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| '''Father's Day''' is a celebration honoring ]s and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. Many countries celebrate it on the third Sunday of June, but it is also celebrated widely on other days. Father's Day complements ], a celebration that honors ]s and motherhood. | '''Father's Day''' is a celebration honoring ]s and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. Many countries celebrate it on the third Sunday of June, but it is also celebrated widely on other days. Father's Day complements ], a celebration that honors ]s and motherhood. | ||
| It celebrates the contribution that fathers and father figures make for their children’s lives. <ref></ref> | |||
| {{TOCleft}} | {{TOCleft}} | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
Revision as of 17:37, 17 June 2012
| Father's Day | |
|---|---|
| Observed by | Many countries |
| Type | Holiday |
| Date | Third Sunday in June (many countries); in Australia and NZ: first Sunday in September; and other dates |
| Related to | Mother's Day, Parents' Day, Children's Day |
Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. Many countries celebrate it on the third Sunday of June, but it is also celebrated widely on other days. Father's Day complements Mother's Day, a celebration that honors mothers and motherhood.
It celebrates the contribution that fathers and father figures make for their children’s lives.
History
Father's Day is a celebration of fathers inaugurated in the United States in the early twentieth century to complement Mother's Day in celebrating fatherhood and male parenting.
After the success obtained by Anna Jarvis with the promotion of Mother's Day in the US, some wanted to create similar holidays for other family members, and Father's Day was the choice most likely to succeed. There were other persons in the US who independently thought of "Father's Day", but the credit for the modern holiday is always given to Sonora Dodd, who was the driving force behind its establishment.
Father's Day was founded in Spokane, Washington at the YMCA in 1910 by Sonora Smart Dodd, who was born in Arkansas. Its first celebration was in the Spokane YMCA on June 19, 1910. Her father, the Civil War veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there. After hearing a sermon about Jarvis' Mother's Day in 1909, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday honoring them. Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the pastors hadn't enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday of June.
It did not have much success initially. In the 1920s, Dodd stopped promoting the celebration because she was studying in the Art Institute of Chicago, and it faded into relative obscurity, even in Spokane. In the 1930s Dodd returned to Spokane and started promoting the celebration again, raising awareness at a national level. She had the help of those trade groups that would benefit most from the holiday, for example the manufacturers of ties, tobacco pipes, and any traditional present to fathers. Since 1938 she had the help of the Father's Day Council, founded by the New York Associated Men's Wear Retailers to consolidate and systematize the commercial promotion. Americans resisted the holiday during a few decades, perceiving it as just an attempt by merchants to replicate the commercial success of Mother's Day, and newspapers frequently featured cynical and sarcastic attacks and jokes. But the trade groups didn't give up: they kept promoting it and even incorporated the jokes into their adverts, and they eventually succeeded. By the mid 1980s the Father's Council wrote that "(...) has become a 'Second Christmas' for all the men's gift-oriented industries."
A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak in a Father's Day celebration and wanted to make it official, but Congress resisted, fearing that it would become commercialized. US President Calvin Coolidge recommended in 1924 that the day be observed by the nation, but stopped short of issuing a national proclamation. Two earlier attempts to formally recognize the holiday had been defeated by Congress. In 1957, Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote a proposal accusing Congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while honoring mothers, thus " out just one of our two parents". In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers, designating the third Sunday in June as Father's Day. Six years later, the day was made a permanent national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972.
In addition to Father's Day, International Men's Day is celebrated in many countries on November 19 for men and boys who are not fathers.
Similar celebrations
A "Father's Day" service was held on July 5, 1908, in Fairmont, West Virginia, in the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church South, now known as Central United Methodist Church. Grace Golden Clayton was mourning the loss of her father when, on December 1907, the Monongah Mining Disaster in nearby Monongah killed 361 men, 250 of them fathers, leaving around a thousand fatherless children. Clayton suggested her pastor Robert Thomas Webb to honor all those fathers. Clayton chose the Sunday nearest to the birthday of her father, Methodist minister Fletcher Golden.
Clayton's event did not have repercussions outside of Fairmont for several reasons, among them: the city was overwhelmed by other events, the celebration was never promoted outside of the town itself and no proclamation was made in the City Council. Also two events overshadowed this event: the celebration of Independence Day July 4, 1908, with 12,000 attendants and several shows including a hot air balloon event, which took over the headlines in the following days, and the death of a 16-year-old girl on July 4. The local church and Council were overwhelmed and they didn't even think of promoting the event, and it wasn't celebrated again for many years. The original sermon was not reproduced in press and it was lost. Finally, Clayton was a quiet person, who never promoted the event or even talked to other persons about it.
