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Nigger, also spelled niger (obs.), nigor (obs. dial. Eng.), nigre, nigar (Caribbean), niggor (obs. dial.), neger (obs. U.S.), niggur, nigga, niggah, and niggar (obs.), is a derogatory term used to refer to black people. During the period when slavery was practiced worldwide, and in particular by the United States and European countries, and for several decades after Europe and North America prohibited slavery, it was a standard, casual English term for black people; it was from the Spanish word negro, simply meaning "black". While its use was not necessarily meant as an insult or pejorative, associated with the word traditionally have been an often casual contempt, a racist assumption of black inherent inferiority, even of bestiality, making it extremely pejorative.

Etymology

The word Negro stems from the Latin word niger for the color black. The word nigger originates from the French nègre (with a similar meaning) or perhaps from Dutch and German neger, all derived from the Latin adjective niger, meaning black. In English, negro or neger became negar and finally nigger. Neger (sometimes spelled "neggar") prevailed in northern New York under the Dutch and also in Philadelphia, in its Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities. For example, the New York City African Burial Ground was originally known as "Begraaf Plaats van de Neger." It was initially also used by the British as a derogatory term for Indians, after they colonized the subcontinent.

In the United States, the word nigger was not originally considered derogatory, but merely denotative of black, as it was in much of the world. In nineteenth-century American literature, there are many uses of the word nigger with no intended negative connotation (see below). The perception of the term nigger as derogatory is no doubt related to the fact that the Negro race itself was widely regarded as inferior, lazy, simian-like in appearance, stupid and criminally inclined by light-skinned North Americans of the time. There is an observable pattern of words denoting black people coming to be regarded as derogatory as there is with all ethnic groups. Some well known ones are: Nigger, darky, coon, and colored, all at various times acceptable, but all considered politically offensive now in North America. Black was generally the preferred term from the late 1960s until the 1990s but has now been displaced by black groups in formal politically correct usage by African American, which resembles the term Afro-American that was in vogue in the early 1970s. The term African American is imprecise, insofar as neither the population of Africa is entirely black nor do all blacks live in the Americas, most so called blacks of North America are mixed race, and it seems pretentious to many, as did the term "person of color," which (ironically, insofar as it means the same as "colored person") gained some currency in the early 1990s. Consequently, Black continues in widespread popular use as a racial designation.

In Cuba the Spanish word prieto (similar origin to the Portuguese preto) is not derogatory. In Cuba a prieto is someone who is very dark, but not black ("Negro").

At times, African Americans have appropriated the slur, subverting it to a self-referential term that is often suggestive of familiarity, endearment, or kinship. When spelled phonetically, the word often is represented as nigguh or even nikuh for some speakers; however, currently, when used in this manner, the spelling is often changed to nigga or niggah.

Usage

In the United States, the word was freely used by both whites and blacks until the Civil Rights Era of the 1960s. A striking usage is in televised coverage of a march in Birmingham, Alabama, when protesters, led by Dr. Martin Luther King, were met with attacks from dogs and fire hoses. A light skinned woman from another Alabama county was interviewed. Visibly upset, she said, "It's not right. We don't treat niggers like that here." Louisiana Governor Earl Long also used the term when advocating expanded voting rights for "African Americans". At that time, the term was less noteworthy than the expressions of support by light skinned southerners, as it was a common regional term for blacks, along with Negro and "colored".

Today, the implied racism of the term is so strong that the use of nigger in most situations is a social taboo in English-speaking countries. Many American magazines and newspapers will not even print the word in full, instead using n*gg*r, n**ger, n——, or simply "the N-word". A Washington Post article on Strom Thurmond's 1948 candidacy for President of the United States went so far as to replace it with the periphrasis "the less-refined word for black people". The word was also completely excised from the Microsoft Encarta dictionary, despite its common usage. The shock effect of the word can also be used to deliberately cause offense. Several activists such as Dick Gregory have said the use of "N-word" instead of "Nigger" throughout today's English vernacular, robs younger generations of the full history of black people in America. For example, using "the N-word" in place of "Nazi", which was also another pejorative term, would rob younger generations of the full gravity of the Holocaust.

