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African Americans are a demographic minority in the United States. The first achievements by African Americans in various fields historically establish a foothold, providing a precedent for more widespread cultural change. The shorthand phrase for this is "breaking the color barrier".

One commonly cited example is that of Jackie Robinson, who was the first African American of the modern era to become a Major League Baseball player, ending 60 years of segregated leagues. Segregated Negro Leagues had been established for decades.

18th century

• 1760

First known African-American published author: Jupiter Hammon (poem "An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries", published as a broadside)

• 1770

First person shot to death during the Boston Massacre: Crispus Attucks, called the first martyr of the revolution.

• 1773

First known African-American woman to publish a book: Phillis Wheatley (Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral)

First separate African American church: Silver Bluff Baptist Church, Aiken County, South Carolina

• 1774

First African-American Baptist congregation: First Baptist Church, Petersburg, Virginia

• 1777

First known African-American church congregation: First Colored Baptist Church, renamed First African Baptist Church, Savannah, Georgia. This claim is contested by the First Baptist Church, Petersburg, Virginia (1774) and historians of the Silver Bluff Baptist Church (1773–1775) of Aiken County, South Carolina

• 1778

First African-American U.S. military regiment: the 1st Rhode Island Regiment

• 1780s

Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, popularly known as "The Father of Chicago", was the first known settler in the area which is now Chicago, Illinois.

• 1783

First African American to formally practice medicine in the U.S.: James Derham, who did not hold an M.D. degree (See also: 1847)

• 1792

First major African-American Back-to-Africa movement: 1,200 slaves who escaped to settle in Settler Town, Sierra Leone

• 1793

First African Methodist Episcopal Church established: Richard Allen founded Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

• 1794

First African Episcopal Church established: Absalom Jones founded African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

19th century

1800s

• 1804

First African American ordained as an Episcopal priest in the U.S.: Absalom Jones in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

1810s

• 1816

First fully independent African-American denomination established: Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was elected bishop. Several black congregations withdrew from the Methodist Episcopal Church and created their own denomination.

1820s

• 1821

First African American to hold a patent: Thomas L. Jennings, for a dry-cleaning process

• 1823

First African American to receive a degree from an American college: Alexander Twilight, Middlebury College (See also: 1836)

• 1827

First African-American owned-and-operated newspaper: Freedom's Journal

1830s

• 1836

First African American elected to public office and to serve in a state legislature: Alexander Twilight, Vermont (See also: 1823)

• 1837

First African-American doctor: Dr. James McCune Smith from the University of Glasgow, Scotland (See also: 1783, 1847)

1840s

• 1845

First African American licensed to practice law in the U.S.: Macon Allen from the Boston bar

• 1847

First African American to graduate from a U.S. medical school: Dr. David J. Peck (Rush Medical College) (See also: 1783, 1837)

First independent African-American nation and first African-American president of any nation: Joseph Jenkins Roberts, Liberia

• 1849

First African-American college professor: Charles L. Reason, New York Central College

1850s

• 1851

First African-American member of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), Patrick Francis Healy. (See also: 1866, 1874)

• 1853

First novel written by an African American: Clotel; or, The President's Daughter, by William Wells Brown.

• 1854

First African-American Roman Catholic priest: James Augustine Healy. (see 1875 and 1886)

First institute of higher learning created to educate African Americans: Ashmun Institute in Pennsylvania, renamed Lincoln University in 1866. (See also: 1863)

• 1858

First published play by an African American: The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom by William Wells Brown

First African-American female college instructor: Sarah Jane Woodson Early, Wilberforce College

1860s

• 1861

First North American military unit with African-American officers: 1st Louisiana Native Guard of the Confederate Army

First African-American U.S. federal government civil servant: William Cooper Nell

• 1862

First African-American woman to earn a B.A.: Mary Jane Patterson, Oberlin College

First recognized U.S. Army African-American combat unit: 1st South Carolina Volunteers

• 1863

First college owned and operated by African Americans: Wilberforce University, Ohio. (Founded earlier; not fully owned and operated by African Americans until 1863) (See also: 1854)

First African-American president of a college: Bishop Daniel Payne (Wilberforce University)

• 1865

First African-American field officer in the U.S. Army: Martin Delany

First African-American attorney admitted to the bar of the U.S. Supreme Court: John Swett Rock

First African American to be commissioned as captain in the Regular U.S. Army: Orindatus Simon Bolivar Wall, known as OSB Wall

• 1866

First African American to earn a Ph.D.: Father Patrick Francis Healy, S.J. (from University of Leuven, Belgium). (See also 1851, 1874)

First African-American woman enlistee in the U.S. Army: Cathay Williams

• 1868

First elected African-American Lieutenant Governor: Oscar Dunn (Louisiana). (See also: 1871, May)

First African-American mayor: Pierre Caliste Landry, Donaldsonville, Louisiana

• 1869

First African-American U.S. diplomat: Ebenezer Don Carlos Bassett, minister to Haiti

First African-American woman school principal: Fanny Jackson Coppin (Institute for Colored Youth)

1870s

• 1870

First African American to vote in an election under the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting voting rights regardless of race: Thomas Mundy Peterson

First African American to graduate from Harvard College: Richard Theodore Greener

January: First African American elected to either chamber of the U.S. Congress: Senator Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-Miss.)

May: First African-American acting governor: Oscar James Dunn of Louisiana from May till August 9, 1871, when sitting Governor Warmoth was incapacitated and chose to recuperate in Mississippi. (See also: Douglas Wilder, 1990)

December: First African American elected to U.S. House of Representatives: Joseph Rainey (R-S.C.)

• 1872

First African-American governor (non-elected): P. B. S. Pinchback of Louisiana (See also: Douglas Wilder, 1990)

First African-American nominee for Vice President of the United States: Frederick Douglass by the Equal Rights Party.

• 1874

First African-American president of a major college/university: Father Patrick Francis Healy, S.J. of Georgetown College. (See also: 1851, 1863, 1866)

• 1875

First African-American Roman Catholic bishop: Bishop James Augustine Healy, of Portland, Maine. (See also: 1854)

• 1876

First African American to earn a doctorate degree from an American university: Edward Alexander Bouchet (Yale College Ph.D., physics; also first African American to graduate from Yale, 1874) (See also: 1866)

• 1877

First African-American graduate of West Point and first African-American commissioned officer in the U.S. military: Henry Ossian Flipper.

• 1879

First African American to graduate from a formal nursing school: Mary Eliza Mahoney, Boston, Massachusetts

1880s

• 1880

First African American to command a U.S. ship: Captain Michael Healy.

