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| {{Infobox disputed islands | |||
| | plural = yes | |||
| | name = Diaoyu Islands | |||
| | image name = Diaoyutai senkaku.png | |||
| | image caption = Location of the islands (red rectangle and inset).<br /> | |||
| | image size = 320px | |||
| | locator map = Senkaku-Diaoyu-Tiaoyu-Islan.jpg | |||
| | map_custom = | |||
| | native name = | |||
| | native name link = | |||
| | other_names = <br>{{lang-ja|尖閣諸島}} (Senkaku)<br/>{{zh|c=釣魚台列嶼}} (Diaoyutai/Tiaoyutai)<br/>or {{lang|zh|钓鱼岛列岛}} (Diaoyu/Tiaoyu)<br/>Pinnacle Islands | |||
| | location = Pacific Ocean | |||
| | coordinates = {{coord|25|44|41.49|N|123|28|29.79|E|type:isle|display=inline}} | |||
| | archipelago = | |||
| | total islands = 5 + 3 rocks | |||
| | major islands = | |||
| Diaoyu Dao (Uotsuri-jima)<br/> Chiwei Yu (Taisho-jima)<br/>Huangwei Yu (Kuba-jima)<br/>Bei Xiaodao (Kita-Kojima)<br/>Nan Xiaodao (Minami-Kojima) | |||
| | area = {{convert|7|km2|acre}} | |||
| | length = | |||
| | width = | |||
| | coastline = | |||
| | highest mount = | |||
| | elevation = {{convert|383|m|ft}} | |||
| | country 1 claim = People's Republic of China | |||
| | country 1 claim divisions title = Township | |||
| | country 1 claim divisions = ], ], ] | |||
| | country 1 claim capital city = | |||
| | country 1 claim largest city = | |||
| | country 1 claim largest city population = | |||
| | country 1 claim leader title = | |||
| | country 1 claim leader name = | |||
| | country 2 claim = Republic of China (Taiwan) | |||
| | country 2 claim divisions title = Township | |||
| | country 2 claim divisions = ], ], ] | |||
| | country 2 claim capital city = | |||
| | country 2 claim largest city = | |||
| | country 2 claim largest city population = | |||
| | country 2 claim leader title = | |||
| | country 2 claim leader name = | |||
| | country = China | |||
| | country admin divisions title = City | |||
| | country admin divisions = ] | |||
| | country capital city = | |||
| | country largest city = | |||
| | country largest city population = | |||
| | country leader title = | |||
| | country leader name = | |||
| | population = | |||
| | population as of = | |||
| | density = | |||
| | ethnic groups = | |||
| | additional info = | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Diaoyu Islands (Senkaku Islands)''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|钓鱼|岛}}|p= Diàoyúdǎo}}; in Mainland China, also known as the '''Senkaku Islands''' {{Nihongo|{{linktext|尖|閣|諸|島}}in Japan or '''Tiaoyutai Islands''' ({{zh|t={{linktext|釣魚|台|列|嶼}}|p=Diàoyútái liè yǔ}}) in Taiwan (Republic of China),<ref name="TWcouncilor"> {{cite web | url = http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120708000063&cid=1101&MainCatID=11 | title = Former New Taipei councilor explains PRC flag controversy | accessdate = 21 July 2012 | author = WantChinaTimes.com | date = 8 July 2012 | work = WantChinaTimes.com}}</ref>, are a group of ] in the ]. They are located roughly due east of ], northeast of ], west of ], and north of the southwestern end of the ]. | |||
| China claims that the Chinese discovered, explored and gained the control over the islands since 14th century (late Ming dynasty). The Chinese fishermen began to sail around the islands afterwards. Ancient Chinese books, such as "Geng Lu Bo" ({{zh|s={{linktext|更路簿}}| and "Voyage with a Tail Wind"({{zh|t=順風相送|s=顺风相送|p=Shùnfēng Xiāngsòng}}), has officially documented Chinese activities around the Diaoyu islands since that time. Through the five centuries afterwards, Chinese has maintained a civil and military presence and retained the sailing rights over the islands. | |||