In Australia, the word is now rarely used in polite speech by urban light skinned people in any context; however, it has seen common use in rural or semi-frontier districts. In this context, the usage was British colonial, that is, applying generically to dark-skinned people of any origin (c.v. Rudyard Kipling). This has led to controversy, since Australian Aborigines have started to take the term strongly to heart, in both the pejorative and revisionist senses. See below under Names of places and things. In neighboring New Zealand the term has been used to refer to Maori people, as well (Simpson, 1989).

In the past nigger was sometimes used as a synonym for "defect". For example, the May, 1886 issue of Scientific American, page 308 said, "The consequence of neglect might be that what the workmen call ‘a nigger’ would get into the armature, and burn it so as to destroy its service". Also in the past, nigger sometimes meant a disadvantaged person. For example, Ron Dellums, an American politician once said that "it's time for somebody to lead all of America's Niggers". Similar uses of the word were made by Mark Twain and Charles Dickens.

Literary uses

Nigger has a long history of controversy in literature. Carl Van Vechten, a light skinned photographer and writer famous as a supporter of the Harlem Renaissance, provoked debate and some protest from the "African" American community by titling his 1926 novel Nigger Heaven. The controversy centered on the use of the word in the title and fueled the sales of the hit novel. Of the controversy, Langston Hughes wrote:

No book could possibly be as bad as Nigger Heaven has been painted. And no book has ever been better advertised by those who wished to damn it. Because it was declared obscene, everybody wanted to read it, and I'll venture to say that more Negroes bought it than ever purchased a book by a Negro author. Then, as now, the use of the word "nigger" by a white was a flashpoint for debates about the relationship between African American culture and its White patrons.

The famous controversy over Mark Twain's novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), a classic frequently taught in American schools, revolves largely around the novel's 215 uses of the word, often referring to Jim, Huck's raft mate.

Nigger in the Window is a book written by a young black girl who describes the world from her window.

Slaves often pandered to racist assumptions by using the word "nigger" to their advantage in the self-deprecatory artifice of Tomming. Implicit was an unspoken reminder that a presumedly inferior person or subhuman could not reasonably be held responsible for work performed incorrectly, a fire in the kitchen, or any similar offense. It was a means of deflecting responsibility in the hope of escaping the wrath of an overseer or master. Its use as a self-referential term was also a way to avoid suspicion and put whites at ease. A slave who referred to himself or another black as a "nigger" presumably accepted his subordinate role and posed no threat to white authority.

An example of this historical use in American literature occurs in Edgar Allan Poe's short story The Gold Bug (1843). The narrator and a white character in the story use negro to refer to a black servant, Jupiter, while Jupiter himself uses nigger.

Agatha Christie's novel And Then There Were None, also known as Ten Little Indians, originally appeared as Ten Little Niggers. Among the classic novels of Joseph Conrad (famous for his use of the word in Heart of Darkness) is The Nigger of the 'Narcissus' (1897).

Harper Lee's 1960 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, also uses the term "nigger" throughout, and efficiently demonstrates the racism present during the mid-1930s.

Other examples of literary usage in Great Britain during the late 19th and early 20th centuries suggest a more neutral usage of the term, which can cause a problem when reading such books today when the word has such an offensive meaning.

In the original version of their operetta “The Mikado” by Gilbert and Sullivan The Mikado in his song “Make the Punishment fit the Crime” used the line “Blacked like a nigger/ With permanent walnut juice” when describing the appropriate punishment for an overly madeup society lady. It was changed in 1948, after much objection to the word after D'Oyly Carte performances in America, to “Painted with vigour/ And permanent walnut juice”.

The “Scarlet Pimpernel” contains a black character referred to casually as a “nigger”, in a way which suggests no serious insult is intended.

In one John Buchan novel the hero goes into a night club in the early 1920s, where “a rather good nigger band” is playing.

It has been suggested that the USA usage became more prevalent in Great Britain during and after the Second World War. Whether this is through contact with American troops or whether it reflects a growing racism in UK society is open to question.

War Comes to Willy Freeman by James Collier and Christopher Collier (ISBN 0440495040) mentions the word "nigger" nineteen times. Current readers complain as this use of the word is unnecessary and, in the 18th century context of the story, is not historically correct.

Rudyard Kipling's Just So Story "How the Leopard Got His Spots" tells of how an Ethiopian and a leopard, who are originally sand-colored, decide to paint themselves for camouflage when hunting in dense tropical forest. The story originally included a scene in which the leopard, who now has spots, asks the Ethiopian why he doesn't want spots as well. The Ethiopian's original reply, "Oh, plain black's best for a nigger", has been changed in many modern editions to read, "Oh, plain black's best for me."