• 1881

First African American whose signature appeared on U.S. paper currency: Blanche K. Bruce, Register of the Treasury.

• 1883

First known African-American woman to graduate from one of the Seven Sisters college: Hortense Parker (Mount Holyoke College)

• 1884

First African American to play professional baseball at the major-league level: Moses Fleetwood Walker. (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1947)

• 1885

First African-American woman to hold a patent: Sarah E. Goode, for the cabinet bed, Chicago, Illinois

• 1886

First African-American Roman Catholic priest publicly known at the time to be African-American: Augustine Tolton, Quincy and Chicago, Illinois (See also: 1854)

1890s

• 1891

First African-American police officer in present-day New York City: Wiley Overton, hired by the Brooklyn Police Department prior to 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs into the City of New York. (See also: Samuel J. Battle, 1911)

• 1892

First African American to sing at Carnegie Hall: Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones

First African American named to a College Football All-America Team: William H. Lewis, Harvard University

• 1895

First African American to earn a doctorate degree (Ph.D.) from Harvard University: W.E.B. Du Bois

First African-American woman to work for the United States Postal Service: Mary Fields

• 1896

First African American appointed to serve as U.S. Army Paymaster: Richard R. Wright

• 1899

First African American to achieve world championship in any sport: Marshall "Major" Taylor, for 1-mile track cycling

20th century

1900s

• 1901

First African American invited to dine at the White House: Booker T. Washington

• 1902

First African-American professional basketball player: Harry Lew (New England Professional Basketball League) (See also: 1950)

• 1903

First Broadway musical written by African Americans, and the first to star African Americans: In Dahomey

First African-American woman to found and become president of a bank: Maggie L. Walker, St. Luke Penny Savings Bank (since 1930 the Consolidated Bank & Trust Company), Richmond, Virginia

• 1904

First Greek-letter fraternal organization established by African Americans: Sigma Pi Phi

First African American to participate in the Olympic Games, and first to win a medal: George Poage (two bronze medals)

• 1906

First intercollegiate Greek-letter organization established by African Americans: Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), at Cornell University

• 1907

First African-American Greek Orthodox priest and missionary in America: Very Rev. Fr. Raphael Morgan (Robert Josias Morgan)

• 1908

First African-American heavyweight boxing champion: Jack Johnson

First African-American Olympic gold medal winner: John Taylor (Track and field medley relay team). (See also: DeHart Hubbard, 1924)

First intercollegiate Greek-letter sorority established by African Americans: Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑKΑ)

• 1909

First African-American scholar to address the American Historical Association: W.E.B. Du Bois

1910s

• 1910

First African-American millionaire: Madam C. J. Walker

• 1911

First intercollegiate Greek-letter society established by African Americans at a historically black college: Omega Psi Phi (ΩΨΦ), at Howard University

First African-American police officer in New York City: Samuel J. Battle, following the 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs into the City of New York, and the hiring of three African-American officers in the Brooklyn Police Department. Battle was also the NYPD's first African-American sergeant (1926), lieutenant (1935), and parole commissioner (1941). (See also: Wiley Overton, 1891)

• 1915

First African-American alderman of Chicago: Oscar Stanton De Priest

• 1916

First African-American football player to play in a Rose Bowl game: Fritz Pollard, Brown University

First African-American serviceman to become a colonel in the U.S. Army: Charles Young

First African-American woman to be a police officer in Los Angeles: Georgia Robinson

• 1917

First African-American police officer killed in the line of duty: NYPD officer Robert H. Holmes

First African-American woman to win a major sports title: Lucy Diggs Slowe, American Tennis Association

1920s

• 1920

First African-American NFL football players: Fritz Pollard (Akron Pros) and Bobby Marshall (Rock Island Independents)

First African-American bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church: Robert Elijah Jones and Matthew Wesley Clair.

• 1921

First African-American woman to become a pilot, first American to hold an international pilot license: Bessie Coleman

First African-American NFL football coach: Fritz Pollard, co-head coach, Akron Pros, while continuing to play running back

First African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the U.S.: Sadie Tanner Mossell, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania

• 1924

First African American to win individual Olympic gold medal: DeHart Hubbard (Long jump, 1924 Summer Olympics). (See also: John Taylor, 1908)

• 1925

First African-American Foreign Service Officer: Clifton R. Wharton, Sr.

• 1926

First African-American woman to receive a degree (Ph.D.) from Yale University: Otelia Cromwell, who had previously been the first African-American graduate of Smith College.

• 1928

First post-Reconstruction African American elected to U.S. House of Representatives: Oscar Stanton De Priest (Republican; Illinois)

• 1929

First African-American sportscaster: Sherman "Jocko" Maxwell (WNJR, Newark, New Jersey)

1930s

• 1931

First African-American composer to have symphony performed by leading orchestra: William Grant Still, Symphony No. 1, by Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra

• 1932

First African American on a presidential ticket in the 20th century: James W. Ford (Communist Party USA, as vice-presidential candidate running with William Z. Foster)

• 1934

First African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat: Arthur W. Mitchell (Illinois)

First trade union set up for African-American domestic workers by Dora Lee Jones

• 1935

First known interracial jazz group: Benny Goodman Trio (Benny Goodman, Teddy Wilson, Gene Krupa)

• 1936

First African American to conduct a major U.S. orchestra: William Grant Still (Los Angeles Philharmonic)

First movie with African-American interracial relationship: Show Boat

• 1937

First African-American federal magistrate: William H. Hastie (later the first African-American governor of the United States Virgin Islands)

• 1938

First African-American female federal agency head: Mary McLeod Bethune (National Youth Administration)

1940s

• 1940

First African American to win an Academy Award: Hattie McDaniel (Best Supporting Actress, Gone with the Wind, 1939)

First African American to be portrayed on a U.S. postage stamp: Booker T. Washington

First African-American U.S. Army brigadier general: Benjamin O. Davis, Sr.

• 1941

First African American to give a White House Command Performance: Josh White

• 1942

First African American to be awarded the Navy Cross: Doris Miller

First African-American member of the U.S. Marine Corps: Alfred Masters

• 1943

First African-American artists to have a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Mills Brothers ("Paper Doll"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on November 6 (See also: Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959)

• 1944

First African-American commissioned officers in the U.S. Navy: The "Golden Thirteen"

First African American commissioned as a U.S. Navy officer from the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps: Samuel Gravely. Gravely was also the first African American to command a U.S. Navy warship (1962), and the first promoted to the rank of admiral (1971).

