in that time it was the decisive factor (regardless of their ethnic origin). Yet both the rioters and the gendarmes can be held responsible for the massacre. The rioters were violent due to the lack of fear from getting shot at (i.e. that the sergeant would refrain from giving an order of fire or use blanks). The gendarmes on the other hand were shooting in all directions instead of aiming for feet or into the air (most victims died due to their head and chest injuries).
See also
References
- Oakes, Elizabeth; Roman, Eric (2003). "Historical dictionary A-Z". Austria-Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present (European Nations). Facts on File. p. 456. ISBN 978-0816045372.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - http://www.cernova.sk/sublinks/cernovska_masakra1.html Template:Sk icon
- 1000 év törvényei - 1878. évi V. törvénycikk a magyar büntetőtörvénykönyv a büntettekről és vétségekről (Act No. 5 (1878): on the Hungarian Penal Code for crimes and offences)
- Wingfield, Nancy Meriwether. reating the other: ethnic conflict and nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe.
- ^ Roman Holec szerint egyes politikusok régi mítoszokat próbálnak újraéleszteni Interview with Roman Holec, historian
- ^ Felak, James Ramon (1994). At the price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929-1938. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 12.
- Slota újabb kirohanása: tovább sértegeti a magyarokat
- http://www.cernova.sk/sublinks/cernovska_masakra3.html Template:Sk icon
- Egy elfelejtett sortűz nyomában A szóvivő Rafael Rafaj aláírásával ellátott dokumentum annak ellenére ápolja tovább csernova hamis mítoszát, hogy egy évtizede már komoly, a legendákkal, tévhitekkel leszámoló monográfia szól az esetről egy szlovák történész, Roman Holec tollából.
- Kirschbaum, Joseph M. (1978). Slovakia in the 19th & 20th centuries. Slovak World Congress. p. 464.
External links
- Anniversary overshadowed by Černová tragedy
- 100 years of the Tragedy in Černová
- Brutal Hungarian and innocent Slovaks - a myth from Felvidek ma
- Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson - the dissolution of the Norw.-Swedish union and his support to the Slovakian liberation movement