Nigger in popular culture

At one time, the word was used freely in branding and packaging of consumer commodities in the U.S. and England. There were brands such as Nigger Hair Tobacco, Niggerhead Oysters, and other canned goods. Brazil nuts casually were referred to as "nigger toes". As times changed, so did labeling practices. The tobacco brand became "Bigger Hare", and the canned goods brand became "Negro Head". Eventually, such names disappeared from the marketplace altogether.

The comedian and activist Dick Gregory used the word as the title of his best-selling autobiography in 1964. In 1967, Muhammad Ali explained his refusal to be drafted to serve in the Vietnam War by saying, "I got nothing against no Viet Cong. No Vietnamese ever called me 'nigger,'". In 1972, John Lennon released a song, "Woman is the Nigger of the World", the title of which implied that women were universally oppressed. During the same year, Curtis Mayfield used the word in the first verse of "Pusherman" (a hit song from the Superfly soundtrack). Pierre Vallières, a founding member of the FLQ terrorist group, wrote a book in 1968 called Les Nègres blancs de l'Amérique, comparing the oppression of French-Canadians to that of blacks in the southern United States. When it was translated into English, it was published under the title White Niggers of America.

Not every usage of the word 'Nigger' in entertainment media has sparked protests or denoument. In one notable exception, British punk rock pioneer Elvis Costello used the term in one lyric of Oliver's Army, from the album Armed Forces. Ironically, this usage - 'One more widow, one less white nigger' - sparked no recorded protests or complaints, and the video for the song was aired uncensored on several music programs and networks, such as MTV and VH1 for years.

Jewish comedian Lenny Bruce used the word repeatedly in a comedy routine, suggesting that the more it was used and heard, the less power it would have. Richard Pryor, whose albums included That Nigger's Crazy and Bicentennial Nigger, vowed to never use the word again after a trip to Africa in the 1980s. Commenting that he never saw any niggers while in Africa, Pryor said he realized that niggers were figments of white people's imaginations.

In 1988, hip hop group N.W.A. ("Niggaz With Attitude") released the album Straight Outta Compton. Although they abbreviated it in all official contexts, their self-referential use of the word caused a great deal of controversy in America over the language and lyrics of hip hop. Today, the word is used nearly universally among black rappers in casual contexts.

While nigga raises relatively few objections when used by black rappers, it generally is considered off-limits to nonblack performers, with exceedingly rare exceptions. In 2001, Latina performer Jennifer Lopez provoked the ire of the African American community when she used the word in a song written by two black songwriters. (Meanwhile, wrath was limited toward punk rocker Patti Smith when she released the song "Rock'N'Roll Nigger" in 1978, and non-existent toward Marilyn Manson when he covered the song in 1995 and later used the word openly in one of his own songs.) Even Eminem an immensely popular white rapper, appreciated by a multitude of races and with many affiliations to African Americans, refrains from using the word, although this might be out of choice rather than racial context. Recently the word nigga has been used by many non-white, but non-black rappers such as Fat Joe, Pitbull and most latin artists. The slang term has brought some controversy to America and confusion to the white population as to what forms of the word is offensive and what forms are not offensive.

African American comedian Chris Rock's 1996 television special Bring the Pain and 1997 album Roll with the New included a segment known as "Niggas vs Black People", which humorously describes the behavior of some blacks that conform to a theoretical stereotype. Rock cast "niggas" as "low-expectation-havin'" individuals -- proud to be ignorant, violent, and on welfare- the equivalent of "white trash". The controversy of this, to which many took exception because they felt it pandered to racism, was such that it led Rock to cease performing it.

Conversely, part of the repertoire of white American comedian George Carlin is a routine concerning sensitive words - that words by themselves are never good or bad and it's the user's intention that counts. "We don't mind when Richard Pryor or Eddie Murphy uses it," he quips. "Why? Because we know they're not racists. They're Niggers!"