First African American to co-pastor with a white minister at the first interracial church: Dr. Howard Thurman with Dr. Alfred Fisk, Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples, San Francisco

First African American to receive a contract with a major American opera company: Camilla Williams

First known comic book art by an African-American: Matt Baker for Fox Comics and Fiction House

• 1945

First African-American member of the New York City Opera: Todd Duncan

First African-American U.S. Marine Corps officer: Frederick C. Branch

• 1947

First African-American Major League Baseball player of the modern era: Jackie Robinson (Brooklyn Dodgers). (See also: Moses Fleetwood Walker, 1884)

First African-American consensus college All-American basketball player: Don Barksdale

First African-American artist to receive sole credit for a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Count Basie ("Open the Door, Richard"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on February 22 (See also: Mills Brothers, 1943; Nat King Cole, 1950; Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959)

First African-American full-time faculty member at a predominantly white law school: William Robert Ming (University of Chicago Law School)

• 1948

First African-American man to receive an Academy Award: James Baskett (Honorary Academy Award for his portrayal of "Uncle Remus" in Song of the South, 1946) (See also: Sidney Poitier, 1964)

First African-American U.S. Navy aviator: Jesse L. Brown

First African-American composer to have an opera performed by a major U.S. company: William Grant Still (Troubled Island, New York City Opera)

First African-American woman to win an Olympic gold medal: Alice Coachman

First African American on an Olympic basketball team and first African-American Olympic gold medal basketball winner: Don Barksdale, in the 1948 Summer Olympics

First African American to design and construct a professional golf course: Bill Powell

First African American since Reconstruction to enroll at a traditionally white university of the South: Silas Hunt (University of Arkansas Law School)

• 1949

First African-American graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy: Wesley Brown

First African American to hold rank of Ambassador of the United States: Edward R. Dudley, ambassador, and previously minister, to Liberia (See also: 1869)

First African American to have opera performed by major company: William Grant Still, Troubled Island, New York City Opera

First African American to win an MVP award in Major League Baseball: Jackie Robinson (Brooklyn Dodgers, National League) (See also: Elston Howard, 1963)

1950s

• 1950

First African American to win Pulitzer Prize: Gwendolyn Brooks (Book of poetry, Annie Allen, 1949)

First African American to win Nobel Peace Prize: Ralph Bunche

First individual African American as subject on the cover of Life magazine: Jackie Robinson, May 8, 1950

First African-American NBA basketball players: Earl Lloyd (Washington Capitols), Chuck Cooper (Boston Celtics), and Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton (New York Knicks) (See also: 1902)

First African-American star of a network television sitcom: Ethel Waters, Beulah

First African-American woman to compete on the world tennis tour: Althea Gibson

First African-American solo singer to have a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Nat King Cole ("Mona Lisa"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on July 15 (See also: Mills Brothers, 1943; Count Basie, 1947; Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959)

First African American nominated for a Golden Globe Award: Juano Hernández (Most Promising Newcomer – Male, Intruder in the Dust)

• 1951

First African American named to the College Football Hall of Fame: Duke Slater, University of Iowa (1918–1921)

• 1952

First African-American woman elected to a U.S. state senate: Cora Brown, Democrat (Michigan)

First African-American U.S. Marine Corps aviator: Frank E. Petersen

First African-American woman to be nominated for a national political office: Charlotta Bass, Vice President (Progressive Party) (See also: 2000)

• 1953

First African-American basketball player to play in the NBA All-Star Game: Don Barksdale in the 1953 NBA All-Star Game

First African American named as Dean of chapel at a majority white university: Howard Thurman at Marsh Chapel, Boston University

First African-American woman to be made a member of ASCAP: Jessie Mae Robinson

First African-American quarterback to play in the National Football League during the modern (post-World War II) era: Willie Thrower (Chicago Bears)

• 1954

First African-American U.S. Navy Diver: Carl Brashear

First African-American woman to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress: Dorothy Dandridge (Carmen Jones, 1954). (At that time, nominations were announced in November of the year of release, instead of early the following year.)

First individual African-American woman as subject on the cover of Life magazine: Dorothy Dandridge, November 1, 1954

First African-American page for the U.S. Supreme Court, and first to be enrolled in the Capitol Page School: Charles V. Bush

• 1955

First African-American member of the Metropolitan Opera: Marian Anderson

First African-American male dancer in a major ballet company: Arthur Mitchell (New York City Ballet; also first African-American principal dancer of a major ballet company (NYCB), 1956. (See also: 1969)

First African-American singer to appear in a telecast opera: Leontyne Price in NBC's production of Tosca

First African-American pilot of a scheduled US airline: August Martin (cargo airline Seaboard & Western Airlines) (See also: 1964)

• 1956

First African-American U.S. Secret Service agent: Charles Gittens

First African-American male star of a network television show: Nat King Cole, The Nat King Cole Show

First African American to break the color barrier in a bowl game in the Deep South: Bobby Grier, (Pittsburgh Panthers in the 1956 Sugar Bowl)

First African American Wimbledon tennis champion: Althea Gibson (doubles, with Englishwoman Angela Buxton); also first African American to win a Grand Slam event (French Open). (See also: Arthur Ashe, 1968; Serena Williams, 2003)

First African American to win the Cy Young Award as the top pitcher in Major League Baseball, in the award's inaugural year: Don Newcombe (Brooklyn Dodgers)

• 1957

First African American assistant coach in the NFL: Lowell W. Perry (See also: 1966)

First African American to win the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival: John Kitzmiller (Dolina Miru)

First African American to win Major League Baseball's Gold Glove, in the award's inaugural year: Willie Mays (New York Giants)

• 1958

First African American to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100: Tommy Edwards ("It's All in the Game"), September 29 (See also: The Platters, 1959)

First African American flight attendant: Ruth Carol Taylor (Mohawk Airlines)

• 1959

First African-American Grammy Award winners, in the award's inaugural year: Ella Fitzgerald and Count Basie (two awards each)

First African American television journalist: Louis Lomax

First African American group to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100: The Platters ("Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"), January 19 (See also: Tommy Edwards, 1958)

First African American to win a major national player of the year award in college basketball: Oscar Robertson, USBWA Player of the Year (in that award's inaugural year)

1960s

• 1960

First African-American U.S. presidential candidate: Rev. Clennon King, on the Independent Afro-American party

• 1961

First African American to win the Heisman Trophy: Ernie Davis

First African-American tenor to sing leading roles for the Metropolitan Opera: George Shirley

• 1962

First African American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Jackie Robinson (See also: Satchel Paige, 1971)

First African-American coach in Major League Baseball: John Jordan "Buck" O'Neil (Chicago Cubs)

First African-American male professional wrestler to win a world heavyweight championship: Bobo Brazil (NWA)

First African-American composer nominated for an Academy Award: Duke Ellington (Best Music, Scoring of a Motion Picture, Paris Blues)

First African-American attorney general of a state: Edward Brooke (Massachusetts) (See also: 1966)

• 1963

First African-American bank examiner for the United States Department of the Treasury: Roland Burris

First African American named as Time magazine's Man of the Year: Martin Luther King, Jr.

