| Revision as of 01:18, 3 February 2012 editFraulein451 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users15,779 editsm Correcting spelling: philosphy->philosophy← Previous edit | Revision as of 01:29, 3 February 2012 edit undoViriditas (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers169,230 edits Restore redirect per consensus of discussion. ZuluPapa, your misuse of sources to push a POV is totally unacceptableTag: RevertedNext edit → | ||
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| '''Purpose''' is a word ] an object to be reached; a target; an aim; a goal; a result that is desired; an intention. Purpose's basic concept is an individual's voluntary behavior activity awareness. Defining purpose is often relatively vague and almost meaningless; however, the concept is valuable and therefore retained.<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Rosenblueth | |||
| | first = Arturo | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = Wiener, Norbert; Bigelow, Julian | |||
| | title = Behavior, Purpose and Teleology | |||
| | journal = Philosophy of Science | |||
| | volume = 10 | |||
| | issue = 1 | |||
| | pages = 19 | |||
| | date = Jan. 1943 | |||
| | language = | |||
| | jstor = 184878 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| Purpose can be operational defined as entity class property which may, but need not have ].<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Laszlo | |||
| | first = Ervin | |||
| | title = The Purpose of Mankind | |||
| | journal = Journal of Religion & Science | |||
| | volume = 8 | |||
| | issue = 3-4 | |||
| | pages = 310–324 | |||
| | date = 9/1973 | |||
| | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9744.1973.tb00235.x | |||
| | accessdate = 2005-12-15}}</ref> | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| First attested in c.], from earl ] ''porpos'' "aim, intention", purpose is related to from ''porposer'' "to put forth," from ] corruption of por- "forth" (] pro- "forth") and Old French ''poser'' "to put, place".<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=purpose|title=''purpose''|publisher= Online Etymological Dictionary|postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref> Purpose is related to the term pose used from ] as to "put in a certain position," or "suggest, propose, suppose, assume," a term use in ] debating (c.300–c.700) from ''pausare'' "to halt, rest, pause".<ref>{{citation|title=''pose''|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pose|publisher=Online Etymological Dictionary|postscript=<!--none-->}}</ref> | |||
| ==Scientific distinctions== | |||
| According to Howard Warren, scientific inquiry has at least three distinct lines of the study of purpose:<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Warren | |||
| | first = Howard C. | |||
| | title = A Study of Purpose: | |||
| | journal = The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods | |||
| | volume = 13 | |||
| | issue = 1 | |||
| | pages = 5–26 | |||
| | publisher = Journal of Philosophy, Inc. | |||
| | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/2012418 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| # The psychological analysis – what are the distinctive consciousness state features of purpose? | |||
| # The biological history and meaning – how did purposive behavior originate and develop in organisms? | |||
| # The universal role – is there a teleological sequence in the inorganic world? | |||
| ==Purpose in life== | |||
| Purpose in life and, ], constructs originated in ]'s ] writings on ] and will to meaning, and others who have theorized about and defined positive psychological functioning. Frankl observed that when person's search for meaning is blocked, it may be psychologically damaging. Positive life purpose and meaning was associated with strong religious beliefs, membership in groups, dedication to a cause, life values, and clear goals. Adult development and ] theories include the purpose in life concept. Maturity emphasizes a clear comprehension of life's purpose, directedness, and intentionality which, contributes to the feeling that life is meaningful. Crumbaugh and Maholick's Purpose in Life (PIL) test operationalized Frankl's ideas and measures an individual's meaning and purpose in life. The PIL psychometric test has good reliability and validity.<ref>{{cite web | last = Adler | first = Nancy | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Purpose in Life | work = Psychosocial workgroup | publisher = MacArthur | date = November 1997 | url = http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/purpose.php | accessdate = 2011-11-03}}</ref> With the test, investigators found that meaning in life mediated the relationships between: religiosity and well-being;<ref>{{cite journal | last = Dufton | first = Brian | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The association between religiosity and the Purpose-in-Life test: Does it reflect purpose or satisfaction? | journal = Journal of Psychology and Theology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 42–48 | publisher = American Psychological Association | date = Spr 1986 | url = http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1987-10241-001 | accessdate = 2011-11-03}}</ref> uncontrollable stress and substance use; depression and self-derogation.