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Falls Curfew
Part of The Troubles and Operation Banner
Date 3–5 July 1970 Location Belfast, Northern Ireland Result Official IRA weapons captured, 300 people arrested
Belligerents
Official Irish Republican Army	British Army
Commanders and leaders
Jim Sullivan	Sir Ian Freeland
Strength
80–90 volunteers	3000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
uncertain	18 injured
4 civilians killed by British Army 60 civilians injured

The Falls Curfew (also called the Battle of the Falls or the Rape of the Lower Falls) was a British Army operation during 3–5 July 1970 in an area along the Falls Road in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The operation started with a weapons search but quickly developed into rioting and gun battles between British soldiers and the Official Irish Republican Army. Shortly after the violence began, the British commander imposed a curfew, which eventually lasted 36 hours. During the curfew, four civilians were killed by the British Army, at least 75 people were wounded (including 15 soldiers) and 337 people were arrested.

Background

A week before the Falls Curfew, on Saturday 27 June 1970, Belfast experienced severe rioting after an Orange Order parade in the north of the city. During that evening, republicans claim that groups of loyalist rioters began to make incursions into the Catholic and nationalist Short Strand enclave of east Belfast. Loyalists claim that the violence was begun by the republicans; allegeding that Orangemen and supporters came under attack on Newtownards Road when returning from a parade.

Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army took up sniping positions in the grounds of St Matthew’s Catholic Church and engaged in a prolonged gun battle with loyalist gunmen. Across Belfast seven people were killed, of whom five were Protestants and one was a Roman Catholic shot by the IRA. Meanwhile, the Official Irish Republican Army arranged for a large number of weapons to be brought into the mainly nationalist and Catholic Lower Falls area for distribution. The area was a stronghold of the Official IRA.

The Curfew

Initial weapons search

In response to the violence, the following weekend the British government sent troops from the Black Watch and Life Guards regiments into the Lower Falls area to recover paramilitary weapons. The search began at about 3pm on 3 July, under the command of Lieutenant General Sir Ian Freeland. An informer had tipped them off that they would find an arms dump belonging to the Official IRA in a house on Balkan Street. A column of five or six armored vehicles arrived at the house and sealed-off the street. The search uncovered 19 weapons.

Gun battles and rioting

As the armored vehicles left the area, a small crowd of youths on Raglan Street pelted them with stones. The troops replied by launching CS gas at the crowd. The youths continued to throw stones and the soldiers responded with more CS gas. Jim Sullivan, the local Official IRA commander, instructed his men not to attack the troops, for fear that the rest of their weapons would be found and seized and instead tried to move the arms out of the area. At about 6pm, however, the rival Provisional IRA attacked the troops with improvised hand grenades. A number of soldiers suffered leg injuries. Some of the Official IRA members also allegedly fired shots at the troops. By this time, the stone-throwing had evolved into a full-scale riot. Many streets were hastily barricaded to prevent the British soldiers from entering.

Shortly after the violence began, Freeland announced a curfew and flooded the area with up to 3,000 soldiers supported by armoured vehicles and helicopters. The curfew zone, comprising about fifty streets, was sealed off with barbed wire. Helicopters equipped with loudspeakers hovered overhead, ordering residents to stay indoors.

According to an Official IRA source quoted by journalists Eamonn Mallie and Patrick Bishop, the local Official IRA leadership reluctantly decided to take on the British troops once the scale of their incursion became clear. The source said:

The way we looked at it, we were not going to put up our hands and let them take the weaponry. We didn't want the confrontation, but we couldn't surrender".

Directly after the curfew was imposed, three soldiers were shot and wounded by Official IRA volunteers in Omar Street.The Provisional IRA pulled out, allegedly because it believed the clash would end badly and it would lose the few weapons it had. The shooting, which had begun at about 6pm, continued into the night. On the morning of 4 July, when the troops entered the area, they were attacked by nationalist rioters and a sustained barrage of rifle and automatic fire from Official IRA volunteers. Over the next two days, there were continuous rioting and gun battles in the area. Approximately 80–90 Official IRA volunteers, each armed with a rifle and one or two hand guns, exchanged fire with the troops, who fired over 1,500 rounds in the incident. Hundreds of local youths also pelted the troops with stones and petrol bombs. Journalist Simon Winchester later wrote:

To anyone who experienced the battle, it was perfectly obvious that hundreds and hundreds of bullets were being fired by both sides – and yet the Army had the gall, when asked by reporters later in the weekend, to say that its soldiers fired only 15 shots in sum.

