| Revision as of 00:27, 23 January 2012 view sourceClueBot NG (talk | contribs)Bots, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers6,438,354 editsm Reverting possible vandalism by 69.248.91.118 to version by Benlisquare. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot NG. (830300) (Bot)← Previous edit | Revision as of 07:42, 25 February 2012 view source Dilip rajeev (talk | contribs)5,244 edits ←Replaced content with 'File:2theregime.jpg'Next edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| ] | |||
| {{dablink|For government of the Republic of China, see ]. For governments in Chinese history, see ].}} | |||
| {{No footnotes|date=May 2008}} | |||
| {{Politics of the People's Republic of China}} | |||
| All power within the '''] of the ]''' is divided among three bodies: the People's Republic of China, ], and the ] (PLA). This article is concerned with the formal structure of the state, its departments and their responsibilities. Most, but not all, positions of significant power in the state structure and in the army are occupied by members of the ] which is controlled by the ], a group of 4 to 9 people, usually all older men, who make all decisions of national significance. As the role of the Army is to enforce these decisions, the support of the PLA is important in maintaining Party rule. | |||
| Power is concentrated in the ], currently ], who heads all three bodies: He is ] of the Communist Party and of the ], ], and ]. Recently, experts have observed growing limitations to the Paramount Leader's de facto control over the government.<ref> {{cite news | first = Andrew | last = Higgins | title = Hu's visit spotlights China's two faces | date = 2011-01-16 | publisher = ] | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/15/AR2011011504013.html | work = ] | accessdate = 2011-01-17}}</ref> | |||
| The legal power of the Communist Party is guaranteed by ] and its position as the supreme political authority in the PRC is realised through its comprehensive control of the state, military, and media.<ref>Ralph H. Folsom, John H. Minan, Lee Ann Otto, ''Law and Politics in the People's Republic of China'', ] (St. Paul 1992), pp. 76–77.</ref> According to a prominent government spokesman:<blockquote>We will never simply copy the system of Western countries or introduce a system of multiple parties holding office in rotation, although China’s state organs have different responsibilities, they all adhere to the line, principles and policies of the party.<ref> China will never adopt Western-style democracy with a multi-party system, its top legislator has said." BBC 9 March 2009, accessed October 9, 2010</ref></blockquote> | |||
| The primary organs of state power are the ] (NPC), the ], and the ]. Members of the State Council include the ], a variable number of ] (now four), five ] (protocol equal of vice premiers but with narrower portfolios), and 29 ministers and heads of State Council commissions. During the 1980s there was an attempt made to separate party and state functions, with the party deciding general policy and the state carrying it out. The attempt was abandoned in the 1990s with the result that the political leadership within the state are also the leaders of the party, thereby creating a single centralized focus of power. | |||
| At the same time there has been a move for having party and state offices be separated at levels other than the central government. It is unheard of for a sub-national executive to also be party secretary. This frequently causes conflict between the chief executive and the party secretary, and this conflict is widely seen as intentional to prevent either from becoming too powerful. Some special cases are the ]s of ] and ] where the Mainland Chinese national laws do not apply at all and the ]s where, following Soviet practice, the chief executive is typically a member of the local ethnic group while the party general secretary is non-local and usually ]. | |||
| Under the ], the NPC is the highest organ of state power in China. It meets annually for about two weeks to review and approve major new policy directions, laws, the budget, and major personnel changes. Most national legislation in the PRC is adopted by the ]. Most initiatives are presented to the NPCSC for consideration by the State Council after previous endorsement by the Communist Party's Politburo Standing Committee. Although the NPC generally approves State Council policy and personnel recommendations, the NPC and its standing committee has increasingly asserted its role as the national legislature and has been able to force revisions in some laws. For example, the State Council and the Party have been unable to secure passage of a fuel tax to finance the construction of ]. | |||
| ==Constitution== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{main|Constitution of the People's Republic of China}} | |||
| The Constitution was first created on September 20, 1954. Before that, an interim Constitution-like document created by the ] was in force.Before the Chinese Comunist Party (CCP) China was ruled by dynasties such as the Shang Dynasty. | |||
| The 2nd and 3rd promulgations of the PRC Constitution took place against the backdrop of the ]. The 2nd promulgation in 1975 shortened the Constitution to just about 30 articles, and contained Communist slogans and revolutionary language throughout. The role of courts was slashed, and the Presidency was gone. The 3rd promulgation in 1978 expanded the number of articles, but was still under the influence of the just-gone-by Cultural Revolution. | |||
| The current Constitution is the PRC's 4th promulgation. On December 4, 1982, it was promulgated and has served as a stable Constitution for over 20 years. The role of the Presidency and the courts were normalized, and under the Constitution, all citizens were equal. Amendments were made in 1988, 1993, 1999, and most recently, in 2004, which recognized private property, safeguarded human rights, and further promoted the non-public sector of the economy. | |||