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Harlow | first = Lisa L. | authorlink = | coauthors = Newcomb, Michael D.; Bentler, P. M | title = Purpose in Life Test assessment using latent variable methods. | journal = British Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 235–236 | publisher = American Psychological Association | location = | date = Sep 1987 | url = http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1988-03214-001 | accessdate = 2011-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Adler | first = Nancy | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Purpose in Life | work = Psychosocial workgroup | publisher = MacArthur | date = November 1997 | url = http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/purpose.php | accessdate = 2011-11-03}}</ref> Crumbaugh found that the PIL complements the Seeking of ] Goals Test. | |||
| <ref>{{cite journal | last = Crumbaugh | first = James C. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The seeking of noetic goals test (SONG): A complementary scale to the purpose in life test (PIL) | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 900–907 | publisher = Wiley | location = | date = July 1977 | doi = 10.1002/1097-4679(197707)33:3<900::AID-JCLP2270330362>3.0.CO;2-8 | accessdate = 2011-11-03}}</ref> | |||
| ==Evolutionary purpose== | |||
| Amundson defined evolutionary purpose by the naturally selected biological trait. Evolutionary biology philosophers favor the ] ] concept according to selected trait function, which is the function's selected effect in the causal role. Biology philosophers observe no purpose only selected trait functions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Amundson | first = Ron | authorlink = | coauthors = Lauder; George V. | title = Function Without Purpose: The Uses of Causal Role Function in Evolutionarily Biology | journal = Biology and Philosophy | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 443–469 | publisher = SpringerLink, Klawer Academic | location = Netherlands | year = 1994 | doi = 10.1007/BF00850375 | accessdate = 2011-11-19 }}</ref> | |||
| ==Behavior classifications== | |||
| In ]'s cybernetic classification, purpose is a ] subclass. Behavior is ] or ] and active behavior is purposeful or ]. Active purposeful behavior is then either feedback ] on non-teleological. Negative feedback is important to guide the positive goal route. Purposeful teleological feedback helps guide the predictive behavior orders. Teleology is feedback controlled purpose.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Rosenblueth | first = Arturo | authorlink = | coauthors = Wiener, Norbert; Bigelow, Julian | title = Behavior, Purpose and Teleology | journal = Philosophy of Science | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 21 | date = Jan.,1943 | language = | jstor = 184878}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Conway | first = Patrick | title = Development of volitional competence | publisher = MSS Information Corp | year = 1974 | pages = 60 | isbn = 0842204245 }}</ref> | |||
| Rosenbluth's classification system was criticized and the need for an external observability to the purposeful behavior was established to validate the behavior and goal-attainment. The purpose of observing and observed systems is respectively distinguished by the system's subjective ] and objective control.<ref>{{cite book | last = George| first = Frank Honywill | authorlink = | coauthors = Johnson, Les | title = Purposive behavior and teleological explanations | publisher = Gordon and Breach | url = http://www.amazon.com/Purposive-Behaviour-Teleological-Explanations-Cybernetics/dp/2881241107/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1320201377&sr=1-1 | pages = xII | year = 1943 }}</ref> | |||
| Victoria Alexandar's view is that purpose is influenced by the ] and how the ] are represented because, as ] indicates purpose is a particularly specified form of a final cause which an observer realizes.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Alexander | first = Victoria N. | title = The Poetics of Purpose | journal = Biosemiotics | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 77–100 | publisher = Springer Science + Business Media B.V. | doi = 10.1007/s12304-008-9031-3 }}</ref><ref>Short, T. L. (1981). Peirce’s concept of final causation. Transaction of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 17, 369–82.</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| ==References== | |||
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