First African-American police officer of the NYPD to be named a precinct commander: Lloyd Sealy, commander of the NYPD's 28th precinct in Harlem.

First African American to be named American League MVP: Elston Howard (New York Yankees) (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1949)

First African-American chess master: Walter Harris

First African American to appear as a series regular on a prime time dramatic television series: Cicely Tyson, "East Side/West Side" (CBS).

First African Americans inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame: New York Renaissance, inducted as a team. (See also: Bob Douglas, 1972; Bill Russell, 1975; Clarence Gaines, 1982)

First African American to graduate from the U.S. Air Force Academy: Charles V. Bush.

First African American to win a top-level NASCAR race: Wendell Scott at Speedway Park, Jacksonville, Florida

• 1964

First African-American pilot for a major commercial airline: David Harris, American Airlines (See also: 1955)

First movie with African-American interracial marriage: One Potato, Two Potato, actors Bernie Hamilton and Barbara Barrie, written by Orville H. Hampton, Raphael Hayes, directed by Larry Peerce

First African-American man to win the Academy Award for Best Actor: Sidney Poitier (Lilies of the Field, 1963) (See also: James Baskett, 1948)

• 1965

First African-American nationally syndicated cartoonist: Morrie Turner (Wee Pals)

First African-American title character of a comic book series: Lobo (Dell Comics). (See also: The Falcon, 1969, and Luke Cage, 1972)

First African-American star of a network television drama: Bill Cosby, I Spy (co-star with Robert Culp)

First African-American cast member of a daytime soap opera: Micki Grant who played Peggy Nolan Harris on Another World until 1972.

First African-American Playboy Playmate centerfold: Jennifer Jackson (March issue)

First African-American U.S. Air Force general: Benjamin Oliver Davis, Jr. (three-star lieutenant general)

First African-American female Ambassador of the United States: Patricia Roberts Harris, ambassador to Luxembourg

First African-American NFL official: Burl Toler, field judge/head linesman

First African-American to win a national chess championship: Frank Street, Jr. (U.S. Amateur Championship)

First African-American United States Solicitor General: Thurgood Marshall (See also: 1967)

• 1966

First African-American coach in the National Basketball Association: Bill Russell (Boston Celtics)

First African-American mayor of a U.S. city: Robert C. Henry, (Springfield, Ohio, appointed by city commission)

First African-American model on the cover of a Vogue (British Vogue) magazine: Donyale Luna

First post-Reconstruction African American elected to the U.S. Senate (and first African American elected to the U.S. Senate by popular vote): Edward Brooke (Republican; Massachusetts) (See also: 1962)

First African American Cabinet secretary: Robert C. Weaver (Department of Housing and Urban Development)

First African-American Major League Baseball umpire: Emmett Ashford

First African-American NFL broadcaster: Lowell W. Perry (CBS, on Pittsburgh Steelers games) (See also: 1957)

First African-American fire commissioner of a major U.S. City: Robert O. Lowery of the New York City Fire Department

• 1967

First African American elected mayor of a large U.S. city: Carl B. Stokes (Cleveland, Ohio)

First African American appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States: Thurgood Marshall (See also: 1965)

First African American selected for astronaut training: Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr.

First African American to win a PGA Tour event: Charlie Sifford (1967 Greater Hartford Open Invitational)

First African American to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Emlen Tunnell

First African-American interracial kiss on network television: entertainers Nancy Sinatra (Caucasian) and Sammy Davis, Jr. (African American) on Sinatra's variety special Movin' With Nancy, airing December 11 on NBC (See also: 1968)

• 1968

First African-American interracial kiss on a network television drama: Uhura, played by Nichelle Nichols (African American), and Captain Kirk, played by William Shatner (white Canadian): Star Trek: "Plato's Stepchildren" (See also: 1967)

First African-American woman elected to U.S. House of Representatives: Shirley Chisholm (Democrat; New York)

First African-American appointed as a United States Assistant Secretary of State: Barbara M. Watson

First African-American man to win a Grand Slam tennis event: Arthur Ashe (US Open) (See also: Althea Gibson, 1956; Serena Williams, 2003)

First African American to start at quarterback in the modern era of professional football: Marlin Briscoe (Denver Broncos, AFL)

First African-American commissioned officer awarded the Medal of Honor: Riley L. Pitts

First fine-arts museum devoted to African-American work: Studio Museum in Harlem

First African-American woman as Presidential candidate: Charlene Mitchell (See also: Shirley Chisholm, 1972)

First African-American woman reporter for The New York Times: Nancy Hicks Maynard

First African-American coach to win NBA Championship: Bill Russell

• 1969

First African-American superhero: The Falcon, Marvel Comics' Captain America #117 (Sept. 1969). (See also: Lobo, 1965 and Luke Cage, 1972)

First African-American graduate of Harvard Business School: Lillian Lincoln

First African-American director of a major Hollywood motion picture: Gordon Parks (The Learning Tree)

First African-American founder of a classical training school and company of ballet: Arthur Mitchell, Dance Theatre of Harlem (See also: 1955)

First African-American woman to appear on the Grand Ole Opry: Linda Martell

1970s

• 1970

First African-American U.S. Navy Master Diver: Carl Brashear

First African-American member of the New York Stock Exchange: Joseph L. Searles III

First African-American basketball player to win the NBA All Star MVP, the NBA Finals MVP, & the NBA MVP all in the same season: Willis Reed (New York Knicks)

First African-American NCAA Division I basketball coach: Will Robinson (Illinois State University)

• 1971

First African-American owners of a radio station: Hal Jackson and Percy Sutton, WLIB-New York

First African-American pitcher to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Satchel Paige (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1962)

First African-American president of the New York City Board of Education: Isaiah Edward Robinson, Jr.

