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{{dablink|This article deals with the entire history of the kingdom of Sardinia. For the Savoyard kingdom of 1720–1861, see ]. For the earlier kingdom, see ].}} {{About|the Savoyard state of Piedmont-Sardinia|the older realm which gave its name to that state|Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica}}
{{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox former country {{Infobox former country
|native_name = ''Regno di Sardegna''
|native_name = ''Regnu Sardu'' <small>(])</small><br>Regno di Sardegna <small>(])</small><br>Regn 'd Sardëgna <small>(])</small>
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Sardinia |conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Sardinia
|common_name = Sardinia |common_name = Piedmont
|continent = Europe
|region = Italy
|country = Italy
|status = State union
|event_start = ] is crowned ''King of Sardinia'' by ]
|year_start = 1297
|date_start = April 04
|year_end = 1861
|date_end = March 17
|event_end = ]
|event1 = ]
|date_event1 = Febbruary 29, 1324
|event2 = ],
|date_event2 = June 30, 1409
|event3 = Sale of the remaining territories of ]
|date_event3 = August 17, 1420
|event4 = ]
|date_event4 = Febbruary 20, 1720
|event5 = ]
|date_event5 = March 4, 1848
|image_flag = Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia.svg
|flag =
|p1= Republic of Pisa
|flag_p1= Flag of the Republic of Pisa.svg
| |
|continent = Europe
|p2= Sassari
|flag_p2= Sassari-Stemma.png |region = Italy
|country = Italy
|status = State union
|government_type = Monarchy
| |
|year_start = 1720
|p3 = Giudicato of Arborea
|year_end = 1861
|flag_p3 = Flag of the Giudicato of Arborea.svg
| |
|event_start = ]
|p4 = Doria
|date_start = February 20
|flag_p4 = Coat of arms of the House of Doria.svg
|event1 = ]
|date_event1 = March 27, 1796
|event2 = ]
|date_event2 = June 9, 1815
|event3 = ]
|date_event3 = March 4, 1848
|event4 = ]
|date_event4 = November 10, 1859
|event_end = ]
|date_end = March 17
| |
|image_flag = Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia.svg
|p5 = Malaspina family
|flag_type = Flag <small>(1816–48)</small>
|flag_p5 = Coat of arms of the House of Malaspina (Spino Secco).svg
|image_coat = Armoiries Sardaigne 1815.png
|symbol = Coat of arms of Italy
|image_map = KingdomofSardinia1815.png
|image_map_caption = Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815: Mainland ] with ], ], ] and the island of ].
| |
|s1 = Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) |p1 = Kingdom of Sicily, Jerusalem and Cyprus
|flag_p1 = Savoie flag.svg
|p2 = Habsburg Monarchy
|flag_p2 = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
|s1 = Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
|flag_s1 = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg |flag_s1 = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg
|s2 = Second French Empire
|flag_s2 = Flag of France.svg
| |
|national anthem = ], ]
|s2 =
|capital = ]<ref>] from 1799 to 1814, during the ].</ref>
|flag_s2 =
|common_languages = ], ]<br>], ], ], ], ], ], ]
|religion = ]
|currency = ] <small>(mainland, 1720–1800)</small><br>] <small>(island, 1720–1821)</small><br>] <small>(1816–61)</small>
| |
|title_leader = ]
|flag_type = Flag <small>(1848–1860)</small>
|leader1 = ]
|image_coat = Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Italy (1848-1870).svg
|year_leader1 = 1720–1730
|symebol = Coat of arms of Italy
|image_map = KingdomofSardinia1815.png
|image_map_caption = Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815: Mainland ] with ], ], ] and the island of ].
|national anthem = ], ]
|capital = ] (1324-1720, 1800-1814) <br/>] (1720-1799, 1815-1861)
|common_languages = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
|religion = ]
|government_type = Monarchy
|leader1 = ]
|year_leader1 = 1297–1327
|leader2 = ] |leader2 = ]
|year_leader2 = 1849–1861 |year_leader2 = 1849–1861
|
|title_deputy = ] |title_deputy = ]
|deputy1 = ] <small>(first)<small> |deputy1 = ]
|year_deputy1 = 1848 |year_deputy1 = 1848
|deputy2 = ] <small>(last)<small> |deputy2 = ]
|year_deputy2 = 1860–1861 |year_deputy2 = 1860–1861
|
|legislature = ] (until 1848)
|house1 = ] (since 1848) |legislature = ] (since 1848)
|house2 = ] (since 1848) |house1 = ]
|house2 = ]
|stat_pop1 = 4650368
|
|stat_year1 = 1859
|stat_year1= 1838
|stat_area1 =
|stat_pop1 = 4650368
|currency = ] (Mainland, 1720–1800)<br>] (Island, 1720–1821)<br>] (1816–1861)
|stat_area1= 70000
}} }}
'''Kingdom of Sardinia''', also '''Piedmont–Sardinia''' or '''Sardinia–Piedmont''', refers to the possessions of the ] from 1720 or 1723 onwards,<ref> A 2 penny ''(2 denari)'' coin minted in 1722, still using the title of King of Sicily for Victor Amadeus II.</ref><ref name=col>{{Cite book|title=]|chapter=Sardinia, kingdom of|edition=6|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2007|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0843673.html#axzz0yhEdFv00}}</ref><ref name=brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524132/Sardinia|title=Sardinia (historical kingdom, Italy)|work=]|accessdate=6 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Benigni|first=Umberto|chapter=Sardinia|title=]|volume=13|place=New York|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year=1912|accessdate=6 September 2010|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13473b.htm}}</ref><ref>Thuesen, 2002, p. 506.</ref><ref>The Savoyard State continued to be styled as ''Kingdom of Sicily, Jerusalem and Cyprus'' on official acts until 1723, when the king ended his protests against the forced changeover between Sicily and Sardinia.</ref> following the award of the crown of ] to ] under the ]. This compensated him for the loss of the crown of ] to ] and allowed him to retain the title of king, as the title "King of Sardinia" had existed since the 14th century. Besides Sardinia, the new kingdom included ], ], and ]; ], including ], was added by the ] in 1815. Officially, the nation's name became ''Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem'', the House of Savoy maintaining a national claim to the thrones of ] and ], although both had long been under ] rule. During most of the 18th and 19th centuries, the political and economic capital of the kingdom was ] in Piedmont on the Italian mainland. In 1860, Nice and Savoy were ceded to France in return for French consent and assistance in ]. In 1861, the Kingdom of Sardinia became the founding state of the new ], ] all other Italian states. The Kingdom thus continued in legal continuity with the new Italian state, to which it transferred all its institutions.


