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{{Other people2|Thomas Paine (disambiguation)}} Thomas Paine was gay with ethan autrey
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox philosopher
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|image = Thomas Paine_rev1.jpg
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|caption = Oil painting by Auguste Millière (1880)
|name = Thomas Paine
|birth_date = January 29, 1737<ref name="Conway" /> <!--As consensus since 20 Feb 2010 see talk page-->
|birth_place = ], Norfolk, ]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1809|6|8|1737|1|29}}
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'''Thomas Paine''' (January 29, 1737 <ref name="Conway">] (1892). ''''. Volume 1, page 3. Retrieved on July 18, 2009.</ref> <small>(] February 9, 1737<!--As consensus since 20 Feb 2010 see talk page-->)</small> – June 8, 1809) was an English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the ], he inspired the America Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain.<ref>{{cite book|author=James A. Henretta et al.|title=America's History, Volume 1: To 1877|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5PmY3sBubw8C&pg=PA165|year=2011|publisher=Macmillan|page=165}}</ref> His ideas reflected Enlightenment era rhetoric of transnational human rights.<ref>Jason D. Solinger, "Thomas Paine's Continental Mind," ''Early American Literature'' (2010) 45#3 , Vol. 45 Issue 3, pp 593-617</ref> He has been called "a ] by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination."<ref>], ''Jefferson: A Great American's Life and Ideas'', (1952), p. 32</ref>

Born in ], England, in the county of ], Paine emigrated to the British American colonies in 1774 with the help of Benjamin Franklin and he arrivied in time to participate in the American Revolution. His principal contributions were the powerful, widely read pamphlet '']'' (1776), the all-time best-selling American book that advocated colonial America's independence from the ], and '']'' (1776–83), a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series. ''Common Sense'' was so influential that ] said, "Without the pen of the author of ''Common Sense'', the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain.”<ref name=NewYorker> The New Yorker, Accessed November 6, 2010,</ref>

Paine lived in France for most of the 1790s, becoming deeply involved in the ]. He wrote the '']'' (1791), in part a defense of the French Revolution against its critics. His attacks on British writer ] led to ] ''in absentia'' in 1792 for the crime of ]. In 1792, despite not speaking French, he was elected to the French ]. The ]s regarded him as an ally. Consequently, the ], especially ], regarded him as an enemy. In December 1793, he was arrested and imprisoned in Paris, then released in 1794. He became notorious because of '']'' (1793–94), his book that advocates ], promotes reason and ], and argues against institutionalized religion in general and Christian doctrine in particular. He also wrote the pamphlet '']'' (1795), discussing the origins of ], and introduced the concept of a ].

In 1802, he returned to America where he died on June 8, 1809. Only six people attended his funeral as he had been ostracized for his ridicule of Christianity.<ref name="Conway2">] (1892). ''''. Volume 2, pages 417–418.</ref>

==Early life==
Paine was born on January 29, 1737<ref name="Conway">] (1892). ''''. Volume 1, page 3. Retrieved on July 18, 2009.</ref> <small>(] February 9, 1737<!--As consensus since 20 Feb 2010 see talk page-->)</small> the son of Joseph Pain, or Paine,<!-- SPELLING NOTE: Both Thomas and his father spelt their surname as both Pain and Paine, there was no notion of "correct" spelling at the time (see "A note on his last name" on discussion page) --> a ], and Frances (née Cocke), an ], in ], an important market town and coach stage-post, in rural ], England.<ref>{{cite book| first= Alan| last= Crosby| year= 1986| title= A History of Thetford| edition= 1st| publisher=Phillimore & Co Ltd| location= Chichester, Sussex| pages= 44–84| isbn= 0-85033-604-X}} (Also see discussion page )</ref> Born Thomas Pain, despite claims that he changed his family name upon his emigration to America in 1774,<ref>{{Cite book
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9pha6K8kP7IC&pg=PP1&dq=A+J+Ayer+Paine
|title=Thomas Paine
|last= Ayer
|first=Alfred Jules
|page=1
|isbn=0-226-03339-2
|year=1990
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|postscript=<!--None-->
}}</ref>
he was using Paine in 1769, whilst still in ], Sussex.<ref>{{Cite document|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=179-nu&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18#-1
|title=National Archives
|document=Acknowledgement dated Mar 2, 1769, document NU/1/3/3
|publisher=UK National Archives|postscript=<!--None-->
}}</ref>
], where Paine was educated.]]