Clayton also might have been inspired by Anna Jarvis' crusade to establish Mother's Day; two months prior, Jarvis had held a celebration for her dead mother in Grafton, West Virginia, a town about 15 miles (24 km) away from Fairmont.
In 1911 Jane Addams proposed a city-wide Father's Day in Chicago, but she was turned down.
In 1912 there was a Father's Day celebration in Vancouver, Washington, suggested by Methodist pastor J. J. Berringer of the Irvingtom Methodist Church. They believed mistakenly that they had been the first to celebrate such a day. They followed a 1911 suggestion by the Portland Oregonian.
Harry C. Meek, member of Lions Clubs International who helped to promote the holiday, claimed that he had first the idea for Father's Day in 1915. He claims that the third Sunday of June was chosen because it was his birthday (it would have been more natural to choose his father's birthday). The Lions Club has named him "Originator of Father's Day".
Spelling
In the United States, Dodd used the "Fathers' Day" spelling on her original petition for the holiday, but the spelling "Father's Day" was already used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday, and it was still spelled the same way when its creator was commended in 2008 by the U.S. Congress.
Dates around the world
The officially recognized date of Father's Day varies from country to country. This section lists some significant examples, in order of date of observance.
| Gregorian calendar | |||||||||
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| Occurrence | Dates | Country | |||||||
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February 23 |
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March 19 |
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Second Sunday of May |
May 14, 2023 |
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| May 8 | |||||||||
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Third Sunday of May |
May 21, 2023 |
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May 18, 2023 |
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First Sunday of June |
June 4, 2023 |
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June 5 |
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Second Sunday of June |
June 11, 2023 |
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Third Sunday of June |
June 18, 2023 |
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June 17 |
 Guatemala
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June 21 (first day of summer) |
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June 23 |
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Second Sunday of July |
July 9, 2023 |
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Last Sunday of July |
July 30, 2023 |
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Second Sunday of August |
August 13, 2023 |
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August 8 |
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First Sunday of September |
September 3, 2023 |
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Second Sunday of September |
September 10, 2023 |
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Third Sunday of September |
September 17, 2023 |
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First Sunday of October |
October 1, 2023 |
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Second Sunday of November |
November 12, 2023 |
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December 5 |
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December 26 |
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| Hindu calendar | |||||||||
| Definition | Sample dates | Country/Territory | |||||||
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August 29, 2011 |
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 India
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| Islam calendar | |||||||||
| Definition | Sample dates | Country/Territory | |||||||
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13 Rajab |
June 16, 2011 |
 Pakistan
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*Officially, as the name suggests, the holiday celebrates people who are serving or were serving the Russian Armed Forces (both men and women). But the congratulations are traditionally, nationally accepted by all fathers, other adult men and male children as well.
**In China during Republican period prior to 1949, Father's Day on August 8 was first held in Shanghai in 1945.
International history and traditions
In a few Catholic countries, it is celebrated on the Feast of St. Joseph.
Argentina
Father's Day in Argentina is celebrated on the third Sunday of June, but there have been several attempts to change the date to August 24, to commemorate the day on which the "Father of the Nation" José de San Martín became a father.
In 1953 the proposal to celebrate Father's Day in all educational establishments on August 24, in honor of José de San Martín, was raised to the General Direction of Schools of Mendoza Province. The day was celebrated for the first time in 1958, on the third Sunday of June, but it was not included in the school calendars due to pressure from several groups.
Schools in the Mendoza Province continued to celebrate Father's Day on August 24, and, in 1982, the Provincial Governor passed a law declaring Father's Day in the province to be celebrated on that day.
In 2004, several proposals to change the date to August 24 were presented to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies as a single, unified project. After being approved, the project was passed to the Senate of Argentina for final review and approval. The Senate changed the proposed new date to the third Sunday of August, and scheduled the project for approval. However, the project was never addressed during the Senate's planned session, which caused its ultimate failure.
Aruba
In Aruba, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.
Australia
In Australia, Father's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September and is not a public holiday. YMCA Victoria continues the tradition of honouring the role fathers, and father figures play in parenting through the annual awarding of Local Community Father of the Year in 32 municipalities in Victoria. The Father's Day Council of Victoria annually recognise fathers in the Father of the Year Award.
Brazil
In Brazil Father's Day (Dia dos Pais, in portuguese) celebrated 3 months after Mother's Day, on the second Sunday of August. A publicist Sylvio Bhering in the mid-1950s selected the date in honor of Saint Joachim, patriarch of family (as well as the Catholic day of godfathers). It is not an official holiday (see Public holidays in Brazil), but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one's father.