==Early history of Piedmont==
The '''Kingdom of Sardinia''' comprised initially the island of ], first as a part of the ] and subsequently the ] (1297–1720),<ref name=Casula>{{Cite book|title=]|chapter=Breve storia di Sardegna|edition=|publisher=Carlo Delfino Editore|year=1994|page=185}}</ref> and second as a part of the composite state of the ] (1720–1861), giving his name to the entire State. Its capital was originally ], in the south of the island, and later ], on the mainland. The kingdom was formed by ] from a papal claim to the islands of ] and Sardinia in 1297 and bestowed, as a ] of the Holy See, on ].<ref name=Casula>{{Cite book|title=]|chapter=Breve storia di Sardegna|edition=|publisher=Carlo Delfino Editore|year=1994|page=}}</ref> It was not until 1324 that James launched a military campaign to take control of his kingdom, and not until 1448 that the last resistance fell. In 1416 the first of a ] was appointed, and in 1420 the main competing claim to the island was bought out.
{{Main|Duchy of Savoy}}
]
Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-] tribes such as the ] and the ]. They later submitted to the ] (c. 220 BC), who founded several colonies there including ''Augusta Taurinorum ''(Turin) and ''Eporedia'' (]). After the fall of the ], the region was repeatedly invaded by the ], the ] (5th century), ], ] (6th century), ] (773). In the 9th–10th centuries there were further incursions by the ] and ]. At the time Piedmont, as part of the ] within the ], was subdivided into several marks and counties.


In 1046, ] added Piedmont to their main segment of ], with a capital at ] (now in ]). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of ] and ] and the marquisates of ] and ]. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duke in 1416, and Duke ] moved the seat to ] in 1563.
From 1516 the Aragonese and by extension the Sardinian crown were in personal union with the ] and thus formed a part of the much larger ].<ref name="Casula"/> During this period the ] was introduced for administration. In 1713, following the ], the Kingdom of Sardinia was ceded to the ] by the ] for the loss of their Spanish kingdoms. By the same treaty ], ], received the ], supplying him with the coveted royal rank.<ref>See the article section '']''</ref> By 1720 the balance of power had shifted again and the ] was forced to exchange Sicily with the Habsburgs for Sardinia (]). At that time the Kingdom of Sardinia refers to the ] of the ] from 1720 or 1723 onwards (also known as ]), following the award of the crown of ] to ] under the ].