| However, Ryukyu Kingdom was considered tributary lands controlled by the Chinese government during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Diaoyu Islands were considered to be the crucial access to the Ryukyu Kingdom from Chinese mainland. The claims were writen in the book "Record of the Imperial Envoy's Visit to Ryūkyū"({{zh|t=使琉球錄|s=使琉球录|p=Shĭ Liúqiú Lù}}). In ancient times, the Diaoyu Islands have been controlled by the hinese government. | |||
| In 1894, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 bursted out. Japan, in victory, reclaimed that the Diaoyu Islands were uninhabited islands and then included them into the Japanese territory by the endorsement of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed between China and Japan. | |||
| After the World War II, Japan surrendered and saw its territory be reshaped by the Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Declaration. China has legally retrieved the Diaoyu Islands. However, In September 8, 1961, Japan privately signed the Okinawa Reversion Treaty with the government of the United States. The islands reverted to Japanese control under the Okinawa Reversion Treaty between the United States and Japan This treaty, however, was not recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China, nor by that of Republic of China. | |||
| Japan controlled the islands from 1895 until its ] at the end of ]. The ] administered them as part of the ] from 1945 until 1972, when the islands reverted to Japanese control under the Okinawa Reversion Treaty between the United States and Japan.<ref>Lee, Seokwoo. (2002). {{Google books|MZGsi1ptLvoC|''Territorial Disputes Among Japan, China and Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku Islands,'' pp. 10–13.|page=10}}</ref> | |||
| The islands are an issue in ] and ].<ref>McDorman, Ted L. (2005). "Central Pacific and East Asian Maritime Boundaries" in {{Google books|RN0GnOcw0McC|''International Maritime Boundaries,'' Vol. 5, pp. 3441.|page=3441}}</ref> Despite the ] between the PRC and ROC, both governments agree that the islands are part of ] as part of ] in ] of their respective divisions. Japan does not officially recognize Taiwan as a sovereign state,<ref name="TWcouncilor" /> and regards the islands as a part of ], ] and acknowledges neither the claims of the PRC nor ROC to the islands. The Japanese government has not allowed Ishigaki to develop the islands. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Early history=== | |||
| Records of these islands date back to as early as the 15th century. They were referred as ''Diaoyu'' in books such as ''Voyage with a Tail Wind'' ({{zh|t=順風相送|s=顺风相送|p=Shùnfēng Xiāngsòng}}) (1403) <ref>Title: Liang zhong hai dao zhen jing / .Imprint: Beijing : Zhonghua shu ju : Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo fa xing, 2000 reprint edition. Contents: Shun feng xiang song--Zhi nan zheng fa. (順風相送--指南正法). ISBN ISBN 7-101-02025-9. pp96 and . The full text is available on .</ref> and ''Record of the Imperial Envoy's Visit to Ryūkyū'' ({{zh|t=使琉球錄|s=使琉球录|p=Shĭ Liúqiú Lù}}) (1534). Adopted by the Chinese Imperial Map of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese name for the island group (]) and the Japanese name for the main island (]) both mean "]". | |||
| The first published description of the islands in Europe was in a book imported by ] in 1796. His small library of Japanese books included {{Nihongo|'']''|三国通覧図説|''An Illustrated Description of Three Countries''}} by ].<ref>WorldCat, ; alternate ] </ref> This text, which was published in Japan in 1785, described the ].<ref>Cullen, Louis M. (2003). {{Google books|ycY_85OInSoC|''A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds,'' p. 137.|page=137}}</ref> In 1832, the ] supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation.<ref>]. (1832). {{Google books|lsoNAAAAIAAJ|''San kokf tsou ran to sets, ou Aperçu général des trois royaumes,'' pp. 169–180.|page=i}}</ref> | |||