Since the coining of the phrase "the N-word" (see below), some television broadcasters have added the word nigger retroactively to their lists of taboo words, thereby censoring movies and television programs from the past in which the word is used, no matter its context or the effect on the program. For example, television broadcasts of the film Die Hard with a Vengeance which originally featured a white character being placed in jeopardy when forced to carry a sign saying "I hate niggers" around Harlem, are altered so that the sign now says "I hate everybody", which is not offensive and, critics argue, renders the scene far less effective. The comedy series All in the Family is rarely censored even though the "N-word" is used frequently—likely because the primary premise of the classic, groundbreaking show is directly related to the main character's social backwardness and racial biases. On the other hand, Mel Brooks's anti-racism comedy Blazing Saddles, which was co-written by Brooks and Richard Pyror, is rarely shown on American commercial television any more due to the pervasive use of the word. However, as in All in the Family, the film's intent was to call attention to the issues of racism through satire—a fact discussed at length by Brooks when the film's 30th-anniversary edition DVD was released in 2004, and already patently obvious in the film's premise of a town full of white people reacting with hostility to their new, black, sheriff.

African-American comedian Dave Chappelle frequently has used the word in satire. In the first season of his show, Chappelle's Show, a blind white supremacist, unaware of the fact that he is black, uses the word repeatedly in remarks disparaging black people and at the end of the sketch comments that he left his wife because she is a "nigger-lover". The second season of the Dave Chapelle show examines this word closely with the sketch, "The Niggar Family" a portrayal of a 1950s white family with a last name resembling the infamous word. The comedy hinges upon the interaction among other members of the community and results in an uncensored and laughable outcome. (source: Multimedia Events-John Cashew")

The controversial animated series The Boondocks (television series) frequently uses the word "Nigga" by the main characters and sometimes others. The term can be used to shock the other characters, or for satirical purposes, as when Granddad tells Huey not to use the word in his house, Huey reminds him that he himself used the word 46 times the day before. Granddad's reply is "Nigga hush!". The show also makes note of "Nigga Moments", where an otherwise well-adjusted black man acts in an ignorant or self-destructive way out of anger. The show was criticized for putting the word "Nigga" in the mouth of a fictionalized Martin Luther King Jr.

Actor Damon Wayans of the Wayans Brothers tried in 2005 to trademark the word "Nigga" for use on clothing, books and other merchandise. His application was rejected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, citing a law that prohibits marks that are "immoral or scandalous." A previous attempt by entrepreneur Keon Rhodan to trademark the term "Nigga'Clothing" in 2001 was also unsuccessful.

In the 2005 film Be Cool, the leader of the Russian Mafia tells Sin LaSalle (Cedric the Entertainer) to "Be cool, Nigger!" Daboo (Andre 3000), suprised and obviously offended whispers "Nigger?". At this point, Sin launches into a long, well thought out lecture on how only truly ignorant people use the term to disrespect someone's race.

Names of places and things

Because the word was used freely for many years, there are many official place-names containing the word nigger. Examples include Nigger Bill Canyon, Nigger Hollow, and Niggertown Marsh. In 1967, the United States Board on Geographic Names changed the word nigger to Negro in 143 specific place names, but use of the word has not been completely eliminated in federal government.

One specific example is that of 'Nigger Head Mountain', located just outside of Burnet, Texas. For decades, a particular hillock was referred to as such due to the forestation at the peak resembling a black man's hairstyle of the times. It became a popular spot for the predominantly-white local high school students to show their spirit by holding pep rallies and post-game parties, and even during the start of the Civil Rights Movement news services continued to refer to the hillock as 'Nigger Head' with almost no reported complaints from either side of the rights struggle. In 1966, First Lady Lady Bird Johnson, as part of her beautification efforts at the time, denounced the name and asked both the US Board on Geographic Names and the US Forest Service to take immediate steps to change the name to something more acceptable to changing views. The name was officially changed to 'Colored Mountain' in 1968, and while both maps and road signs were replaced with ones bearing the new name, local inhabitants still refer to the location by its original name.

A point on the Lower Mississippi River was known, well into the middle and late 20th century, as Free Nigger Point, or Freenigger Point. A later variation was Free Negro Point, but the location, in West Baton Rouge Parish, is now known as Wilkinson Point. The geographic coordinates are 30°30′46″N 91°12′45″W / 30.5126893°N 91.2126084°W / 30.5126893; -91.2126084

A jagged rock formation resembling a silhouetted human face protruding from a cliff over highway 421 north of Pennington Gap, Virginia was called "Nigger Head Rock" until the 1970s, when the name was changed to "Great Stone Face." Checks issued by a local bank in the 1940s bore an illustration of the rock accompanied by the original name.