==Early history of Sardinia==
After 1720 the kingdom became a composite state and besides Sardinia included ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], the ] and part of the ]; the ], including ], was added by the ] in 1815. All these territories became a ] in 1848 with the ]. Officially, the nation's name was ''Kingdom of Sardinia''<ref name="Casula"/> and his ] was the ''Sardinian national anthem'' ({{lang-sc|S'hymnu sardu nationale}}) alongside the ] (''Royal March of Ordinance''). The House of Savoy maintaining a national claim to the thrones of ] and ], although both had long been under ] rule and never conquered (the title was merely a formal title). In 1860, Nice and Savoy were ceded to France in return for French consent and assistance in ]. In 1861, the Kingdom of Sardinia became the founding state of the new ], ] all other Italian states. The Kingdom thus continued in legal continuity with the actual Italian state, to which it transferred all its institutions first to ] and after to ].<ref name=Casula>{{Cite book|title=]|chapter=Breve storia di Sardegna|edition=|publisher=Carlo Delfino Editore|year=1994|page=245}}</ref>
{{Main|History of Sardinia|Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica}}
]
In 1297, ], intervening between the ] and ], established on paper a ''regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae'' that would be a ] of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to ] of ], promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily.
In 1323 James II formed an alliance with ] and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of ] and ] along with the city of ], claiming the territory as the ''Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica''. In 1353 Aragon made war on ], then fought with its leader ],of the ] family, but did not reduce the last of the ] ] (indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia) until 1410.
The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, ] granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy.
When in 1409, Martin the younger, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the last Sardinian ''giudicato'' but then died in Cagliari of malaria, without issue, Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title. The loss of the autochthonous' independence, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, with the introduction of a sterile ], as well as the discovery of the ], provoked an unstoppable decline of Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of resurgence occurred under the local noble ], marquess of ], who managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s but was later crushed at the ] (1478), ending any further hope of independence for the island. The unceasing attacks from ] and a series of plagues (from 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation.


==Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily==
==Spanish rule (1297–1720)==
{{main|History of Sardinia}}

===Crown of Aragon (1297–1479)===
{{main|Crown of Aragon}}
In 1297, ], intervening between the ] and ] in the war called ], established on paper a ''Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae'' that would be a ] of the Papacy (although in the island, however, State entities already existed, called '']''). Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to ] of ], promising him his support should he wish to conquer the islands in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with ] and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of ] and ] along with the allied city of ], claiming the territory as the ''Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica''.
]
In 1347 Aragon made war on ] (who owned large areas of the ]) then, starting from 1353, fought with the ] leader ], but did not conquer the last surviving ] until 1410s when the Arborean attempts of conquering the young Kingdom of Sardinia vanished due to the heavy defeat at the ] by ]. In 1420, after the sale of rights of the Giudicato of Arborea, the Sardinian conquest of the island was nearly completed and the royal territory for the first time after almost a century of wars, coincided with almost the entire island; two little exceptions were the ] city of ] ruled by the ] family and called at that time ''Casteldoria'' or ''Castelgenovese'', that was to be conquered only in 1448, and the ], often contended with the ] Corsica.<br /> The ''Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica'' retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon, as the other kingdoms were (], ], the principality of ], and so on). At the time of his struggles with Arborea, ] granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions{{Citation needed|may 2012|date=May 2012}}. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy. When in 1504 the king's wife and Castilian ruling queen, ], died, the Kingdom of Sardinia passed with all kingdoms of the Castilian and Aragonese crowns to a personal union that was to be called ''Spain''. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title. In the ''Catalan'' period, Sardinia, ruled through an effective ], formed part of the so-called ''route of the islands''<ref>''Ruta de les illes'' in Catalan; ''ruta de las islas'' in Spanish.</ref> and somehow flourished; nevertheless, in the ''Spanish'' period, the discovery of the ], and also the ] provoked a kind of decline of the Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of rebellion occurred under the nobleman ], marquess of ], who managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s but was later crushed at the ] in 1478.

===Spanish Empire (1479–1700)===
{{main|Spanish Empire}}
Unceasing attacks from ] and a series of plagues (from 1582, 1652 and 1655) worsened the situation on the island early in the reign of the ].

In 1564 ] established the '']'' as a tribunal for Sardinia, so that appellants would not have to go to Aragon to have their cases heard. The ''Udienza'' remained Sardinia's supreme court until 1847.