| The first reference to the islands in a book published in English was ]'s 1848 account of the voyages of HMS ''Sammarang''.<ref>Suganuma, Unryu. (2001). {{Google books|vDpEiKR2osoC|''Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations,'' |pages=87, 89–90}}</ref> Captain Belcher observed that "the names assigned in this region have been too hastily admitted."<ref>Belcher, Edward. (1848). {{Google books|jotKAAAAYAAJ|''Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang,'' Vol. I, pp. 315.|page=315}}; Belcher, {{Google books|PiAEAAAAQAAJ|Vol. II, pp. 572–574.|page=572}}.</ref> Belcher reported anchoring off Pinnacle Island in March 1845.<ref>Belcher, {{Google books|jotKAAAAYAAJ|Vol. I, |pages=316-318.}}; excerpt at p. 317, "On the 16th, we endeavoured to obtain observations on Tia-usu; a landing was effected, but the absence of sun prevented our obtaining satisfactory observations, and bad weather coming on hastened our departure. This group, comprehending Hoa-pin-san (和平山，"Peace Island", ''Uotsuri-jima''), Pinnacle Rocks, and Tias-usu (''Kuba-kima''), form a triangle, of which the hypothenuse, or distance between Hoa-pin-san and Tia-usu, extends about fourteen miles, and that between Hoa-pinsan and the Southern Pinnacle, about two miles."</ref> | |||
| In 1870s and 1880s, the English name Pinnacle Islands was used by the British navy for the rocks adjacent to the largest island ''Uotsuri-jima''/''Diaoyu Dao'' (then called ''Hoa-pin-su'', 和平屿, "Peace Island"); ''Kuba-jima''/''Huangwei Yu'' (then called ''Ti-a-usu''); and ''Taishō-jima''/''Chiwei Yu''.<ref>Suganuma, {{Google books|vDpEiKR2osoC|p. 90.|page=90}}; Jarrad, Frederick W. (1873). {{Google books|LvoGAAAAQAAJ|''The China Sea Directory,'' Vol. IV, pp. 141–142.|page=141}}</ref> The name "Pinnacle Islands" is used by some as an English-language equivalent to "Senkaku" or "Diaoyu".<ref>Hagström, Linus. (2005). {{Google books|P6gZqPBBMdkC| ''Japan's China Policy: A Relational Power Analysis,'' |page=1}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| The collective use of the name "Senkaku" to denote the entire group began with the advent of the controversy in the 1970s.<ref>Koo, Min Gyo (2009). citing Park (1973) "Oil under Troubled Waters: The Northeast Asia Seabed Controversy," 14 HILJ ('']'') 212, 248–249; also Park, Choon-Ho. (1972)''Continental Shelf Issues in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.'' Kingston, Rhode Island: Law of the Sea Institute, pp. 1–64.</ref> | |||
| ===Japanese and US control=== | |||
| ] | |||
| The Japanese central government formally annexed the islands on 14 January 1895. Around 1900, Japanese entrepreneur {{Nihongo|Koga Tatsushirō|古賀 辰四郎}} constructed a ] processing plant on the islands with 200 workers. The business failed in 1940 and the islands have remained deserted ever since.<ref name="search.japantimes.co.jp"/> In the 1970s, Koga Tatsushirō's descendents Zenji and Hanako Tatsushirō sold four islets to the Kurihara family of ]. Kunioki Kurihara<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19540469 |title=BBC News - Japan confirms disputed islands purchase plan |work=bbc.co.uk |year=2012 |quote= Kunioki Kurihara |accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref> owned Uotsuri, Kita-Kojima, and Minami-Kojima. Kunioki's sister owns Kuba.<ref>Ito, Masami, "", '']'', 18 May 2012, pp. 1-2</ref> | |||
| The islands came under US government occupation in 1945 after the ] ended World War II.<ref name="search.japantimes.co.jp">Kaneko, Maya, (]) "", '']'', December 8, 2010, p. 3.</ref> In 1969, the ] (ECAFE) identified potential oil and gas reserves in the vicinity of the Senkaku Islands.<ref name="GlobalSec">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/senkaku.htm |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |title= Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands}}</ref> In 1971, the Okinawa Reversion Treaty passed the U.S. Senate, returning the islands to Japanese control in 1972.<ref name="Senate">Finney, John W. ''New York Times.'' November 11, 1971.</ref> Also in 1972, the Taiwanese and Chinese governments officially began to declare ownership of the islands.<ref>], "", '']'', 11 September 2012, p. 2</ref> | |||