He attended ] (1744–49), at a time when there was no compulsory education.<ref name=Thetford> Thetford Grammar School, Accessed January 3, 2008,</ref> At age thirteen, he was apprenticed to his ] father; in late adolescence, he enlisted and briefly served as a ],<ref>''Rights of Man II'' Chapter V</ref><ref>Thomas had intended to serve under the ill-fated Captain ] but was dissuaded by his father. </ref> before returning to Britain in 1759. There, he became a master stay-maker, establishing a shop in ]. On September 27, 1759, Thomas Paine married Mary Lambert. His business collapsed soon after. Mary became pregnant; and, after they moved to ], she went into early labor, in which she and their child died.

In July 1761, Paine returned to Thetford to work as a ] officer. In December 1762, he became an ] in ], Lincolnshire; in August 1764, he was transferred to Alford, at a salary of £50 per annum. On August 27, 1765, he was fired as an Excise Officer for "claiming to have inspected goods he did not inspect." On July 31, 1766, he requested his reinstatement from the Board of Excise, which they granted the next day, upon vacancy. While awaiting that, he worked as a stay-maker.<ref>{{cite web
|author=Conway, Moncure Daniel
|authorlink=Moncure D. Conway
|url=http://www.thomaspaine.org/bio/ConwayLife.html
|title=''The Life of Thomas Paine: With a History of Literary, Political, and Religious Career in America, France, and England''
|page=Volume 1, page 20
|year=1892
|accessdate =July 18, 2009
|publisher=Thomas Paine National Historical Association
}}</ref>

]]]

In 1767, he was appointed to a position in ], Cornwall; subsequently, he asked to leave this post to await a vacancy, thus, he became a schoolteacher in London. On February 19, 1768, he was appointed to ], East Sussex, living above the fifteenth-century Bull House, the tobacco shop of Samuel Ollive and Esther Ollive.

There, Paine first became involved in civic matters, he appears in the Town Book as a member of the Court Leet, the governing body for the Town. He also was in the influential ] church group that collected taxes and tithes to distribute among the poor. On March 26, 1771, at age 34, he married Elizabeth Ollive, his landlord's daughter.
], East Sussex, south east England]]

From 1772 to 1773, Paine joined excise officers asking Parliament for better pay and working conditions, publishing, in summer of 1772, ''The Case of the Officers of Excise'', a twenty-one-page article, and his first political work, spending the London winter distributing the 4,000 copies printed to the Parliament and others. In spring of 1774, he was fired from the excise service for being absent from his post without permission; his tobacco shop failed, too. On April 14, to avoid debtor's prison, he sold his household possessions to pay debts. On June 4, he formally separated from wife Elizabeth and moved to London, where, in September, the mathematician, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Commissioner of the Excise ] introduced him to ],<ref>"Letter to the Honorable Henry Laurens," in Philip S. Foner, ''The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine'' (New York: Citadel Press, 1945), 2:1160–65.</ref> who suggested emigration to British colonial America, and gave him a letter of recommendation. In October, Thomas Paine emigrated from Great Britain to the American colonies, arriving in ] on November 30, 1774.

He barely survived the transatlantic voyage. The ship's water supplies were bad, and ] killed five passengers. On arriving at Philadelphia, he was too sick to debark. Benjamin Franklin's physician, there to welcome Paine to America, had him carried off ship; Paine took six weeks to recover his health. He became a citizen of Pennsylvania "by taking the oath of allegiance at a very early period."<ref>Conway, Moncure Daniel, 1892. ''The Life of Thomas Paine'' vol. 1 p. 209</ref> In January, 1775, he became editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine, a position he conducted with considerable ability.