First African American to win an Academy Award in a non-acting category, winning Academy Award for Best Original Song: Isaac Hayes

• 1972

First African American to campaign for the U.S. presidency in a major political party and to win a U.S. presidential primary/caucus: Shirley Chisholm (Democratic Party, New Jersey primary) (See also: 1968)

First African-American superhero to star in own comic-book series: Luke Cage, Marvel Comics' Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #1 (June 1972). (See also: Lobo, 1965, and the Falcon, 1969)

First African-American National Basketball Association general manager: Wayne Embry

First African-American interracial kiss in a mainstream comics magazine: "The Men Who Called Him Monster", by writer Don McGregor (See also: 1975) and artist Luis Garcia, in Warren Publishing's black-and-white horror-comics magazine Creepy #43 (Jan. 1972)

First African-American interracial male kiss on network television: Sammy Davis, Jr. (African American) and Carroll O'Connor (Caucasian) in All in the Family

First African-American individual inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame: Team-owner and coach Bob Douglas, in the category of "contributor" (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; player Bill Russell, 1975; coach Clarence Gaines, 1982)

First African-American woman Broadway director: Vinnette Justine Carroll (Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope)

First African-American comic-book creator to receive a "created by" cover-credit: Wayne Howard (Midnight Tales #1)

• 1973

First African American elected mayor of Los Angeles, California: Tom Bradley

First African-American Bond Girl in a James Bond movie: Gloria Hendry (playing Rosie Carver), Live and Let Die.

First African-American Bond villain: Yaphet Kotto, playing Mr. Big/Dr. Kananga, Live and Let Die.

First African-American woman mayor of a U.S. metropolitan city: Doris A. Davis, Compton, California

First African-American artistic director of a professional regional theater: Harold Scott (Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park)

• 1974

First African-American model on the cover of American Vogue magazine: Beverly Johnson

• 1975

First African American elected mayor, and first mayor, of Washington, D.C.: Walter Washington

First African-American manager in Major League Baseball: Frank Robinson (Cleveland Indians)

First African-American four-star general: Daniel James, Jr.

First African-American women named as Time magazine's, Person of the Year: Barbara Jordan and Addie L. Wyatt

First TV-series cast with African-American interracial couple: The Jeffersons, actors Franklin Cover (Caucasian) and Roxie Roker (African American) as Tom & Helen Willis; series creator: Norman Lear

First African-American model on the cover of ELLE magazine: Beverly Johnson

First African American to win Super Bowl MVP in NFL: Franco Harris (Pittsburgh Steelers). Of mixed heritage, Harris was also first Italian American to win the award.

First African-American game show host: Adam Wade (CBS' Musical Chairs)

First African-American interracial kiss in a color comic book: Amazing Adventures #31 (July 1975), feature "Killraven: Warrior of the Worlds", characters M'Shulla Scott and Carmilla Frost, by writer Don McGregor (See also: 1972) and artist P. Craig Russell

First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a player: Bill Russell (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; Bob Douglas, 1972; Clarence Gaines, 1982)

First African American to play in a men's major golf championship: Lee Elder (The Masters)

• 1976

First African-American woman elected officer of international labor union: Addie L. Wyatt

• 1977

First African American, and first woman, appointed director of the Peace Corps: Carolyn R. Payton

First African-American woman in the U.S. Cabinet: Patricia Roberts Harris, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

First African-American woman whose signature appeared on U.S. currency: Azie Taylor Morton, the 36th Treasurer of the United States

First African-American publisher of mainstream gay publication: Alan Bell (Gaysweek)

First African-American woman to join the Daughters of the American Revolution: Karen Batchelor

First African-American Major League Baseball general manager: Bill Lucas (Atlanta Braves)

• 1978

First African-American broadcast network news anchor: Max Robinson

• 1979

First African American and first person to win the Emmy Award Best Supporting Actress in a Miniseries: Esther Rolle

First African-American U.S. Marine Corps general officer: Frank E. Petersen

First African-American to win a Daytime Emmy Award for lead actor in a soap opera: Al Freeman, Jr. (Ed Hall in One Life to Live)

First African-American head football coach in Division I-A: Willie Jeffries

1980s

• 1980

First African-American television channel Black Entertainment Television

• 1981

First African American to play in the NHL: Val James (Buffalo Sabres)

• 1982

First African-American male to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor: Louis Gossett, Jr.

First African American to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Charles Fuller for A Soldier's Play

First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach: Clarence Gaines (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; Bob Douglas, 1972; Bill Russell, 1975)

First African-American U.S. Army four-star General: Roscoe Robinson, Jr.

• 1983

First African-American astronaut: Guion Stewart "Guy" Bluford, Jr. (Challenger mission STS-8).

First African-American mayor of Chicago: Harold Washington

First African-American Miss America: Vanessa L. Williams

First African-American owners of a major metropolitan newspaper: Robert C. and Nancy Hicks Maynard, (Oakland Tribune)

First African-American WWE Tag Team Champion: Tony Atlas (partnered with Rocky Johnson, a Black Nova Scotian) (See also: Doom, 1990; Men on a Mission, 1994)

• 1984

First African American to win a delegate-awarding U.S. presidential primary/caucus: Jesse Jackson (Louisiana, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Virginia and one of two separate Mississippi contests).

First African-American coach to win the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship: John Thompson (Georgetown)

First African-American New York City Police Commissioner: Benjamin Ward

• 1985

First African American to become a member of the U.S. Navy's Blue Angels precision flying team: Donnie Cochran. Also first African American to command the team (1994).

• 1986

First African-American Formula One racecar driver: Willy T. Ribbs (See also: Ribbs, 1991)

First African-American musicians inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in the inaugural class: Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, and Little Richard

First African-American to die in spaceflight: Ronald McNair

First African-American wrestling manager: Slick

• 1987

First African-American woman, and first woman, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Aretha Franklin

• 1988

First African-American woman elected to a U.S. judgeship, and first appointed to a state supreme court: Juanita Kidd Stout

First African-American candidate for President of the United States to obtain ballot access in all 50 states: Lenora Fulani

First African American to win a medal at the Winter Olympics (a bronze in figure skating): Debi Thomas

First African-American quarterback to start (and win) in the Super Bowl: Doug Williams

First African-American NFL referee: Johnny Grier

• 1989

First African-American NFL coach of the modern era: Art Shell, Los Angeles Raiders

First African-American mayor of New York City: David Dinkins

First African-American Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Colin Powell

First African American, and first woman, ordained bishop in the Episcopal Church: Barbara Clementine Harris

First African-American Chairman of the Democratic National Committee: Ron Brown

1990s

• 1990

First elected African-American governor: Douglas Wilder (Democrat; Virginia) (See also: Oscar Dunn, 1871; P. B. S. Pinchback, 1872)

First African American elected president of the Harvard Law Review: Barack Obama (See also: 2008, 2009)

First African-American Miss USA: Carole Gist

First African-American Playboy Playmate of the Year: Renee Tenison

First all African-American band to win the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance: Living Colour for "Cult of Personality"