| Since the islands reverted to Japanese government control in 1972, the mayor of Ishigaki has been given civic authority over the territory. The Japanese central government, however, has prohibited Ishigaki from surveying or developing the islands.<ref name="search.japantimes.co.jp"/><ref>Ito, Masami, "", '']'', 18 May 2012, p. 1</ref> In 1979 an official delegation from the Japanese government composed of 50 academics, government officials from the Foreign and Transport ministries, officials from the now-defunct Okinawa Development Agency, and Hiroyuki Kurihara, visited the islands and camped on Uotsuri for about four weeks. The delegation surveyed the local ecosystem, finding moles and sheep, studied the local marine life, and examined whether the islands would support human habitation.<ref>Ito, Masami, "", '']'', 18 May 2012, pp. 1-2</ref> | |||
| From 2002 to 2012, the ] paid the Kurihara family ¥25 million a year to rent Uotsuri, Minami-Kojima and Kita-Kojima. Japan's ] rents Kuba island for an undisclosed amount. Kuba is used by the U.S. military as a practice aircraft bombing range. Japan's central government completely owns Taisho island.<ref>Hongo, Jun, "", '']'', 19 April 2012, p. 2.</ref><ref>Ito, Masami, "", '']'', 18 May 2012, pp. 1-2</ref> | |||
| On 17 December 2010, Ishigaki declared January 14 as "Pioneering Day" to commemorate Japan's 1895 annexation of the Senkaku Islands. China condemned Ishigaki's actions.<ref>], "", '']'', December 19, 2010, p. 1. Retrieved January 29, 2011.</ref> In 2012, both the Tokyo Metropolitan and Japanese central governments announced plans to negotiate purchase of Uotsuri, Kita-Kojima, and Minami-Kojima from the Kurihara family.<ref>Ito, Masami, "", '']'', 18 May 2012, pp. 1-2</ref> | |||
| On 11 September 2012, the Japanese government nationalized its control over Minamikojima, Kitakojima, and Uotsuri islands by purchasing them from the Kurihara family for ¥2.05 billion.<ref>'']'', "Senkaku Isles Nationalized", 11 September 2012</ref><ref>], "", '']'', 11 September 2012, p. 2</ref> China's Foreign Ministry objected saying Beijing would not "sit back and watch its territorial sovereignty violated."<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/japan-says-it-will-purchase-disputed-islands-from-private-owner-in-step-likely-to-anger-china/2012/09/10/75b0ad1a-fb2e-11e1-98c6-ec0a0a93f8eb_story.html |title=Japan says it will purchase disputed islands from private owner, angering China |work=Washington Post|agency=AP|date=September 10, 2012|accessdate=September 10, 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| ] | |||
| The island group consists of five uninhabited ] and three barren rocks. | |||
| These minor features in the East China Sea are located approximately 120 nautical miles northeast of Taiwan, 200 nautical miles east of the Chinese mainland and 200 nautical miles southwest of the Japanese island of Okinawa.<ref>UC Berkeley: ]; retrieved November 15, 2010.</ref> | |||
| In ascending order of distances, the island cluster is located: | |||
| * {{convert|140|km|nmi mi|lk=out}} east of ], ROC <ref>, </ref> | |||
| * {{convert|170|km|nmi mi|lk=out}} north of ], Japan | |||
| * {{convert|186|km|nmi mi|lk=out}} northeast of ], ROC | |||
| * {{convert|410|km|nmi mi|lk=out}} west of ], Japan | |||
| ]{{clear}} | |||
| {|class="wikitable" | |||
| |+Islands in the group | |||
| |- | |||
| !No.!!Japanese name!!Chinese name!!Coordinates!!Area (km<sup>2</sup>)||Highest elevation (m) | |||
| |- | |||