The British term for a black iron marine bollard, made from an old cannon partially buried muzzle upward, with a slightly oversize black cannonball covering the hole, was "niggerhead". Sailors also once called an isolated coral head a niggerhead. The latter are notorious as navigation hazards.

Many varieties of flora and fauna commonly are still referred to by terms which include the word. The nigger-head cactus, which is native to Arizona, is round, the size of a cabbage, and covered with large, crooked thorns. The colloquial name for echinacea, or coneflower, is, variously, "Kansas niggerhead" or "wild niggerhead". The "niggerhead termite"(Nasutitermes graveolus) is native to Australia.

Around the world, the names of several varieties of foods do, or did, include the words. Brazil nuts are often referred to as "nigger toes". An Irish colloquialism described prunes as "nigger's knackers". A popular chocolate snack in Belgium is widely known as Negerinnetetten (negress's tits), it is sold however under the trademark Melo-cakes. Another chocolate treat in Holland was until recently called Negerzoenen (Negro kisses), they are now called Buys Zoenen (Buys Kisses) after the vendor's name. In Sweden, the traditional treat Negerbollar (Negro balls) is now more commonly referred to as Chocolate-, Oat- or Coco balls.

In April 2003, there was a stir in Australia over the naming of part of a stadium in Toowoomba, "E.S. Nigger Brown Stand". "Nigger Brown" was the nickname of Toowoomba's first international rugby player. Edward Stanley Brown used the shoe polish brand "Nigger Brown". The stand was named in the 1960s. As in the United States some decades ago, the word was used casually by whites, with little thought. Brown himself was happy with the nickname; in fact it is written on his tombstone. A growing black consciousness among Australia's aboriginal population, however, has meant the term increasingly has become an offensive one, particularly when uttered by whites.

Australian activist Stephen Hagan took the local council responsible to court over the use of the word. Hagan lost the court case at the district and state level, and the High Court ruled that the matter was beyond federal jurisdiction. The federal government cited the High Court ruling on a lack of federal jurisdiction as its legal justification for continued inaction. (Hagan also has tried changing other supposed racial slurs such as the Coon brand of cheese.)

Avoiding offense

"The N-Word"

The euphemism "the N-word" became a part of the American lexicon during the racially polarizing trial of O.J. Simpson, a retired football player charged with -- and ultimately acquitted of -- a widely publicized double murder. One of the prosecution's key witnesses was Los Angeles police detective Mark Fuhrman, who initially denied using racial slurs, but whose prolific and derogatory use of it on a tape recording brought his credibility into question. The recordings were from a session in 1985 that Fuhrman had with Laura McKinney, an aspiring screenwriter working on a screenplay about women in the police force. According to Fuhrman, he was using the word as part of his "bad-cop" persona.

Members of the media reporting on and discussing his testimony began using the term "the N-word" instead of repeating the actual word, presumably as a way to avoid offending audiences and advertisers. The euphemism was adopted quickly by Americans as a way to avoid uttering one of the most generally offensive words in American English. The euphemism is most often used in constructions like: "He called me the N-word", or "I can't believe she said the N-word." (This form mimics other euphemisms for offensive words such as "the F-word" for fuck, "the B-word" for bitch or "the C-word" for cock or cunt.)

More recently the "N-word" has been joined by a similar euphemism suggestive of the potentially explosive nature of the racial epithet: "drop the N-bomb" as in "You didn't need to drop the N-bomb".

Near-homophones

The word niger is Latin for "black" and occurs in many Latin scientific terms and names. (See Niger for other meanings such as the country in Africa.) Niger is the root for some English words which are near homophones of nigger.

Nigra, which is the way Negro is pronounced by some people in the American South, was considered by some to be a more polite way to refer to a black person. Because of its similarity to the n-word, however, it generally is detested by blacks and is no longer regarded as acceptable.

The words niggardly ("miserly") and snigger ("to laugh derisively") do not refer either to black people or to characteristics or behavior attributed to black people, nor do they have any etymological connection with the word. Niggard (a miserly person) and the verb niggle come from the Old Norse verb nigla -- "to fuss about small things". As such words are easily mistaken for "nigger," their use is frowned upon and sometimes seen as offensive. David Howard, a white city official in Washington, D.C., resigned from his job in January 1999, when he used niggardly in a fiscal sense while talking with African American colleagues, who took offense at his use of the word. Howard later was reinstated, after the furor subsided.