| ==National People's Congress== | |||
| {{main|National People's Congress}} | |||
| The National People's Congress is the highest state body and the only legislative house in the People's Republic of China. Although the membership of the NPC is still largely determined by the ], since the early 1990s it has moved away from its previous role as a symbolic but powerless rubber-stamp legislature, and has become a forum for mediating policy differences between different parts of the Party and the government. For the NPC to formally defeat a proposal put before them is a rare, but not non-existent event, and the NPC has been quite active in being the forum in which legislation is debated before being put to a vote. 2011 | |||
| ==President== | |||
| {{main|President of the People's Republic of China}} | |||
| The ] (formerly, Chairman) and ] are elected by the National People's Congress for five-year terms. The President is a ceremonial office and serves as the nominal ]. The office was created by the 1982 Constitution. Formally, the President is elected by the National People's Congress in accordance with Article 62 of the Constitution. In practice, this election falls into the category of 'single-candidate' elections. The candidate is recommended by the Presidium of the National People's Congress. Currently the President of China is ] and the Vice President is ]. | |||
| ==State Council== | |||
| {{main|State Council of the People's Republic of China}} | |||
| The State Council is the chief authority of the People's Republic of China. It is appointed by the National People's Congress and is chaired by the ] and includes the heads of each governmental department and agency. There are about 50 members in the Council. In the politics of the People's Republic of China, the ] forms one of three interlocking branches of power, the others being the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army. The State Council directly oversees the various subordinate People's Governments in the provinces, and in practice maintains an interlocking membership with the top levels of the Communist Party of China creating a fused center of power. | |||
| Currently the Premier of the State Council is ] and the Vice Premiers are ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| ==Central Military Commission== | |||
| {{main|Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)}} | |||
| The Central Military Commission exercises the command and control of the ] and is supervised by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The state CMC is nominally considered the supreme military policy-making body and its chairman, elected by the National People's Congress, is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In reality, command and control of the PLA, however, still resides with the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee. | |||
| Currently the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is ] and the Vice Chairmen are ], ] and ]. | |||
| ==Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate== | |||
| {{main|Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China|Supreme People's Procuratorate}} | |||
| The Supreme People's Court is the highest court in the judicial system of the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong and Macau, as special administrative regions, have their own separate judicial systems based on British common law traditions and Portuguese civil-law traditions respectively, and are out of the jurisdiction of the Supreme People's Court. The judges of the Supreme People's Court are appointed by the National People's Congress. | |||
| Currently the President of Supreme People's Court and the Procurator-General of Supreme People's Procuratorate are ] and ] separately. | |||
| ==Provincial and local government== | |||
| {{main|Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China}} | |||
| The governors of China's ] and ] and mayors of its centrally controlled ] are appointed by the central government in Beijing after receiving the nominal consent of the ] (NPC). The ] and ] special administrative regions (SARs) have some local autonomy since they have separate governments, legal systems, and basic constitutional laws, but they come under Beijing's control in matters of ] and ], and their chief executives are handpicked by the central government. Below the provincial level in 2004 there were 50 rural prefectures, 283 prefecture-level cities, 374 county-level cities, 852 county-level districts under the jurisdiction of nearby cities, and 1,636 counties. There also were 662 cities (including those incorporated into the four centrally controlled municipalities), 808 urban districts, and 43,258 township-level regions. Counties are divided into townships and villages. While most have appointed officials running them, some lower-level jurisdictions have direct popular elections. The organs of self-governing ethnic autonomous areas (regions, prefectures, and counties)—people's congresses and people's governments—exercise the same powers as their provincial-level counterparts but are guided additionally by the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and require NPC Standing Committee approval for regulations they enact "in the exercise of autonomy" and "in light of the political, economic, and cultural characteristics of the ethnic group or ethnic groups in the areas." | |||
| ==Civil service== | |||
| {{main|Civil service of the People's Republic of China}} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * () | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{People's Republic of China politics}} | |||
| {{People's Republic of China topics|state=autocollapse}} | |||
| {{Asia topic|Government of|title=Governments of Asia}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Government Of The People's Republic Of China}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