| |1||Uotsuri-jima (魚釣島)<ref>] (GSI), .</ref>||Diaoyu Dao (釣魚島)||{{Coord|25|46|N|123|31|E|type:isle}}||4.32||383 | |||
| |- | |||
| |2||Taishō-jima (大正島)<ref>GSI, .</ref>||Chiwei Yu (赤尾嶼)||{{Coord|25|55|N|124|34|E|type:isle}}||0.0609||75 | |||
| |- | |||
| |3||Kuba-jima (久場島)<ref>GSI, .</ref>||Huangwei Yu (黃尾嶼)||{{Coord|25|56|N|123|41|E|type:isle}}||1.08||117 | |||
| |- | |||
| |4||Kita-Ko-jima (北小島)<ref>Google Maps, ; GSI, .</ref>||Bei Xiaodao(北小島)||{{Coord|25|45|N|123|36|E|type:isle}}||0.3267||135 | |||
| |- | |||
| |5||Minami-Ko-jima (南小島)<ref>Google Maps, </ref> ||Nan Xiaodao(南小島)||{{Coord|25|45|N|123|36|E|type:isle}}||0.4592||149 | |||
| |- | |||
| |6||Oki-no-Kita-iwa (沖ノ北岩)<ref>GSI, .</ref>||Da Bei Xiaodao({{lang|zh|大北小島|大北小島}}/北岩)<!-- redundant? ref to be deleted? <ref>GSI, </ref> -->||{{Coord|25|49|N|123|36|E|type:isle}}||0.0183|||nominal | |||
| |- | |||
| |7||Oki-no-Minami-iwa (沖ノ南岩)<ref>GSI, .</ref>||Da Nan Xiaodao (大南小島/南岩)<!-- redundant? ref to be deleted?<ref>GSI, </ref> -->||{{Coord|25|47|N|123|37|E|type:isle}}||0.0048|||nominal | |||
| |- | |||
| |8||{{Nihongo|Tobise|飛瀬}}<ref>GSI, .</ref><!-- redundant? alternate name to be deleted? or<br /> {{Nihongo|Tobishou|飛礁|(past name)}}-->||Fei Jiao Yan (飛礁岩/飛岩)||{{Coord|25|45|N|123|33|E|type:isle}}||0.0008|||nominal | |||
| |} | |||
| The depth of the surrounding waters of the continental shelf is approximately 100–150 metres (328–492 ft) except for the ] on the south.<ref>Ji, Guoxing. (1995). ; Sibuet, Jean-Claude ''et al.'' ''Journal of Geophysical Research,'' Vol. 92, Issue B13, p. 14041-14063.</ref> | |||
| The existence of the ] complicates descriptive issues. According to Professor ] of the Asia-Pacific Department at ], | |||
| ]s of the world.]] | |||
| * China's interpretation of the geography is that {{quotation|"...the Okinawa Trough proves that the continental shelves of China and Japan are not connected, that the Trough serves as the boundary between them, and that the Trough should not be ignored ...."<ref name="ji11"/>}} | |||
| * Japan's interpretation of the geography is that {{quotation|"...the trough is just an incidental depression in a continuous continental margin between the two countries ... the trough should be ignored ...."<ref name="ji11">Ji, </ref>}} | |||
| ===Flora and fauna=== | |||
| Permission for collecting herbs on three of the islands was recorded in an Imperial Chinese edict of 1893.<ref>Ji, </ref> | |||
| Uotsuri Jima, the largest island, has a number of ] species such as the ] (''Mogera uchidai'') and Okinawa-kuro-oo-ari ant. The Senkaku mole is an endangered species; and its existence is threatened by ] which were introduced to the island in 1978.<ref>Zoological Society of London, , 2006; retrieved November 15, 2010.</ref> | |||
| Albatross are observed in the islands.<ref>Porcasi, Judith F. (1999). ''Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology.'' Vol. 21 (1), pp. 109, citing Hasegawa, Hiroshi. (1979). "Status of the Short-tailed Albatross of Torishimia and in the Senkaku Retto in 1978/79. ''Pacific Seabird Group Bulletin 6:23–25; and Hasegawa, Hiroshi and Anthony R. Degange. (1982). "The Short-tailed Albatross, 'Diamedea albatrus'', Its Status, Distribution and Natural History." ''American Birds,'' 36(5):806–814.</ref> Amongst all islands, Minami Kojima is one of the few breeding places of the rare ] (''Phoebastria albatrus''). | |||
| ==Sovereignty dispute== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Main|Senkaku Islands dispute}} | |||
| Territorial sovereignty over the islands and the ] around them are disputed between the ], the ] (Taiwan), and Japan. | |||