Revisionist usage

In the United Kingdom, the word was in common use throughout the first half of the twentieth century to denote a shade of dark brown. "Nigger" was famously the name of a Black Labrador belonging to the RAF Second World War hero Wing Commander Guy Gibson. The dog died before the 617 Squadron's 1943 raid on the Ruhr dams (the "Dam Busters raid"), and "Nigger" was adopted as the radio code word signaling the destruction of the Möhne dam. Because of the modern connotations of the name, the British television broadcaster ITV now tries to reduce offense by editing out some scenes including the dog when it broadcasts the film Dam Busters. This has been condemned by some as "revisionist", although the edited version apparently produced fewer complaints than a previous uncensored broadcast. However, this scene probably has been viewed more times than any other part of the movie. It was worked into the background of the infamous hotel-room sequence in the Pink Floyd film The Wall, during which the word nigger can be plainly heard coming from the television.

"Nigger" versus "nigga": the new revisionism

Since the 1980s, a common argument among some young African Americans and other youth centers on the pronunciation of nigger as "nigga". Nigga, they contend, is simply a synonym for accepted slang words such as dude and guy. This was the (rejected) argument given by now-infamous secondary English teacher Paul Dawson, who was white, in defending his use of the word to refer to a black student, for which he was given two weeks' suspension without pay. Such use of nigga is heavily dependent on context. It could be an insult to say, "Hey, you niggaz"; whereas, "What up, my niggaz?" might sometimes be acceptable among blacks only. Also, if a non-black refers to a black person as a "nigga", it is sometimes considered insulting. In the first example, the use of "you guys" is similar to "you people", a phrase often seen as off-putting when used by whites to refer to blacks. The second example is in the African-American tradition of using the word to express kinship or affection.

Proponents of this neo revisionist usage of the term believe nigger, in its vernacular pronunciation, is harmless. Moreover, many believe it draws a line between blacks as victims of racism and blacks as empowered, street-wise individuals. In an interview in the documentary Tupac: Resurrection, Tupac Shakur explains, "Niggers was the ones on the rope, hanging off the thing; Niggas is the ones with gold ropes, hanging out at clubs." On the track "Violent," from his 1992 album "2Pacalypse Now," Shakur interprets "nigga" as an acronym standing for "Never Ignorant, Getting Goals Accomplished."

Opponents of this view argue that nigga is simply nigger pronounced with a southern accent, that the revisionist spelling is merely a phonetic representation of the word as it always has been pronounced in African American Vernacular English and nothing more. Nigger, they point out, is also pronounced "nigga" by many who intend it as a racial slur. While proponents of the neo revisionist use of nigga contend they have "reclaimed" the word and robbed it of its racist connotations, critics dispute this. They claim such usage has not changed the word's centuries-old, racist nature. African Americans generally never consider the usage acceptable in any context by nonblacks. Usage by members of other ethnic groups is viewed as racist and/or, as with much of nonblack, hip-hop culture, a form of cultural appropriation. In the film Rush Hour (film), Chris Tucker uses the word in one scene; and then in a subsequent scene, when Jackie Chan repeats Tucker's line in front of a bartender (while affecting an African American dialect), he thus instigates a riot.

A passage from the African American Registry echoes this sentiment:

arguments may not be true to life. Brother (Brotha) and Sister (Sistah or Sista) are terms of endearment. Nigger was and still is a word of disrespect. ...the artificial dichotomy between blacks or African Americans (respectable and middle-class) and niggers (disrespectable and lower class) ought to be challenged. Black is a nigger, regardless of behavior, earnings, goals, clothing, skills, ethics, or skin color. Finally, if continued use of the word lessened its damage, then nigger would not hurt or cause pain now. Blacks, from slavery 'til today, have internalized many negative images that white society cultivated and broadcast about black skin and black people. This is mirrored in cycles of self- and same-race hatred. The use of the word nigger by blacks reflects this hatred, even when the user is unaware of the psychological forces involved. Nigger is the ultimate expression of white racism and white superiority no matter how it is pronounced.