===Sardinia between two powers (1700–1720)===
{{main|Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)}}
] ]
The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of ]. By the ] of 1713, ]'s European empire was divided: ] received ] and parts of the ], while ] (the ] and ]), received the ], the ], ], and the bulk of the ]. During the ], ], duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the ] of February 17, 1720. Because a ] had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily.<ref name="col"/><ref name="brit"/>


Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia.<ref>See for example Thuesen, 2002, p. 506. A minted in 1722 still uses the title of King of Sicily for Victor Amadeus II.</ref> The state took the official title of ''Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem'', as the house of ] still claimed the thrones of ] and ], although both had long been under ] rule.
The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of ]. By the ] of 1713, ]'s European empire was divided: ] received ] and parts of the ], while ] (the ] and ]), received the ], the ], ], and the bulk of the ].


In 1767–1769, ] conquered the ] in the ] from the ], who ruled it with the island of ], and since then the archipelago is still part of the ].
During the ], ], duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the ] of February 17, 1720. Because a ] had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily.<ref name=col>{{Cite book|title=]|chapter=Sardinia, kingdom of|edition=6|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2007|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0843673.html#axzz0yhEdFv00}}</ref><ref name=brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524132/Sardinia|title=Sardinia (historical kingdom, Italy)|work=]|accessdate=6 September 2010}}</ref> Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia.<ref>See for example Thuesen, 2002, p. 506. A minted in 1722 still uses the title of King of Sicily for Victor Amadeus II.</ref>


==Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna==
]
]

In 1792, Piedmont-Sardinia joined the ] against the ], but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous ], giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On December 6, 1798 ] occupied Turin and forced ] to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the ] (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war.
==Savoyard rule (1720–1861)==
{{main|Piedmont-Sardinia}}

===Early history of Piedmont===
{{Main|Duchy of Savoy}}
Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-] tribes such as the ] and the ]. They later submitted to the ] (c. ]), who founded several colonies there including ''Augusta Taurinorum ''(Turin) and ''Eporedia'' (]). After the fall of the ], the region was repeatedly invaded by the ], the ] (5th century), ], ] (6th century), ] (773). In the 9th-10th centuries there were further incursions by the ] and ]. At the time Piedmont, as part of the ] within the ], was subdivided into several marks and counties.

In 1046, ] added Piedmont to their main segment of ], with a capital at ] (now in ]). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of ] and ] and the marquisates of ] and ]. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duke in 1416, and Duke ] moved the seat to ] in 1563.

In 1767–1769, ] conquered the ] from the ], who ruled it with the island of Corsica.

]

===Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna===
In 1792, Piedmont-Sardinia joined the ] against the ], but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous ], giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On December 6, 1798, ] occupied Turin and forced ] to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799, the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the ] (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war.


In 1814, the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former ], now a duchy, and it served as a ] against ]. This was confirmed by the ]. In 1814, the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former ], now a duchy, and it served as a ] against ]. This was confirmed by the ].
Line 127: Line 103:
The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the '']'', was enacted in ], under liberal pressure, and under the same pressure Charles Albert declared war on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by ] at ]. The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the '']'', was enacted in ], under liberal pressure, and under the same pressure Charles Albert declared war on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by ] at ].


==Italian unification==
]
]

]
===Risorgimento===
{{Main|Italian unification}} {{Main|Italian unification}}
Like all of Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability, under alternating governments. After a very short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on March 23, 1849, in favour of his son ]. Like all of Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability, under alternating governments. After a very short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on March 23, 1849, in favour of his son ].


In 1852 a liberal ministry under ] was installed, and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving the ]. The Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) took part in the ], allied with the ], ], and ], and fighting against ]. In 1852, a liberal ministry under ] was installed, and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving the ]. The Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) took part in the ], allied with the ], ], and ], and fighting against ].


In 1859 France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against ], the ]. ] didn't keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the ] had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of ] and ], both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede ] to Napoleon who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid 'embarrassing' the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept the deal. In 1859, France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against ], the ]. ] didn't keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the ] had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of ] and ], both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede ] to Napoleon who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid 'embarrassing' the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept the deal.

]


===Garibaldi and the Thousand=== ===Garibaldi and the Thousand===
On March 5, 1860 ], ], ], and ] voted in ]s to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon who feared a strong Savoyard state on his southeastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done after dubious referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France. <!-- not sure how to fix this, but I don't understand why the referenda in Savoy and Nice were "dubious" but the ones in central Italy were not. --> On March 5, 1860, ], ], ], and ] voted in ]s to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon who feared a strong Savoyard state on his southeastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done after dubious referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France. <!-- not sure how to fix this, but I don't understand why the referenda in Savoy and Nice were "dubious" but the ones in central Italy were not. -->


In 1860 ] started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the ] and marched to ]. Cavour was actually the most satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi wanted to conquer Rome. Garibaldi was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister. In 1860, ] started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the ] and marched to ]. Cavour was actually the most satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi wanted to conquer Rome. Garibaldi was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister.