After sealing off the curfew zone, the Army began a house-to-house search for weapons under the cover of CS gas. The soldiers fired 1,600 canisters of CS gas, which was considered to be excessive in such a small area. Journalist Peter Taylor describes the effect of the CS gas on the densely populated area:

The clouds of choking and suffocating gas drifted up the narrow alleyways and back streets of the warren that is the Lower Falls. The gas got everywhere, in through windows, under doors and into the residents' eyes, noses, throats and lungs.

A soldier later interviewed by Taylor recalled: "The place was still saturated with CS gas. Children were coughing, I remember. I'm talking now about the toddlers, kids of three, four, five. It affected everyone but children especially". There were allegations that some soldiers fired CS gas canisters through the windows of houses while residents were still inside.

Any journalists who remained inside the curfew zone were arrested by the Army. It is claimed that, because the media was unable to watch their activities, the soldiers behaved "with reckless abandon". Hundreds of houses were forcibly searched for weapons. Pubs and businesses were also searched and it is claimed that several of them were looted by the soldiers. According to Mallie and Bishop's account:

The soldiers behaved with a new harshness ... axeing down doors, ripping up floorboards, disembowelling chairs, sofas, beds, and smashing the garish plaster statues of the Madonna, the Infant of Prague and Saint Bernadette which adorned the tiny front parlours.

At a Northern Ireland Cabinet meeting on 7 July, it was said that "little structural damage had been reported, apart from the pulling up of floorboards". The ministers concluded that there was a "smear campaign" being mounted against the British Army. The British Minister of State for defence, Lord Balniel, defended the actions of the soldiers, stating: "I am deeply impressed by the impartial way they are carrying out an extremely difficult task".

At 5pm on Saturday, the Army announced by loudspeaker that people could come out for one hour to get vital supplies.

End of the curfew

The curfew was broken at about 9am on Sunday 5 July, when 3,000 women from the nationalist Andersonstown area marched to the lower Falls with food and other groceries for the people there. The unprepared soldiers tried to hold back the crowd at first, but eventually allowed it to pass through.

By the time the search was over, the troops had captured about 100 firearms, 100 home made grenades, 250 pounds of explosives and 21,000 rounds of ammunition. Among the firearms were 52 pistols, 35 rifles, 6 machine guns and 14 shotguns. Almost all of this material belonged to the Official IRA.

It was later reported that while the lower Falls was under curfew and the streets emptied of people, the Army had driven two Unionist ministers, John Brooke and William Long, through the area in armoured vehicles. This enraged nationalists in Northern Ireland, who perceived the gesture a symbol of unionist triumphalism over an area cowed by British military force.

Casualties

The Army killed four civilians during the curfew:

• Charles O'Neill, a 36-year-old Catholic civilian, died on 3 July after being knocked down by a British Saracen APC on the Falls Road. The Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN) and the Irish News claim that O'Neill was "deliberately" run over. He was an invalided ex-serviceman.
• Thomas Burns, a 54-year-old Catholic civilian, was shot dead at the front door of his home on the Falls Road on 3 July.
• Patrick Elliman, a 62-year-old Catholic civilian, was shot in the head on Marchioness Street on 3 July and died of his wounds on 10 July.
• Zbigniew Uglik, a 23-year-old visitor from England, was shot dead at the rear of a house on Albert Street on 4 July. He was an amateur photographer and was allegedly trying to take photographs when he was shot.

Another 60 civilians suffered gunshot wounds, as did 15 soldiers, 3 more of whom were wounded by stones or petrol bombs. A total 337 people, including Official IRA leader Billy McMillen were also arrested.