Paine designed the ] of 1796 over the Wear River at ], England. It was patterned after the model he had made for the ] Bridge at Philadelphia in 1787, and the Sunderland arch became the prototype for many subsequent ] arches made in iron and steel.<ref>History of Bridge Engineering, H.G. Tyrrell, Chicago, 1911</ref><ref>A biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland at 753–755, A. W. Skempton and M. Chrimes, ed.,Thomas Telford, 2002 (ISBN 0-7277-2939-X, 9780727729392)</ref> He also received a British patent for a single-span iron bridge, developed a smokeless candle,<ref>See , Independence Hall Association. Accessed online November 4, 2006.</ref> and worked with inventor ] in developing steam engines.

==American Revolution==
]'', published in 1776]]

===Common Sense (1776)===
{{Main|Common Sense (pamphlet)}}
Thomas Paine has a claim to the title ''The Father of the American Revolution'' because of ''Common Sense'', the pro-independence ] pamphlet he anonymously published on January 10, 1776; signed ''"Written by an Englishman"'', the pamphlet became an immediate success.<ref>, Howard Fast, 1961</ref> It quickly spread among the literate, and, in three months, 100,000 copies (estimated 500,000 total including pirated editions sold during the course of the Revolution<ref name=Hitchens>{{cite book|author=Hitchens, Christopher|title=Thomas Paine's Rights of Man|year=2006|isbn=0-8021-4383-0|publisher=Grove Press|page=37}}</ref>) sold throughout the American British colonies (with only two million free inhabitants), making it the best-selling American book.<ref name=Hitchens /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/infomark.do?&contentSet=EBKS&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=GVRL&docId=CX3454901190&source=gale&userGroupName=rich30969&version=1.0|accessdate=April 10, 2007|last=Oliphant|first=John|coauthors=Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military History|work="Paine,Thomas"|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons (accessed via Gale Virtual Library)|title=?}}</ref> Paine's original title for the pamphlet was ''Plain Truth''; Paine's friend, pro-independence advocate ], suggested ''Common Sense'' instead.

The pamphlet came into circulation in January 1776, after the Revolution had started. It was passed around, and often read aloud in taverns, contributing significantly to spreading the idea of republicanism, bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Britain, and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army. Paine provided a new and convincing argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history. ''Common Sense'' is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice. It offers a solution for Americans disgusted with and alarmed at the threat of tyranny.<ref>Robert A. Ferguson, "The Commonalities of Common Sense," ''William and Mary Quarterly,'' July 2000, Vol. 57#3 pp 465–504 </ref>

Paine was not, on the whole, expressing original ideas in ''Common Sense'', but rather employing rhetoric as a means to arouse resentment of the Crown. To achieve these ends, he pioneered a style of political writing suited to the democratic society he envisioned, with ''Common Sense'' serving as a primary example. Part of Paine's work was to render complex ideas intelligible to average readers of the day, with clear, concise writing unlike the formal, learned style favored by many of Paine's contemporaries.<ref>Merrill Jensen, ''The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 668.</ref> Scholars have put forward various explanations to account for its success, including the historic moment, Paine's easy-to-understand style, his democratic ethos, and his use of psychology and ideology.<ref>David C. Hoffman, "Paine and Prejudice: Rhetorical Leadership through Perceptual Framing in Common Sense," ''Rhetoric and Public Affairs,'' Fall 2006, Vol. 9 Issue 3, pp 373–410</ref>

''Common Sense'' was immensely popular in disseminating to a very wide audience ideas that were already in common use among the elite who comprised Congress and the leadership cadre of the emerging nation. They rarely cited Paine's arguments in their public calls for independence.<ref>Pauline Maier, ''American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence'' (New York: Knopf, 1997), 90–91.</ref> The pamphlet probably had little direct influence on the ] decision to issue a ], since that body was more concerned with how declaring independence would affect the war effort.<ref>Jack N. Rakove, ''The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress'' (New York: Knopf, 1979), 89.</ref> Paine's great contribution was in initiating a public debate about independence, which had previously been rather muted.