Canada
In Canada, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. Father's Day typically involves spending time with one's father or the father figures in one's life. Small celebrations and the giving of gifts may be part of the festivities organized for Father's Day.
Costa Rica
In Costa Rica the Unidad Social Cristiana party presented a bill to change the celebration of the day from the third Sunday of June to March 19, the day of Saint Joseph. That was in order to give tribute to this saint, who gave the name to the capital of the country San José, Costa Rica, and so family heads will be able to celebrate the Father's Day at the same time as the Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker. The official date is still third Sunday of June.
Denmark
In Denmark, Father's Day is celebrated on June 5. It coincides with Constitution Day.
Germany
In Germany, Father's Day (Vatertag) is celebrated differently from other parts of the world. It is always celebrated on Ascension Day (the Thursday forty days after Easter), which is a federal holiday. Regionally, it is also called men's day, Männertag, or gentlemen's day, Herrentag. It is tradition for groups of males (young and old but usually excluding pre-teenage boys) to do a hiking tour with one or more smaller wagons, Bollerwagen, pulled by manpower. In the wagons are wine or beer (according to region) and traditional regional food, Hausmannskost. Many men use this holiday as an opportunity to get drunk.
These traditions are probably rooted in Christian Ascension Day's processions to the farmlands, some of which reportedly took on the character of drinking sprees as early as in the 17th century. Similar "gentlemen parties" have also taken place in the streets of urban areas, especially Berlin, since the 19th century. However, many fathers opt to spend the day with their families instead and refrain from getting drunk. Many people will take the following Friday off at work, and some schools are closed on that Friday as well; many people then use the resulting four-day long weekend for a short vacation.
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.
Ireland
In Ireland, Father's Day (Template:Lang-ga) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.
Iran
Father's day in Iran is celebrated on the 13th of Rajab, the birthday of the First Imam of Shia Muslims, Ali.
Italy
In Italy, according to the Roman Catholic tradition, fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph's Day, commonly called Feast of Saint Joseph ("Festa di San Giuseppe"), March 19. It is not a public holiday.
Japan
Main article: Public holidays in JapanIn Japan, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.
Korea
In Korea, Parents' day is celebrated on 8 May and is not a public holiday.
Malaysia
In Malaysia, Father's Day is on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.
Mexico
In Mexico, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday.
Seychelles
In Seychelles, Father's Day is celebrated on the 16th day of June and is not a public holiday.
Nepal
Main article: Gokarna AunsiThe Newar population (natives of Kathmandu valley) in Nepal honors fathers on the day of Gokarna Aunsi, which occurs in late August or early September, depending on the year, since it depends on the lunar calendar. The Western-inspired celebration of Father's Day that was imported into the country is always celebrated in the same day as Gokarna Aunsi.
The rest of the population has also begun to celebrate the Gokarna Aunsi day It is commonly known as Abu ya Khwa Swoyegu in Nepal Bhasa or Buwaako mukh herne din (बुवाको मुख हेर्ने दिन) in Nepali (literally "day for looking at father’s face"). On the new moon day (Amavasya) Hindus go to the Shiva temple of Gokarneswor Mahadev, in Gokarna, a suburb of Kathmandu while Buddhists go to Jana Bahal (Seto Machhindra Nath or white Tara) temple in Kathmandu to pay respect to their deceased father.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, Father's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September and is not a public holiday.
Peru
In Peru, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. People usually give a present to their fathers and spend time with him mostly during a family meal.
Philippines
In Philippines, Father's Day is not an official holiday, but it is widely observed on the 3rd Sunday of June. Most Filipinos born in the 1960s and 1970s did not celebrate Father's day, but Filipinos now follow this tradition and other American holidays, most likely due to the influence of the United States through television and the internet.
Poland
In Poland, Father's Day is celebrated on June 23.
Portugal
Father's Day is celebrated on March 19 (see Roman Catholic tradition below) in Portugal. Father's Day is not a bank holiday.
Roman Catholic tradition
In the Roman Catholic tradition, Fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph's Day, commonly called Feast of Saint Joseph, March 19, though in certain countries Father's Day has become a secular celebration. It is also common for Catholics to honor their "spiritual father," their parish priest, on Father's Day.
Romania
Beginning with 2010, in Romania, Father's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May and it is recognized officially by the state. Out of the 27 states in the European Union, it was the only one without an official Father's Day. Romanian Father's day for 2012 was celebrated on May 13.
Russia
Russia continues the USSR tradition of celebrating Defender of the Fatherland Day instead of Father's Day. It is usually called "Men's Day" and it is considered the Russian equivalent of Father's Day.