First African American tag team to win the WCW World Tag Team Championship: Doom (Butch Reed and Ron Simmons) (See also: Tony Atlas, 1983; Men on a Mission, 1994)

• 1991

First African American nominated for a Best Director Academy Award. John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood

First African American to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 auto race: Willy T. Ribbs (See also: Ribbs, 1986)

First African-American woman mayor of Washington, D.C.: Sharon Pratt Kelly

First African-American NBA Coach of the Year: Don Chaney (Houston Rockets)

• 1992

First African-American WCW heavyweight champion: Ron Simmons

First African-American woman astronaut: Dr. Mae Jemison (Space Shuttle Endeavour)

First African-American woman elected to U.S. Senate: Carol Moseley Braun (Democrat; Illinois)

First African American Major League Baseball manager to reach (and win) the World Series: Cito Gaston (Toronto Blue Jays) 1992 World Series

First African-American woman to moderate a Presidential debate : Carole Simpson (second debate of 1992 campaign)

• 1993

First African-American woman appointed U.S. Secretary of Energy: Hazel R. O'Leary

First African American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature: Toni Morrison

First African-American woman named Poet Laureate of the United States: Rita Dove; also the youngest person named to that position

First African American appointed Surgeon General of the United States: Joycelyn Elders

First African American appointed Director of the National Drug Control Policy: Lee P. Brown

First African-American United States Secretary of Commerce: Ron Brown

• 1994

First African-American woman director of a major-studio movie: Darnell Martin (Columbia Pictures' I Like It Like That)

First African American to win the United States Amateur Championship: Tiger Woods

First tag team made up of two African Americans to win the WWE Tag Team Championship: Men on a Mission (Nelson Frazier, Jr., aka Mabel, and Robert Horne, aka Mo) (See also: Tony Atlas, 1983; Doom, 1990)

• 1995

First African-American inductee to the Radio Hall of Fame: Hal Jackson

First African-American Sergeant Major of the Army: Gene C. McKinney

• 1996

First African-American mayor of San Francisco: Willie Lewis Brown, Jr. (also first African-American Speaker of the California Assembly, 1980)

First African-American U.S. Navy four-star admiral: J. Paul Reason

First African-American MLB general manager to win the World Series: Bob Watson (New York Yankees), 1996 World Series

• 1997

First African American to win a men's major golf championship: Tiger Woods (The Masters)

First African-American model to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition: Tyra Banks

First African-American UFC heavyweight Champion: Maurice Smith

First African-American actor to star in the lead role in a comic-book adaptation movie (Spawn): Michael Jai White

First African-American Director of the National Park Service: Robert Stanton

• 1998

First African American appointed U.S. Secretary of Labor: Alexis Herman

First African-American woman to hold the rank of rear admiral in the U.S. Navy: Lillian Fishburne

First African-American Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard: Vincent W. Patton III

First African-American mayor of Houston: Lee P. Brown

First African American to play in the Presidents Cup: Tiger Woods

First African American to win the WWE Championship: Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson

First African American to win the WWE Women's Championship: Jacqueline Moore

• 1999

First African American to be awarded the International Grandmaster title in chess: Maurice Ashley

First African American Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps: Alford L. McMichael

First African-American CEO of a Fortune 500 company: Franklin Raines of Fannie Mae

• 2000

First African American nominated for Vice President of the United States by a Federal Election Commission-recognized and federally funded political party: Ezola B. Foster (See also: 1952; FEC established 1975)

21st century

2000s

• 2001

First African-American Secretary of State: Colin Powell

First African-American president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: Wilton Daniel Gregory

First African-American president of the Unitarian Universalist Association: Rev. William G. Sinkford

First African-American president of an Ivy League university: Ruth J. Simmons at Brown University, also the first permanent female president of Brown.

First African-American woman to win the ASCAP Pop Music Songwriter of the Year award: Beyoncé Knowles

First African-American woman to be appointed National Security Advisor: Condoleezza Rice (See also: 2005)

First African-American billionaire: Robert L. Johnson, founder of Black Entertainment Television (see also 2002)

First African-American female billionaire: Sheila Johnson

• 2002

First African-American woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress: Halle Berry (Monster's Ball, 2001)

First African-American Winter Olympic gold medal winner: Vonetta Flowers (two-woman bobsleigh). (See also: Shani Davis, 2006)

First African American to become majority owner of a U.S. major sports league team: Robert L. Johnson (Charlotte Bobcats, NBA) (see also 2001)

First African-American female combat pilot in the U.S. Armed Services: Captain Vernice Armour, USMC

First African American to hold the #1 rank in tennis: Venus Williams, February 25, 2002.

First African American to hold the year-end #1 rank in tennis: Serena Williams

First African American to be named year-end world champion by the International Tennis Federation: Serena Williams

First African-American Arena Football League head coach to win ArenaBowl: Darren Arbet (San Jose SaberCats), ArenaBowl XVI

First African-American general manager in the National Football League: Ozzie Newsome (Baltimore Ravens)

• 2003

First African American to win a Career Grand Slam in tennis: Serena Williams (See also: Althea Gibson, 1956; Arthur Ashe, 1968)

• 2004

First African American General Manager for World Wrestling Entertainment: Theodore Long

First African American to win Broadway theater's Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play: Phylicia Rashād

First African-American NBA general manager to win the NBA Finals: Joe Dumars (Detroit Pistons), 2004 NBA Finals

First African-American Canadian Football League head coach to reach (and win) the Grey Cup: Pinball Clemons (Toronto Argonauts), 92nd Grey Cup

• 2005

First African-American woman appointed Secretary of State: Condoleezza Rice (See also: 2001)

First African-American woman U.S. Coast Guard aviator: Jeanine Menze

• 2006

First African-American individual Winter Olympic gold medal winner: Shani Davis (men's 1,000 meter speed skating) (See also: Vonetta Flowers, 2002)

First African-American Extreme Championship Wrestling champion: Bobby Lashley

First African American to command a United States Marine Corps division: Major General Walter E. Gaskin

First African American to reach the peak of Mount Everest: Sophia Danenberg

• 2007

First African-American Governor of Massachusetts: Deval Patrick

First African-American NFL head coaches to reach the Super Bowl: Lovie Smith and Tony Dungy, Super Bowl XLI

First African-American NFL head coach to win the Super Bowl: Tony Dungy (Indianapolis Colts), Super Bowl XLI

First known African-American woman to reach the North Pole: Barbara Hillary

First African-American female professional wrestler to win the NWA World Women's Championship: Amazing Kong