Results

The Falls Curfew had two major results. The first was that it deeply alienated Belfast's Irish nationalist and Catholic population from the Army. Historian Richard English suggests that the Falls Curfew was "arguably decisive in terms of worsening the relationship between the British Army and the Catholic working class". Previously, many of them had seen the Army as a neutral force in the city to keep order between Catholics and Protestants. However, the events of the Falls Curfew gave credence to the Irish republican argument that the British Army was a hostile colonial army of occupation. According to Sinn Féin's Gerry Adams, "Thousands of people who had never been republicans now gave their active support to the IRA; others, who had never had any time for physical force now regarded it as a practical necessity".

The second main result was a deepening of the enmity between the two factions of the Irish Republican Army, the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA, who had parted ways in December 1969. The Officials blamed the Provisionals for starting the confrontation with troops and then leaving them to fight alone against overwhelming odds, resulting in the loss of much of their weaponry. Over the following year, the two factions carried out many shootings and beatings of each other's members. A truce was eventually agreed between them to prevent further bloodshed after the Officials assassinated a young Provisional named Charlie Hughes. Hughes was the commander of the Provisional's unit in the lower Falls and had taken part in some of the fighting during the Falls Curfew.

References

1. ^ "Remembering the Past: The Falls Curfew" - An Phoblacht (5 July 2007)
2. Michael Norby. "Northern Ireland conflict photographer to give 'Peacelines' presentation". The Irish Emigrant. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
3. Shanahan, Timothy (2009). The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the morality of terrorism. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 24–5.
4. Barry McCaffrey (25 June 2010). "Battle of Short Strand". The Irish News: pp. 14–7.
5. Liam Clarke, "", Sunday Times, 24 May 2009.
6. ^ Dillon, Martin (1999). The Dirty War: Covert strategies and tactics used in political conflicts. Taylor & Francis. pp. 212–3.
7. ^ CAIN - A Chronology of the Conflict - July 1970
8. Mallie, Bishop. The Provisional IRA, p. 159
9. ^ Ó Fearghail
10. Hanley, Millar. The Lost Revolution, p.157
11. Hanley, Millar. The Lost Revolution, p.157
12. ^ Marie Louise McCrory (30 June 2010). "Falls Road Curfew - 40th Anniversary". The Irish News. pp. 12–15.
13. Fraser, T G (2000). Ireland in conflict, 1922-1998. Routledge. p. 50.
14. Mallie, Bishop, The Provisional IRA (1988), p.159
15. Hanley, Millar p157
16. ^ Mallie,Bishop. The Provisional IRA, p. 159
17. Hanley, Millar, The Lost Revolution, p157
18. ^ Chibnall, Steve (2003). Law and Order News: An analysis of crime reporting in the British press. Routledge. pp. 176–177.
19. Rafferty, Oliver (1994). Catholicism in Ulster 1603-1983: An interpretative history. University of South Carolina Press. p. 265.
20. Peter Taylor Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin p. 79
21. Taylor, p.81
22. Conclusions of a meeting of the Cabinet, 7 July 1970
23. ^ English, Richard (2004). Armed struggle: the history of the IRA. Oxford University Press US. p. 136.
24. ^ Mallie,Bishop. The Provisional IRA, p. 160
25. ^ CAIN - Sutton Index of Deaths - 1970
26. Hanley,Millar, p159
27. Taylor, Peter (1997). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 0-7475-3818-2.

Bibliography

• Ó Fearghail, Seán Óg (1970). Law (?) and Orders: The Belfast 'Curfew' of 3–5 July 1970. Dundalgan Press. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
• Hanley, Brian; Millar, Scott (2009). The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party. Dublin: Penguin Ireland. ISBN 1-84488-120-2.
• English, Richard (2003). Armed Struggle: A History of the IRA. London: MacMillan. ISBN 1-4050-0108-9.
• Taylor, Peter (1997). Provos: The IRA and Sinn Féin. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-3392-X.
• Moloney, Ed (2002). The Secret History of the IRA. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-101041-X.
• Mallie, Eamonn; Bishop, Patrick (1988). The Provisional IRA. London: Corgi. ISBN 0-552-13337-X.
• CAIN chronology for 1970
• People's Democracy pamphlet on the incident

• Use dmy dates from September 2010
• The Troubles in Belfast
• History of Belfast
• 1970 in Northern Ireland
• 1970 riots
• Conflicts in 1970
• Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland
• Riots and civil disorder in Northern Ireland
• Political riots
• Urban warfare
• Military operations involving the United Kingdom