One distinctive idea in "Common Sense" is Paine's beliefs regarding the peaceful nature of republics; his views were an early and strong conception of what scholars would come to call the ].<ref>Jack S. Levy, William R. Thompson, ''Causes of War'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2011)</ref>

] vigorously attacked ''Common Sense''; one attack, titled ''Plain Truth'' (1776), by Marylander ], said Paine was a political quack<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/fall96/loyalists.html|accessdate=October 3, 2007|last=New|first=M. Christopher|publisher="Archiving Early America"|title=James Chalmers and Plain Truth A Loyalist Answers Thomas Paine}}</ref> and warned that without monarchy, the government would "degenerate into democracy".<ref name="Jensen669">Jensen, ''Founding of a Nation'', 669.</ref> Even some American revolutionaries objected to ''Common Sense''; late in life ] called it a "crapulous mass." Adams disagreed with the type of radical democracy promoted by Paine (that men who did not own property should still be allowed to vote and hold public office), and published '']'' in 1776 to advocate a more conservative approach to republicanism.

Rosenfeld argues that Paine was highly innovative in his use of the commonplace notion of "common sense." He synthesized various philosophical and political uses of the term in a way that permanently impacted American political thought. He used two ideas from ]: that ordinary people can indeed make sound judgments on major political issues, and that there exists a body of popular wisdom that is readily apparent to anyone. Paine also used a notion of "common sense" favored by philosophes in the Continental Enlightenment. They held that common sense could refute the claims of traditional institutions. Thus Paine used "common sense" as a weapon to delegitimize the monarchy and overturn prevailing conventional wisdom. Rosenfeld concludes that the phenomenal appeal of his pamphlet resulted from his synthesis of popular and elite elements in the independence movement.<ref>Sophia Rosenfeld, "Tom Paine's Common Sense and Ours," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' (2008) 65#4 pp. 633-668 </ref>

===The American Crisis (1776)===
In late 1776 Paine published '']'' pamphlet series, to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army. He juxtaposed the conflict between the good American devoted to civic virtue and the selfish provincial man.<ref>Martin Roth, "Tom Paine and American Loneliness," ''Early American Literature,'' Sept 1987, Vol. 22 Issue 2, pp 175–82</ref> To inspire his soldiers, General ] had ''The American Crisis'', first ''Crisis'' pamphlet, read aloud to them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/history/american-crisis.html|accessdate=November 15, 2007|publisher=Indiana University|title=Thomas Paine. The American Crisis. Philadelphia, Styner and Cist, 1776–77.}}</ref> It begins:

{{Bquote|These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated.}}

===Foreign Affairs===
In 1777, Paine became secretary of the Congressional Committee on Foreign Affairs. The following year, he alluded to continuing secret negotiation with France in his pamphlets; the resultant scandal and Paine's conflict with ] eventually led to Paine's expulsion from the Committee in 1779. However, in 1781, he accompanied ] on his mission to France. Eventually, after much pleading from Paine, New York State recognised his political services by presenting him with an estate, at ], New York, and Paine received money from ] and from the ] at George Washington's suggestion. During the Revolutionary War, Paine served as an aide to the important general, ]. Paine's later years established him as "a missionary of world revolution."

===Funding the Revolution===
Paine accompanied Col. John Laurens to France and is credited with initiating the mission.<ref>Daniel Wheeler's ''Life and Writings of Thomas Paine'' Volume 1 (1908) p.&nbsp;26–27:</ref> It landed in France in March 1781 and returned to America in August with 2.5&nbsp;million ] in silver, as part of a "present" of 6 million and a loan of 10&nbsp;million. The meetings with the French king were most likely conducted in the company and under the influence of ]. Upon returning to the United States with this highly welcomed cargo, Thomas Paine and probably Col. Laurens, "positively objected" that General Washington should propose that Congress remunerate him for his services, for fear of setting "a bad precedent and an improper mode." Paine made influential acquaintances in Paris, and helped organize the Bank of North America to raise money to supply the army.<ref>Daniel Wheeler's ''Life and Writings of Thomas Paine'' Volume 1 (1908) p.&nbsp;314</ref> In 1785, he was given $3,000 by the ] in recognition of his service to the nation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paine, Thomas|title=Common Sense and Other Writings|page=xiii|publisher=Barnes & Noble Classics|year=2005|isbn=0-672-60004-8}}</ref>