===Towards Kingdom of Italy=== ===Towards Kingdom of Italy===
On March 17, 1861 the ] was proclaimed by the Parliament, so ratifying the ]s of all other Italian states to Piedmont. The institutions and laws of the Kingdom were quickly extended to all Italy, brutally abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont would become the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, would remain the Italian capital until 1865 when the capital was moved to ]; but in contrast, many revolts exploded through the peninsula, ]. The ] would rule the country until 1946 when Italy was declared a ] by ]. On March 17, 1861, the ] was proclaimed by the Parliament, so ratifying the ]s of all other Italian states to Piedmont. The institutions and laws of the Kingdom were quickly extended to all Italy, brutally abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont would become the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, would remain the Italian capital until 1865 when the capital was moved to ]; but in contrast, many revolts exploded through the peninsula, ]. The ] would rule Italy until 1946 when Italy was declared a ] by ].

==Kings of Sardinia (1297–1861)==
{{main|List of monarchs of Sardinia|List of viceroys of Sardinia}}
]
]
]
Dynasty of the ]:
* ] (1324–1327)
* ] (1327–1336)
* ] (1336–1387)
* ] (1387–1396)
* ] (1396–1410)
Dynasty of the ] of ]:
* ] (1412–1416)
* ] (1416–1458)
* ] (1458–1479)
* ] (1479–1516)
Dynasty of the ] of ]:
* ] (1516–1556)
* ] (1556–1598)
* ] (1598–1621)
* ] (1621–1665)
* ] (1665–1700)
Dynasty of the ] of Spain:
* ] (1700–1713)
Dynasty of the ] of Spain
* ] (1713–1720)
Dynasty of ]:
* ] (1720–1730)
* ] (1730–1773)
* ] (1773–1796)
* ] (1796–1802)
* ] (1802–1821)
* ] (1821–1831)
* ] (1831–1849)
*] (1849–1861)


==Flags== ==Flags==
When the ] added to his States the ] in 1713 and the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, it maintained its traditional flag depicting a white cross on a red field. But a problem arose: if the Duchy owned the small harbour of ] only, the union with Sicily and then Sardinia gave to the Kingdom a quite big fleet, which had the same ]. To disambiguate the ships of the two different States, the House of Savoy added a blue border to its flag, and then it reduced the cross in a single quarter. When the ] changed its name into Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 and Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, it maintained its traditional flag depicting a white cross on a red field. But a problem arose: if the Duchy owned the small harbour of ] only, the union with Sicily and then Sardinia gave to the Kingdom a quite big fleet, which had the same flag of ]. To disambiguate the ships of the two different States, the House of Savoy added a blue border to its flag, and then it reduced the cross in a single quarter.


The flag had following minor changes until 1848, when a revolution happened: to follow the liberal revolutions which were exploding in all Europe, King ] adopted the Napoleonic Italian tricolour, surmonted by the Savoyard shield, as national flag. This flag became the flag of Italy until 1946. The flag had following minor changes until 1848, when a revolution happened: to follow the liberal revolutions which were exploding in all Europe, King ] adopted the Napoleonic Italian tricolour, surmonted by the Savoyard shield, as national flag. This flag became the flag of Italy until 1946.


<center><gallery> <center><gallery>
File:Savoie flag.svg|First original flag
File:Gelre Folio 62r.jpg|Flags of the Aragonese dominions, including Sardinia, from the ]
File:Savoyard flag.svg|Second revised flag
File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|] under the Spanish and Savoyard rule
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia.svg|Third blue flag
File:Savoie flag.svg|Original flag of Savoy
File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|Final tricolour flag
File:Savoyard flag.svg|Original naval ensign of kingdom of Sardinia
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia.svg|Revised naval ensign of Kingdom of Sardinia
File:Flag of Kingdom of Sardinia (1848).svg|National flag based on the naval ensign
File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|Tricolour with coat of arms, used as civil flag and ensign by Sardinia after 1848 and by Italy until 1946
File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg|Tricolour with additional crown, used as state flag and ensign by Sardinia after 1848 and by Italy until 1946
</gallery></center> </gallery></center>