• 2008

First African American to be nominated as a major-party U.S. presidential candidate: Barack Obama, Democratic Party

First African American to referee a Super Bowl game: Mike Carey (Super Bowl XLII)

First African-American NFL general manager to win the Super Bowl: Jerry Reese (New York Giants), Super Bowl XLII

First African-American woman elected Speaker of a state House of Representatives: California Rep. Karen Bass

First African-American governor of New York State: David Paterson (elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded on resignation of previous governor)

First African American elected President of the United States: Barack Obama

First African American to be appointed to the United States Senate by a state governor: Roland Burris

First African-American female combat pilot in the United States Air Force: Major Shawna Rochelle Kimbrell

• 2009

First African-American President of the United States: Barack Obama

First African-American First Lady of the United States: Michelle Obama

First African-American chair of the Republican National Committee: Michael Steele

First African-American United States Attorney General: Eric Holder

First African-American woman United States Ambassador to the United Nations: Susan Rice

First African-American United States Trade Representative: Ron Kirk

First African-American woman Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency: Lisa P. Jackson

First African-American White House Social Secretary: Desirée Rogers

First African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin: Duke Ellington (District of Columbia quarter).

First African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for History: Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family

First African-American Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Charles F. Bolden, Jr.

First African-American woman rabbi: Alysa Stanton

First African-American woman CEO of an S&P 100 Company: Ursula Burns, Xerox Corporation.

First African-American doubles team to be named year-end world champion by the International Tennis Federation: Serena and Venus Williams

First African American to win an Academy Award for an Adapted screenplay (Push by Sapphire) Geoffrey S. Fletcher

First African-American Disney Princess: Tiana

2010s

• 2010

First African American to win the WWE Diva's Championship: Alicia Fox

First African-American Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court: Roderick L. Ireland

• 2012

First African-American UFC Lightweight Champion: Benson Henderson

See also

• List of African-American U.S. state firsts
• List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries
• List of first African-American mayors
• List of African-American Golden Globe Award winners and nominees
• List of African-American Academy Award winners and nominees
• Timeline of African-American Civil Rights Movement