Singapore
In Singapore, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June but is not a public holiday.
Spain
Father's Day, El Día del Padre, is observed on the Feast day of Saint Joseph, which is March 19. As a Saint's Day, banks and many stores close.
Taiwan
Main article: Public holidays in the Republic of ChinaIn Taiwan, Father's Day is not an official holiday, but is widely observed on August 8, the eighth day of the eighth month of the year. In Mandarin Chinese, the pronunciation of the number 8 is bā. This pronunciation is very similar to the character "爸" "bà", which means "Papa" or "father". The Taiwanese, therefore, usually call August 8 by its nickname, "Bābā Holiday" (爸爸節).
Thailand
In Thailand, Father's Day is set as the birthday of the king. December 5 is the birthday of the current king, Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). Traditionally, Thais celebrate by giving their father or grandfather a Canna flower (ดอกพุทธรักษา Dok Buddha Ruksa), which is considered a masculine flower; however, this is not as commonly practiced today. Thai people will wear yellow on this day to show respect for the king, because yellow is the Color of the day for Monday, the day King Bhumibol Adulyadej was born. In 2007, King Bhumibol Adulyadej was seen leaving the hospital wearing a baby pink blazer. Today, Thais wear pink instead of the yellow.
It first gained nationwide popularity in the 1980s as part of a campaign by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand's royal family. Mother's Day is celebrated on the birthday of Queen Sirikit, August 12.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June and is not a public holiday.
United States
Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June. In recent years, retailers have adapted to the holiday by promoting greeting cards and traditionally male-oriented gifts such as electronics and tools. Schools and other children's programs commonly have activities to make Father's Day gifts.
More phone calls are made in the United States during Mother's Day than during Father's Day, but the percentage of collect calls on Father's Day is much higher, making it the busiest day of the year for collect calls.
Father's Day is accompanied by a smaller total number of phone calls, greeting cards and gifts than Mother's Day. It is speculated that this is due to the greater number of households with a mother than households with a father (due to single mothers), to the greater role of mothers in housework, and to historical advantage - Mother's Day began in 1870 and became official in 1914 while Father's Day only became official in 1972.
See also
References
- About Father's Day
- ^ Myers, 1972, p. 185
- ^ Larossa, 1997. pp. 172-173
- ^ Leigh, 1997, p. 276.
- "Father's Day (United States)". Retrieved May 30, 2008.
- Leigh, 1997. p. 278
- Leigh, 1997. p. 279
- Leigh, 1997. pp. 275, 283–284, 286, 288, 290, 292
- Leigh, 1997. p. 275,288-290
- Leigh, 1997. pp. 280–283; Larossa, 1997. p. 174
- Leigh, 1997. p. 283–290
- Leigh, 1997. p. 286
- ^ "Father to have his day". The New York Times. October 3, 1913.
(...) a bill providing that "The first Sunday in June in each and every year hereafter be designated as Father's Day (...)"
- ^ Myers, 1972. pp. 186-187
- ^ "Father's Day – The un-Spokane history of Father's Day", Daily American, June 13, 2007
- ^ "Father Finally Granted A Day", Nashua Telegraph, part of The Telegraph, June 18, 1977
- Leigh, 1997. pp. 275-276
- ^ Smith, Vicki (June 15, 2003). "The first Father's Day". Martinsburg Journal (Martinsburg, West Virginia). Retrieved November 7, 2006.
- ^ Barth, Kelly (June 21, 1987). "First Father's Day service in 1908". Dominion Post (Morgantown, West Virginia). Retrieved November 7, 2006.
- ^ Reverend D.D. Meighen (June 5, 1908). "The First Father's Day Service occurred in Fairmont, West Virginia, on July 5, 1908, at Williams Memorial Methodist Espiscopal Church". Retrieved September 4, 2010.
- "H. RES. 1274. Commending Sonora Smart Dodd for her contribution in recognizing the importance of Father's Day and recognizing the important role fathers play in our families". Library of Congress. June 12, 2008.
- ^ Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Strukov (2010), Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Historical dictionaries of French history, vol. 78 (illustrated ed.), Scarecrow Press, p. 246, ISBN 9780810854758
- "Se instituye el Día del Padre, Decreto Número 13". February 9, 1960. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2008. Template:Es icon
- ^ "Romania Celebrates Fathers' Day On Second Sunday Of May". Bucharest: mediafax.ro. May 4, 2010.