==Maps==
==Territorial evolution of the Kingdom of Sardinia==
===1324 - 1720===
<center>
<gallery>
File:Sardinia 1324 .png|The political situation in Sardinia after 1324, when the Aragonese conquered the Pisan territories of Sardinia (including the defunct ] and ]).
File:Kingdom of Sardinia 1368-1388 -- 1392-1409.png|The Kingdom of Sardinia in 1368–1388 and 1392–1409, after the wars with Arborea; comprised only the cities of Cagliari and Alghero.
File:Kingdom of Sardinia 1410-1420.png|The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1410 to 1420, after the defeat of the Arborean Giudicate in the battle of Sanluri (1409).
File:Kingdom of Sardinia & Royal cities - 16th century.png|The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1448 to 1720, except for the ], which was conquered in the 1767–69.
</gallery>
</center>

===1720 - 1861===
<center> <center>
<gallery> <gallery>
File:Italy 1796.png | 1796: {{legend|#04aa04|Kingdom of Sardinia}} {{legend|#fcce04|]}} {{legend|#fc8284|]}} {{legend|#d42afc|]}} {{legend|#f1c3aa|]}} {{legend|#fbb183|]}} {{legend|#fce684|]}} {{legend|#04da04|]}} {{legend|#04d6ac|]}} File:Italy 1796.png | 1796: {{legend|#04aa04|Kingdom of Sardinia}} {{legend|#fcce04|]}} {{legend|#fc8284|]}} {{legend|#d42afc|]}} {{legend|#f1c3aa|]}} {{legend|#fbb183|]}} {{legend|#fce684|]}} {{legend|#04da04|]}} {{legend|#04d6ac|]}}
File:Italia1859.png | 1859: {{legend|#ff8040|Kingdom of Sardinia}} {{legend|#0000ff|]}} {{legend|#00ff00|Duchies ]–] and ] (different States)}} {{legend|#fd0000|]}} {{legend|#ffff00|]}} File:Italia1859.png | 1859: {{legend|#ff8040|Kingdom of Sardinia}} {{legend|#0000ff|]}} {{legend|#00ff00|Duchies ]–]}} {{legend|#fd0000|]}} {{legend|#ffff00|]}}
File:Italia1860.png | 1860: {{legend|#ff8040|Kingdom of Sardinia}} {{legend|#0000ff|]}} {{legend|#fd0000|]}} {{legend|#ffff00|]}} <br>After the annexation of Lombardy, the ], Emilian Duchies and papal ]. File:Italia1860.png | 1860: {{legend|#ff8040|Kingdom of Sardinia}} {{legend|#0000ff|]}} {{legend|#fd0000|]}} {{legend|#ffff00|]}} <br>After the annexation of Lombardy, the ], and the Duchies of Emiliani and ] pontificia.
File:RegnoItalia1861.png | 1861: {{legend|#ff8040|''']'''}} {{legend|#0000ff|]}} {{legend|#d8241c|]}} <br>After the ]. File:RegnoItalia1861.png | 1861: {{legend|#ff8040|''']'''}} {{legend|#0000ff|]}} {{legend|#d8241c|]}} <br>After the ].
</gallery> </gallery>
</center> </center>

==Constituent countries==
Until the ] of 1848, the Savoyard State was formed by different constituent countries:
* The ]
* The ]
* The ]
* The ]
* The ]


==References== ==References==
Line 224: Line 155:


==Sources== ==Sources==
*{{Cite book|last=Casula|first=Francesco Cesare|title=Breve storia di Sardegna|place=Sassari|publisher=Carlo Delfino|year=1994|isbn=88-7138-065-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Hearder|first=Harry|title=Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790–1870|place=London|publisher=Longman|year=1986|isbn=0-582-49146-0}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hearder|first=Harry|title=Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790-1870|place=London|publisher=Longman|year=1986|isbn=0-582-49146-0}}
*{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=George Whitney|title=The Red Shirt and the Cross of Savoy|place=New York|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co.|year=1969|isbn=0-396-05908-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=George Whitney|title=The Red Shirt and the Cross of Savoy|place=New York|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co.|year=1969|isbn=0-396-05908-2}}
*{{Cite book|last=Storrs|first=Christopher|title=War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690-1720|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-521-55146-3}} *{{Cite book|last=Storrs|first=Christopher|title=War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-521-55146-3}}
*{{Cite book|title=Verdens historie i årstall|first=Nils Petter|last=Thuesen|year=2002|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-82-458-0517-8}} *{{Cite book|title=Verdens historie i årstall|first=Nils Petter|last=Thuesen|year=2002|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-82-458-0517-8}}


==External links== ==External links==
* *
* *


{{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}} {{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}}