Combinations with other words

Within American culture, following the word nigger with a second word connotes an extremely negative conception of that second word, usually playing to racist stereotypes. Thus, to call someone "nigger rich" is to say that they unwisely spend their entire paycheck upon its receipt. To say someone is playing "nigger hockey" implies that they're cheating. To say that something is "nigger-rigged" suggests that it was hastily or carelessly improvised from any available materials. To say that a victory was a "nigger-win" suggests that the victory was not justified and most likely a result of cheating or other forms of illegitimacy. While such phrases are used to describe people of any race, they are nonetheless considered as racist as using the word nigger by itself.

Nigger-lover is a derogatory term used to characterize whites who sympathize with blacks. This term is more commonly used by racist whites against other whites.

The term wigger, or whigger, refers to a young, white mimicker of certain affectations of hip-hop and thug culture. It is a portmanteau of white and nigger. The word is widely considered offensive because of its similarity to nigger and because it reflects stereotypical notions about blacks.

However, some people have now embraced the usage of the word "wigga."

Similarly, other portmanteaus formed from nigger, also considered offensive, are used to describe other groups.

These include combining nigger with Chinese, to produce chigger, (not to be confused with the parasitic arthropod), with Korean, kigger; and with spic (a slur for a Latino), to produce spigger. Also to deride those of Mexican descent is the term "taco nigger". The terms timber nigger, prairie nigger, and swamp nigger are used in some areas to refer to Native Americans. This term is found more in the northern part of the United States where the original Native Americans flourished in the large forests that once existed there. Sand nigger refers to those of Arab or Persian descent, snow nigger is a slur against those of Inuit descent, and rice nigger and slant-eyed nigger are slurs similarly directed at Asians in general. Those of Irish descent are sometimes referred to as potato niggers, and Germans called NigMeisters. People of Polynesian descent are derisively called pineapple niggers.

References

Cited references

1. "nigger." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. <http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com> .
2. "Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn". The Complete Works of Mark-Twain. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
3. "Academic Resources: Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word". Random House. Retrieved 2006-03-13.
4. Lee, Helen Jackson (1978). Nigger in the Window. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0385071426.
5. Stephen Railton (2005). "Tomming In Our Time". University of Virginia, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities. Retrieved 2006-03-13.
6. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Gold Bug. PoeStories.com.
7. Poe, Edgar Allan (1990). The Gold Bug. Mankato, Minnesota: Creative Education. ISBN 088682303X.
8. Michael Sragow (23 December 1999). "The roar of the greasepaint, the smell of the crowd". Salon.com. Retrieved 2006-03-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
9. Ravernell, Wanda J. (2005-06-15). "What's cute about racist kitsch?". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-03-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
10. "Jim Crow Museum". Ferris State University. Retrieved 2006-03-13.
11. "Free Negro Point". USGS Geographic Names Information System. Retrieved 2006-03-12.
12. "Semiochemicals of Nasutitermes graveolus, the Niggerhead termite". The Pherobase. Retrieved 2006-03-12.

General references

• Robert F. Worth (Fall 1995). "Nigger Heaven and the Harlem Renaissance". African American Review. 29 (3): 461–473.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• "nigger". (2 ed.). 1989. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |ency= ignored (help)
• Swan, Robert J. (2003). New Amsterdam gehenna: segregated death in New York City, 1630-1801. Brooklyn: Noir Verite Press. ISBN 0972281304.
• Smith, Stephanie (2005). Household words: bloomers, sucker, bombshell, scab, nigger, cyber. Minneapolis: University of Missesota Press. ISBN 0816645523.
• Kennedy, Randall (2002). Nigger : the strange career of a troublesome word. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0375421726. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Fuller, Neely (1984). The united independent compensatory code/system/concept: A textbook/workbook for thought, speech, and/or action, for victims of racism (white supremacy).

See also

• Cultural appropriation
• Discrimination
• Ku Klux Klan
• List of ethnic group names used as insults (distinct from the below)
• List of ethnic slurs
• Profanity — with a discussion of how words can differ in meaning and offensiveness depending on who is using them.
• Racism
• Taboo
• Wigger
• Wiktionary:Nigger

External links

• "Nigger and Caricatures," Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University
• "Nigger (the word), a brief history!" from the African American Registry
• Appropriating a Slur in M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture

• Pejorative terms for people
• Ethnic slurs
• Stereotypes