- ^ "Fars Dag" (in Danish). Dansk Historisk Fællesråd. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
- ^ "Argentina, el origen del Día del Padre, ayer Google en español lo tuvo en su Portal". June 16, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
- Días Nacionales en Chile (in Spanish)
- ^ "Presentan en Costa Rica proyecto de ley para celebrar día del padre el día de San José". ACI Prensa. May 26, 2005.
- "Principales efemérides. Mes Junio". Unión de Periodistas de Cuba. Retrieved June 7, 2008. Template:Es icon
- "6310.- Fêtes et Jours Fériés en Haiti" (in French). Retrieved June 20, 2010. Template:Fr icon
- Notimex (June 14, 2008). "Preparados los capitalinos para festejar el día del padre". La Crónica de Hoy. Retrieved June 23, 2008. (June 15, 2008 was third Sunday of June) Template:Es icon
- "Días Festivos para el mes de Junio del 2008" (in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Panamá. Retrieved June 23, 2008. Template:Es icon
- "Calendario Cívico Escolar" (in Spanish). Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana. Retrieved June 7, 2008. Template:Es icon
- Jerome Aning (June 14, 2008). "Daughter of missing NDF consultant believes he's still alive". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 23, 2008. (June 15, 2008 was third sunday of June)
- "17 de Junio, Día del Padre en El Salvador". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador. May 8, 1969. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
Asamblea Legislativa de la República de El Salvador. 08 de mayo de 1969
Template:Es icon - Marta Altolaguirre (May 17, 2008). "Reflexiones en el Día del Padre". El Periódico.
- Tina Sinatra, Jeff Coplon (2000), My father's daughter: a memoir (illustrated ed.), Simon and Schuster, p. 20, ISBN 0-684-87076-2, 9780684870762,
I was born in June 20, 1948: Father's Day.
{{citation}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Paul M. Handley (2006). The King Never Smiles: a biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. p. 288. ISBN 0-300-10682-3, 9780300106824.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) (online version) - ^ P. Ferguson (2007). "Festivals and ceremonies". World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 536. ISBN 0-7614-7631-8, 9780761476313.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) -
"Father's Day Celebration in different countries". Retrieved July 19, 2008.
In Iran it is celebrated on the Birthday of First shiite Imam (Imam Ali (as)) on 13 of Rajab islamic calendar.
- ^ "Sesiones ordinarias 2004 Orden del día n°1798: Día del Padre. Institúyese como tal el día 24 de agosto de cada año". Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. November 7, 2008. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
la presión de diversos grupos determinó el "olvido" de incluir esta disposición en el calendario escolar a partir de 1957, y la omisión fue aprovechada para imponer el tercer domingo de junio como el Día del Padre norteamericano, en homenaje a mister John Bruce Dodd (...) instituir el día 24 de agosto como el destinado a la celebración del Día del Padre en homenaje al general José de San Martín, padre de la patria.
- "Día del Padre (Estado del trámite del proyecto de ley)". Retrieved July 12, 2008.
- www.fathersdaycouncil.org.au
- Rodolfo Delgado Valverde. "Proyecto de Ley. Celebración del 19 de Marzo como Día del Padre. Expediente 15911".
- "Father's Day and Vatertag". About.com.
- ^ Agence France-Presse. "German Minister Urges Fathers Not to Get Drunk on Father's Day!".
- ^ "Himmelfahrt, Männertag: Was ist das eigentlich?" (in German). Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ "Von modischen Herrenpartien und der Erhöhung Jesu" (in German). Der Stern. May 12, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Padmakshi Rana, Gokarna Aunsi (Father Day), NepalHomePage Travel Guide
- Gokarna Aunsi, the day for honouring fathers, nepalnews.com, September 8, 2002
- Kerry Tilby (June 2007). "Father's Day". Kiwi Families. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
- "Catholics Come Home to launch organization to encourage priests". Catholic News Agency. April 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
- "Padres por horas", Faro de Vigo, 19 May 2010
- "We Love You: Call Collect". Snopes.com. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ^ Gogoi, Pallavi. "Father's Unspectacular Day." BusinessWeek. June 14, 2005.
Bibliography
- Myers (1972). Celebrations: The Complete Book of American Holidays. Doubleday & Company. pp. 184–187. ISBN 0-385-07677-0.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|middle=ignored (help) - Leigh, Eric Schmidt (1997). Consumer Rites: The Buying and Selling of American Holidays. Princeton University Press. pp. 275–292. ISBN 0-691-01721-2.
- Larossa, Ralph (1997). The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History. University of Chicago Press. pp. 90, 170–192. ISBN 0-226-46904-2.
External links
 Public holidays in Mexico | |
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| Statutory holidays |
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| Civic holidays | |
| Festivities |
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