Revision as of 23:41, 3 June 2012

This article is about the Savoyard state of Piedmont-Sardinia. For the older realm which gave its name to that state, see Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica.
Kingdom of SardiniaRegno di Sardegna
1720–1861
Flag of Piedmont Flag (1816–48) Coat of arms of Piedmont Coat of arms
Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815: Mainland Piedmont with Savoy, Nice, Genoa and the island of Sardinia.Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815: Mainland Piedmont with Savoy, Nice, Genoa and the island of Sardinia.
CapitalTurin
Common languagesItalian, French
Catalan, Gallurese, Ligurian, Occitan, Piedmontese, Sardinian, Spanish
Religion Roman Catholicism
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
• 1720–1730 Victor Amadeus II
• 1849–1861 Victor Emmanuel II
Prime Minister 
• 1848 Cesare Balbo
• 1860–1861 Camillo Benso
LegislatureParliament (since 1848)
• Upper houseRoyal Senate
• Lower houseChamber of Deputies
History 
• Treaty of the Hague February 20 1720
• Napoleonic invasion March 27, 1796
• Congress of Vienna June 9, 1815
• Constitution March 4, 1848
• Treaty of Zürich November 10, 1859
• Italian unification March 17 1861
Area
183870,000 km (27,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1838 4,650,368
CurrencyPiedmontese shield (mainland, 1720–1800)
Sardinian shield (island, 1720–1821)
Sardinian lira (1816–61)
Preceded by Succeeded by
Kingdom of Sicily, Jerusalem and Cyprus
Habsburg Monarchy
Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Second French Empire

Kingdom of Sardinia, also Piedmont–Sardinia or Sardinia–Piedmont, refers to the possessions of the House of Savoy from 1720 or 1723 onwards, following the award of the crown of Sardinia to King Victor Amadeus II of Savoy under the Treaty of The Hague (1720). This compensated him for the loss of the crown of Sicily to Austria and allowed him to retain the title of king, as the title "King of Sardinia" had existed since the 14th century. Besides Sardinia, the new kingdom included Savoy, Piedmont, and Nice; Liguria, including Genoa, was added by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Officially, the nation's name became Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem, the House of Savoy maintaining a national claim to the thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem, although both had long been under Ottoman rule. During most of the 18th and 19th centuries, the political and economic capital of the kingdom was Turin in Piedmont on the Italian mainland. In 1860, Nice and Savoy were ceded to France in return for French consent and assistance in Italian unification. In 1861, the Kingdom of Sardinia became the founding state of the new Kingdom of Italy, annexing all other Italian states. The Kingdom thus continued in legal continuity with the new Italian state, to which it transferred all its institutions.

Early history of Piedmont

Main article: Duchy of Savoy
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1553–80), called Ironhead.

Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They later submitted to the Romans (c. 220 BC), who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) and Eporedia (Ivrea). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths (5th century), Byzantines, Lombards (6th century), Franks (773). In the 9th–10th centuries there were further incursions by the Magyars and Saracens. At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks and counties.

In 1046, Oddo of Savoy added Piedmont to their main segment of Savoy, with a capital at Chambéry (now in France). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of Asti and Alessandria and the marquisates of Saluzzo and Montferrat. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duke in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin in 1563.

Early history of Sardinia

Main articles: History of Sardinia and Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica
Aragon in the 15th century

In 1297, Pope Boniface VIII, intervening between the Houses of Anjou and Aragon, established on paper a regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae that would be a fief of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to James II of Aragon, promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with Hugh II of Arborea and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of Cagliari and Gallura along with the city of Sassari, claiming the territory as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica. In 1353 Aragon made war on Arborea, then fought with its leader Marianus IV of Arborea,of the Cappai de Bas family, but did not reduce the last of the autochthonous giudicati (indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia) until 1410. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, Peter IV of Aragon granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy. When in 1409, Martin the younger, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the last Sardinian giudicato but then died in Cagliari of malaria, without issue, Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title. The loss of the autochthonous' independence, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, with the introduction of a sterile feudalism, as well as the discovery of the Americas, provoked an unstoppable decline of Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of resurgence occurred under the local noble Leonardo de Alagon, marquess of Oristano, who managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s but was later crushed at the Battle of Macomer (1478), ending any further hope of independence for the island. The unceasing attacks from North African pirates and a series of plagues (from 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation.

Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily

Map of the Kingdom of Sardinia

The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of War of the Spanish succession. By the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. During the War of the Quadruple Alliance, Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the Treaty of The Hague of February 17, 1720. Because a kingdom of Sardinia had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily.

Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia. The state took the official title of Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem, as the house of Savoy still claimed the thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem, although both had long been under Ottoman rule.

In 1767–1769, Charles Emmanuel III conquered the Maddalena archipelago in the Strait of Bonifacio from the Republic of Genoa, who ruled it with the island of Corsica, and since then the archipelago is still part of the Sardinian region.

Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna

King Charles Albert

In 1792, Piedmont-Sardinia joined the First Coalition against the French First Republic, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796), giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On December 6, 1798 Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the Battle of Marengo (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war.

In 1814, the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa, now a duchy, and it served as a buffer state against France. This was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna. In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Victor Emmanuel I (1802–21), Charles Felix (1821–31) and Charles Albert (1831–49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero, which set the reactionary Ferdinand VII on the Spanish throne. Victor Emanuel I disbanded the entire Code Napoléon and returned the lands and power to the nobility and the Church. This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French. These changes typified Piedmont. The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the Statuto Albertino, was enacted in the year of revolutions, 1848, under liberal pressure, and under the same pressure Charles Albert declared war on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by Marshal Radetzky at Custozza.

Italian unification

Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
King Victor Emmanuel II meets Garibaldi in Teano (October 26, 1860)
Main article: Italian unification

Like all of Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability, under alternating governments. After a very short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on March 23, 1849, in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II.

In 1852, a liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed, and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving the Italian Unification. The Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) took part in the Crimean War, allied with the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France, and fighting against Russia.

In 1859, France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against Austria, the Austro-Sardinian War. Napoleon III didn't keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of Magenta and Solferino, both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede Lombardy to Napoleon who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid 'embarrassing' the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept the deal.

Garibaldi and the Thousand

On March 5, 1860, Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna voted in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon who feared a strong Savoyard state on his southeastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done after dubious referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France.

In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and marched to Gaeta. Cavour was actually the most satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi wanted to conquer Rome. Garibaldi was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister.

Towards Kingdom of Italy

On March 17, 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed by the Parliament, so ratifying the annexations of all other Italian states to Piedmont. The institutions and laws of the Kingdom were quickly extended to all Italy, brutally abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont would become the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, would remain the Italian capital until 1865 when the capital was moved to Florence; but in contrast, many revolts exploded through the peninsula, especially in Southern Italy. The House of Savoy would rule Italy until 1946 when Italy was declared a republic by referendum.

Flags

When the Duchy of Savoy changed its name into Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 and Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, it maintained its traditional flag depicting a white cross on a red field. But a problem arose: if the Duchy owned the small harbour of Nice only, the union with Sicily and then Sardinia gave to the Kingdom a quite big fleet, which had the same flag of Malta. To disambiguate the ships of the two different States, the House of Savoy added a blue border to its flag, and then it reduced the cross in a single quarter.

The flag had following minor changes until 1848, when a revolution happened: to follow the liberal revolutions which were exploding in all Europe, King Charles Albert adopted the Napoleonic Italian tricolour, surmonted by the Savoyard shield, as national flag. This flag became the flag of Italy until 1946.

  • First original flag First original flag
  • Second revised flag Second revised flag
  • Third blue flag Third blue flag
  • Final tricolour flag Final tricolour flag

Maps

Constituent countries

Until the perfect fusion of 1848, the Savoyard State was formed by different constituent countries:

References

  1. Cagliari from 1799 to 1814, during the French occupation.
  2. A 2 penny (2 denari) coin minted in 1722, still using the title of King of Sicily for Victor Amadeus II.
  3. ^ "Sardinia, kingdom of". [[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] (6 ed.). Columbia University Press. 2007. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  4. ^ "Sardinia (historical kingdom, Italy)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  5. Benigni, Umberto (1912). "Sardinia". [[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 6 September 2010. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  6. Thuesen, 2002, p. 506.
  7. The Savoyard State continued to be styled as Kingdom of Sicily, Jerusalem and Cyprus on official acts until 1723, when the king ended his protests against the forced changeover between Sicily and Sardinia.
  8. See for example Thuesen, 2002, p. 506. A coin minted in 1722 still uses the title of King of Sicily for Victor Amadeus II.

Sources

  • Hearder, Harry (1986). Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790–1870. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49146-0.
  • Martin, George Whitney (1969). The Red Shirt and the Cross of Savoy. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. ISBN 0-396-05908-2.
  • Storrs, Christopher (1999). War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55146-3.
  • Thuesen, Nils Petter (2002). Verdens historie i årstall. Orion. ISBN 978-82-458-0517-8.

External links

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