| The People's Republic and Taiwan claim that the islands have been a part of Chinese territory since at least 1534. They acknowledge that Japan took control of the islands in 1894–1895 during the ], through the signature of the ]. They assert that the ] (which Japan accepted as part of the ]) required that Japan relinquish control of all islands except for "the islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine", and they state that this means control of the islands should pass to China. | |||
| Japan does not accept that there is a dispute, asserting that the islands are an integral part of Japan.<ref>Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea (NILOS). (2000). {{Google books|6GOVS_0Zm6oC|''International Organizations and the Law of the Sea,'' p. 108.|page=108}}</ref> Japan has rejected claims that the islands were under China's control prior to 1895, and that these islands were contemplated by the Potsdam Declaration or affected by the San Francisco Peace Treaty.<ref>Ji, </ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| {{Reflist|30em}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{refbegin|1}} | |||
| * ] and Arthur Adams. (1848). ''Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, During the Years 1843–46: Employed Surveying the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago.'' London : Reeve, Benham, and Reeve. | |||
| * ], David A. Colson, Robert W. Smith. (2005). ''International Maritime Boundaries,'' 5 vols. Hotei Publishing: Leiden. 10-ISBN 0792311876/13-ISBN 9780792311874; 10-ISBN 904111954X/13-ISBN 9789041119544; 10-ISBN 9041103457/13-ISBN 9789041103451; 10-ISBN 9004144617/13-ISBN 9789004144613; 10-ISBN 900414479X/13-ISBN 9789004144798; | |||
| * Findlay, Alexander George. (1889). ''A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Archipelago and the Coast of China.'' London: R. H. Laurie. | |||
| * Hagström, Linus. (2005). ''Japan's China Policy: A Relational Power Analysis.'' London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34679-5; | |||
| * ]. (1972) Senkaku Letto /Diaoyu Islands The Historical Treatise. Kyoto: Daisan Publisher (出版社: 第三書館) (1996/10). ISBN 978-4-8074-9612-9; also hosted in for online reading (set to Shift-JIS character code), with . Chinese translation by Ying Hui, Published by Commercial Press Hong Kong (1973) , ISBN 9622574734. | |||
| * Jarrad, Frederick W. (1873). ''The China Sea Directory, Vol. IV. Comprising the Coasts of Korea, Russian Tartary, the Japan Islands, Gulfs of Tartary and Amúr, and the Sea of Okhotsk.'' London: Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. | |||
| * Lee, Seokwoo, Shelagh Furness and Clive Schofield. (2002). ''Territorial disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan concerning the Senkaku Islands.'' Durham: University of Durham, . ISBN 978-1-897643-50-1; | |||
| * Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). ''Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2159-3; | |||
| * Valencia, Mark J. (2001). ''Maritime Regime Building: Lessons Learned and Their Relevance for Northeast Asia.'' The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 10-ISBN 9041115803/13-ISBN 9789041115805; | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| {{refbegin|1}} | |||
| * Donaldson, John and Alison Williams. "Understanding Maritime Jurisdictional Disputes: The East China Sea and Beyond," ''],'' Vol. 59, No. 1. | |||
| * Dzurek, Daniel. ] (]). October 18, 1996. | |||
| * Helflin, William B. 1 '']'' 1–22 (2000). | |||
| * Peterson, Alexander M. 42 '']'' 441–474 (2009). | |||
| * Ramos-Mrosovsky, Carlos. , 29 '']'' 903-946 (2008). | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{refbegin|1}} | |||
| {{Commons category}} | |||
| * Google maps, | |||
| * BBC News Asia-Pacific. September 24, 2010. | |||
| * ] — ; | |||
| * ] (ICE), | |||
| * ] — ]. (1785). (''Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu'') | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| {{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}} | |||
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