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| In early 1816, Exmouth undertook a diplomatic mission, backed by a small squadron of ] to ], ], and Algiers to convince the Deys to stop the practice and free the Christian slaves. The Deys of Tunis and Tripoli agreed without any resistance, but the Dey of Algiers was more recalcitrant and the negotiations were stormy. Exmouth believed that he had managed to negotiate a treaty to stop the slavery of Christians and returned to ]. However, due to confused orders, Algerian troops massacred 200 ]n, ] and ]n fishermen who were under British protection just after the treaty was signed. This caused outrage in Britain and ] and Exmouth's negotiations were seen as a failure. | In early 1816, Exmouth undertook a diplomatic mission, backed by a small squadron of ] to ], ], and Algiers to convince the Deys to stop the practice and free the Christian slaves. The Deys of Tunis and Tripoli agreed without any resistance, but the Dey of Algiers was more recalcitrant and the negotiations were stormy. Exmouth believed that he had managed to negotiate a treaty to stop the slavery of Christians and returned to ]. However, due to confused orders, Algerian troops massacred 200 ]n, ] and ]n fishermen who were under British protection just after the treaty was signed. This caused outrage in Britain and ] and Exmouth's negotiations were seen as a failure. | ||
| As a result, Exmouth was ordered to sea again to complete the job and punish the Algerians. He gathered a squadron of five ], one 50 gun ship and four ]s. ], 100 guns, was his flagship and Admiral ] was his second in command aboard ], 98 guns. This squadron was considered by many to be an insufficient force, but Exmouth had already surveyed the defences of Algiers unobtrusively, he was very familiar with the town and was aware of a weakness in the field of fire of the defensive batteries. More large ships would merely have interfered with each other without being able to bring much more fire to bear. In addition to the main fleet, there were some transports to carry the rescued slaves and some sloops for general duties. | As a result, Exmouth was ordered to sea again to complete the job and punish the Algerians. He gathered a squadron of five ], one 50 gun ship and four ]s. ], 100 guns, was his flagship and Admiral ] was his second in command aboard ], 98 guns. This squadron was considered by many to be an insufficient force, but Exmouth had already surveyed the defences of Algiers unobtrusively, he was very familiar with the town and was aware of a weakness in the field of fire of the defensive batteries. More large ships would merely have interfered with each other without being able to bring much more fire to bear. In addition to the main fleet, there were some transports to carry the rescued slaves and some sloops for general duties. | ||
| On arrival in Gibraltar, Exmouth was joined by a squadron of five ] frigates and a ], which he planned to use as a diversionary force. | On arrival in Gibraltar, Exmouth was joined by a squadron of five ] frigates and a ], which he planned to use as a diversionary force. | ||
Revision as of 03:59, 9 April 2006
The Bombardment of Algiers took place on August 27, 1816. An Anglo-Dutch fleet under the command of Admiral Lord Exmouth bombarded ships and the harbour defences of Algiers.
Although there was a continuing campaign by various European and the American navies to suppress the piracy against Europeans by the North African Barbary states, the specific aim of this expedition was to free Christian slaves and to stop the practice of enslaving Europeans. To this end, it was partially successful as the Dey of Algiers freed 1000 slaves following the bombardment and signed a treaty against slavery of Europeans. However, the cessation of slavery did not last long.
Background
Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the Royal Navy no longer needed the Barbary states as a source of supplies for Gibraltar and their fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. There was considerable political pressure exerted to end the practice of enslaving Christians by the Barbary states.
In early 1816, Exmouth undertook a diplomatic mission, backed by a small squadron of ships of the line to Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers to convince the Deys to stop the practice and free the Christian slaves. The Deys of Tunis and Tripoli agreed without any resistance, but the Dey of Algiers was more recalcitrant and the negotiations were stormy. Exmouth believed that he had managed to negotiate a treaty to stop the slavery of Christians and returned to England. However, due to confused orders, Algerian troops massacred 200 Corsican, Sicilian and Sardinian fishermen who were under British protection just after the treaty was signed. This caused outrage in Britain and Europe and Exmouth's negotiations were seen as a failure.
As a result, Exmouth was ordered to sea again to complete the job and punish the Algerians. He gathered a squadron of five ships of the line, one 50 gun ship and four frigates. HMS Queen Charlotte, 100 guns, was his flagship and Admiral David Milne was his second in command aboard HMS Impregnable, 98 guns. This squadron was considered by many to be an insufficient force, but Exmouth had already surveyed the defences of Algiers unobtrusively, he was very familiar with the town and was aware of a weakness in the field of fire of the defensive batteries. More large ships would merely have interfered with each other without being able to bring much more fire to bear. In addition to the main fleet, there were some transports to carry the rescued slaves and some sloops for general duties.
On arrival in Gibraltar, Exmouth was joined by a squadron of five Dutch frigates and a corvette, which he planned to use as a diversionary force.
Plan of attack
The plan of attack was for the larger ships to approach in a column. They were to sail into the zone where the majority of guns could not be brought to bear. Then they were to come to anchor and bombard the batteries and fortifications on the mole to destroy the defences. Simultaneously HMS Leander, 50 guns, was to anchor off the mouth of the harbour and bombard the shipping inside the mole. To protect Leander from the shore battery, two frigates, HMS Severn and HMS Glasgow were to sail inshore and bombard the battery. Casualties on the Allied side were very heavy.
Ships involved:
(needs checking)
Allies
Britain
Queen Charlotte 100 - 8 killed, 131 wounded
Impregnable 98 - 50 killed, 160 wounded
Superb 74 - 8 killed, 84 wounded
Minden 74 - 7 killed, 37 wounded
Albion 74 - 3 killed, 15 wounded
Leander 50 - 17 killed, 118 wounded
Severn 40 - 3 killed, 34 wounded
Glasgow 40 - 10 killed, 37 wounded
Granicus 36 - 16 killed, 42 wounded
Hebrus 36 - 4 killed, 15 wounded
Heron 18
Mutine 18
Satellite 18
Britomart 10
Cordelia 10
Jasper 10
Belzebub (bomb)
Fury (bomb)
Hecla (bomb)
Infernal (bomb) - 2 killed, 17 wounded
Saracen
Prometheus
Netherlands
Melampus 40 - 3 killed, 15 wounded
Frederica 40 - 5 wounded
Diana 40 - 6 killed, 22 wounded
Amstel 40 - 4 killed, 6 wounded
Dageraad 30 - 4 wounded
Eendragt 18
Algiers
Ciotat 40 (French)
4 frigates (44 guns) - 1 scuttled, rest burnt?
5 corvettes (24-30 guns) - Burnt?
30-40 gunboats and mortar vessels - Burnt?
55 others?
References
- The Life of Admiral Viscount Exmouth, by William Osler, 1841
- Edward Pellew, Viscount Exmouth, by C. Northcote Parkinson, 1934
External links
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