References

1. Juguo, Zhang (2001). W. E. B. Du Bois: The Quest for the Abolition of the Color Line. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93087-1
2. Herbst, Philip H (1997). The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States. Intercultural Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-877864-97-1
3. Sailes, Gary Alan (1998). "Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier in Team Sports". African Americans in Sport: Contemporary Themes, Transaction Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7658-0440-2
4. ^ Albert J. Raboteau, (2004), Slave Religion: The "invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South, Oxford University Press, p.139. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
5. Walter H. Brooks (April 1922), "The Priority of the Silver Bluff Church and Its Promoters", Journal of Negro History
6. "Long Road to Justice: The African American Experienced in the Massachusetts Courts". The Massachusetts Historical Society. 1845. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
7. "Essortment: "First 3 African American Physicians"". Ohoh.essortment.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
8. Because it was published in the U.K., the book is not the first African-American novel published in the United States. This credit goes to one of two disputed books: Harriet Wilson's Our Nig (1859), brought to light by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. in 1982; or Julia C. Collins' The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride (1865), brought to light by William L. Andrews, an English literature professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Mitch Kachun, a history professor at Western Michigan University, in 2006. Andrews and Kachun document Our Nig as a novelized autobiography, and argue that The Curse of Caste is the first fully fictional novel by an African American to be published in the U.S.
9. Dinitia Smith (October 28, 2006). "A Slave Story Is Rediscovered, and a Dispute Begins". The New York Times. pp. B7. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
10. Sven Birkerts (October 29, 2006). "Emancipation Days". The New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
11. Logan, Rayford W. (2004). Howard University: The First Hundred Years 1867–1967. New York University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8147-0263-5
12. ^ Ron Stodghill, "Driving Back Into Louisiana's History", The New York Times, May 25, 2008, accessed Jul 7, 2008 Cite error: The named reference "nyt" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
13. Mary D. Teasley, Deloris Walker-Moses, Curators (2000). "African-American Firsts Remembered: Lest We Forget". Newark Public Library. Retrieved November 5, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
14. Revels, the Mississippi State Senate's Adams County representative, was elected by the U.S. Senate in January 1870 to fill an unexpired term.
15. Rainey, a South Carolina state senator, was elected to fill the seat vacated by B. Franklin Whittemore. Rainey took his seat on December 12, 1870. John Willis Menard was actually the first African-American elected to the House (1868) but he was denied his seat.
16. Douglass did not seek the nomination or campaign after being nominated.
17. ^ "A History of African Americans in the NYPD". New York City Police Museum. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008.
18. Ryan Gail, "Legendary Ladies of the L.A.P.D.", Los Angeles Women Police Officers and Associates. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
19. "Women in the LAPD", Los Angeles Police Department. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
20. Baker, David, compiler. "Important Firsts: Groups and Their Leaders, and Groups and Personnel", Jazz in America / Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz, n.d. WebCitation archive.
21. Williams, Janette (September 20, 2011). "Political activist Isabell Masters, whose presidential ambitions started in Pasadena, dies at 98". Pasadena Star-News. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
22. "Silas Hunt Documentary Wins Three Awards". University of Arkansas. June 14, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
23. L. Clifford Davis applied to the law school in 1946, and after several failed attempts was granted admission in September 1947, but was unable to enroll in classes. Hunt later enrolled on February 2, 1948
24. Because of team schedules for season opening games, Lloyd was the first to play, on October 31, 1950, with Cooper debuting November 1 and Clifton November 4. Cooper was the first African American player to be drafted by an NBA team, and Clifton the first to sign a contract with an NBA team.
25. "Thrower was first black QB to play in NFL". ESPN Classic. Associated Press. February 22, 2002. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
26. "The Black Presence in American Dance: Arthur Mitchell". (Biographical capsule) Spelman College. Archived from the original on December 14, 2004.
27. Kahn, Capt. Ken, ed. (undated). "Seaboard World Airlines Formerly Seaboard & Western Airlines". SeaboardAirlines.org. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. On November 3rd, 1955 Seaboard & Western became the first airline in the nation to hire an African-American pilot, August Martin. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
28. "Black Airline Pilots: August Martin (1919-1968)". AvStop.com / Aviation Online. undated. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Between 1946 and 1955, he flew only part time for such airlines as Buffalo Skylines, El Al Airlines and World Airways. ... In 1955, August Martin gained a foothold in the world of US aviation when he was hired by Seaboard World Airlines as the first Black captain of a US scheduled air carrier. During a thirteen-year period with Seaboard, Martin got a chance to pilot the DC-3, DC-4, Lockheed Constellation and Canadair CL-44. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
29. "Charles Gittens, 1st black Secret Service agent, dies". Associated Press newspaper=The Washington Post. August 9, 2011. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. {{cite news}}: Missing pipe in: |agency= (help)
30. Wilber, Del Quentin (August 10, 2011). "Charles L. Gittens, first black Secret Service agent, dies at 82". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.
31. Thamel, Pete (January 1, 2006). "Grier Integrated a Game and Earned the World's Respect". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
32. While two black players won Gold Gloves that year, only Mays is African American. The other, Minnie Miñoso, is a black Cuban.
33. Conrard, Don (November 16, 2005). "Promoting Diversity". Alaska's World. Alaska Airlines. Archived from the original on March 24, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
34. Grammy Awards official site — list of winners for Grammy Award inaugural year, presented May 4, 1959, for recordings made in 1958
35. In 1998, the award would be renamed the Oscar Robertson Trophy after its first recipient.
36. "Person of the Year: Martin Luther King Jr". Time. 3 January 1963. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
37. New York City Police Museum: A History of African Americans in the NYPD
38. "Gregory Kearse, "Historic Moments: A Legacy of Excellence", Chess Life July 1998 reprinted at". Thechessdrum.net. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
39. ""Chess Quiz" Question #43". Chess.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
40. Stewart, D. R. (February 28, 2008). "AA Honors First Black Airline Pilot". Tulsa World. Oklahoma. {{cite news}}: |archive-url= is malformed: liveweb (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Harris' milestone came a year after Marlon Green, who had been rejected as a Continental Airlines applicant in 1957, won the United States Supreme Court case "Colorado Anti-Discrimination Commission v. Continental Airlines, Inc. 372 U.S. 714 no. 146" which found Green had been unlawfully discriminated against. See "Marlon Green V Continental Airlines". AvStop.com / Aviation Online. undated. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Note: Per the court decision, Green had not been formally hired: "His application was submitted at Continental's headquarters in Denver, Colorado, and was later considered and rejected there."
41. Hudson, David. "Black Cinema", GreenCine.com, n.d. WebCitation archive. Update of Hudson, "SFBFF: Experience and Empowerment", GreenCine.com, June 10, 2003. WebCitation archive. Note: Asian-American interracial marriage had previously been portrayed.
42. ^ The first Black superhero, Marvel's Black Panther, introduced in Fantastic Four #52 (July 1966), is African, not African-American. This is also true of the first Black character to star in his own mainstream comic-book feature, Waku, Prince of the Bantu, who headlined one of four features in the multiple-character omnibus series Jungle Tales (Sept. 1954 – Sept. 1955), from Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics.
43. "NM Frank Street, Jr". The ChessDrum.net. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
44. Nancy Sinatra (May 2, 2000). Movin' with Nancy (DVD Commentary Track). Chatsworth, California: Image Entertainment.
45. Bell, Gregory S. (2002). "Joe Searles". In In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street. John Wiley and Sons. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-471-21485-4. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
46. At the time, the NCAA had not yet adopted its three-division system. Illinois State was in the NCAA University Division, which became Division I in 1973. The NCAA retroactively considers University Division members to have been Division I members.
47. "Sammy's Visit". All in the Family. Season 2. Episode 34. February 12, 1972. CBS. {{cite episode}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help) In the comedy All in the Family, at the last moment as a picture is taken, Sammy Davis, Jr., playing himself, chides the bigoted but celebrity-fawning Archie Bunker with a kiss on the cheek.
48. "A Dozen Who Made a Difference". Time. 5 January 1976. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
49. Seabaugh, Cathy (February 1994). "BLK: Focused Coverage for African-American Gays & Lesbians". Chicago Outlines.
50. Chestnut, Mark (June 1992). "BLK: Getting Glossy". Island Lifestyle.
51. Stevens, William K. (December 28, 1977). "A Detroit Black Woman's Roots Lead to a Welcome in the D.A.R.; Black Woman's Roots Lead to a Welcome in D.A.R". The New York Times.
52. The NHL had fielded black players for more than 20 years, with the first being Willie O'Ree in 1958, but all previous black players were Black Canadians and not African American.
53. Cuban cosmonaut Arnaldo Mendez was the first person of African descent in space, in 1980.
54. Lewis Hamilton became the first black Formula One racer in 2006, but he is a British citizen of Grenadan ancestry, and not an African American. Ribbs did not compete in a race, but drove a Formula One car professionally in January 1986 as a tester for the Brabham-BMW at Estoril, Portugal.
55. Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First Black Elected to Head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
56. ^ Woods' mixed ancestry — ¼ Chinese, ¼ Thai, ¼ African-American, ⅛ white, and ⅛ Native American — also makes him the first Asian American to achieve this feat. He is also the first of only four golfers of primarily non-European descent to win a men's major, with the others being Vijay Singh (an Indian Fijian), Michael Campbell (a Māori from New Zealand), and Y.E. Yang (South Korean).
57. "Reason Is Navy's First Black Four-Star Admiral". U.S. Department of Defense. February 19, 1998. Archived from the original on October 27, 2006. Retrieved October 30, 2006.
58. Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, USDI, NPS, May 1, 1991, by Harold Danz. Updates after publication by Public Affairs.
59. Farmer, Paula (August). "The First African American To Head A Fortune 500 Company, Franklin D. Raines Takes Over Fannie Mae". The Black Collegian. Retrieved November 7, 2008. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
60. Announced as Bobcats' owner in December 2002, although team did not begin play until 2004.
61. Extreme Championship Wrestling never had an African American singles champion during its tenure as an independent promotion. The original ECW went bankrupt and folded in 2001. World Wrestling Entertainment purchased its assets in 2003, and relaunched ECW as a a separate brand in June 2006. The ECW brand was phased out in 2010.
62. Smith and Dungy both reached this milestone on the same day, although Smith was technically the first due solely to scheduling. The NFC and AFC Championship Games are always held on the same day. In the playoffs that followed the 2006 NFL season, the NFC game was played first.
63. Meghan Barr (May 6, 2007). "Cancer Survivor, 75, Skis to North Pole". The Seattle Times. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
64. "Duke Ellington becomes first African American on U.S. coin". CNN.com. February 24, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

External links

• President Obama's Speech to the NAACP on July 16, 2009 – full video by MSNBC
• Weiner, David *"African-American Firsts In New York", The Huffington Post, August 4, 2009
• Mance, Ajuan "Timeline: Black Firsts in Higher Education", Blackoncampus.com, November 5, 2009

• Lists of firsts
• African American-related lists