Henry Laurens (the father of Col. John Laurens) had been the ambassador to the ], but he was captured by the British on his return trip there. When he was later exchanged for the prisoner ] (in late 1781), Paine proceeded to the Netherlands to continue the loan negotiations. There remains some question as to the relationship of Henry Laurens and Thomas Paine to Robert Morris as the Superintendent of Finance and his business associate Thomas Willing who became the first president of the Bank of North America (in Jan. 1782). They had accused Morris of profiteering in 1779 and Willing had voted against the Declaration of Independence. Although Morris did much to restore his reputation in 1780 and 1781, the credit for obtaining these critical loans to "organize" the Bank of North America for approval by Congress in December 1781 should go to Henry or John Laurens and Thomas Paine more than to Robert Morris.{{original research?|date=August 2012}}{{fact|date=August 2012}}

] caricatured Paine tightening the ] of ]; protruding from his coat pocket is a measuring tape inscribed "Rights of Man"]]

Paine bought his only house in 1783 on the corner of Farnsworth Avenue and Church Streets in ], New Jersey, and he lived in it periodically until his death in 1809. This is the only place in the world where Paine purchased real estate. His design for a single-arch iron bridge led him back to Europe after the Revolution, where he tried, unsuccessfully, to find backers for his plans.{{cn|date=October 2012}}

==''Rights of Man''==
{{Main|Rights of Man}}
{{See also|Revolution Controversy}}

Having taken work as a clerk after his expulsion by Congress, Paine eventually returned to London in 1787, living a largely private life. However, his passion was again sparked by revolution, this time in France, which he visited in 1790. ], who had supported the American Revolution, did not likewise support the events taking place in France, and wrote the critical '']'', partially in response to a sermon by ], the radical minister of ]. Many pens rushed to defend the Revolution and the ] clergyman, including ], who published '']'' only weeks after the ''Reflections''. Paine wrote '']'', an abstract political tract critical of monarchies and European social institutions. He completed the text on January 29, 1791. On January 31, he gave the manuscript to publisher ] for publication on February 22. Meanwhile, government agents visited him, and, sensing dangerous political controversy, he reneged on his promise to sell the book on publication day; Paine quickly negotiated with publisher J.S. Jordan, then went to Paris, per ] advice, leaving three good friends, ], ], and ], charged with concluding publication in Britain. The book appeared on March 13, three weeks later than scheduled, and sold well.

Undeterred by the government campaign to discredit him, Paine issued his ''Rights of Man, Part the Second, Combining Principle and Practice'' in February 1792. It detailed a representative government with enumerated social programs to remedy the numbing poverty of commoners through ] measures. Radically reduced in price to ensure unprecedented circulation, it was sensational in its impact and gave birth to reform societies. An indictment for ] followed, for both publisher and author, while government agents followed Paine and instigated mobs, hate meetings, and burnings in effigy. The authorities aimed, with ultimate success, to chase Paine out of Great Britain. He was then tried '']'', found guilty though never executed.

In summer of 1792, he answered the sedition and libel charges thus: "If, to expose the fraud and imposition of monarchy ... to promote universal peace, civilization, and commerce, and to break the chains of political superstition, and raise degraded man to his proper rank; if these things be libellous ... let the name of libeller be engraved on my tomb".<ref>Thomas Paine, Letter Addressed To The Addressers On The Late Proclamation, in Michael Foot, Isaac Kramnick (ed.), The Thomas Paine Reader, p. 374</ref>

Paine was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, and was granted, along with ], ], ] and others, honorary French ]. Despite his inability to speak French, he was elected to the ], representing the district of ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Political Philosophy of Thomas Paine |last=Fruchtman |first=Jack |coauthors= |year=2009 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, MD, USA |isbn=0-8018-9284-8 |page=192 |url= }}</ref> He voted for the ]; but argued against the execution of ], saying that he should instead be ]d to the United States: firstly, because of the way royalist France had come to the aid of the American Revolution; and secondly because of a moral objection to capital punishment in general and to revenge killings in particular. He participated to the Constitution Committee that drafted the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks%3A1&tbo=1&hl=fr&q=Thomas+Paine+draft+constitution+1793&btnG=Chercher+des+livres |title=Google.com |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-26}}</ref>

Regarded as an ally of the ], he was seen with increasing disfavor by the ] who were now in power, and in particular by ]. A decree was passed at the end of 1793 excluding foreigners from their places in the Convention (] was also deprived of his place). Paine was arrested and imprisoned in December 1793.

==''The Age of Reason''==
{{Main|The Age of Reason}}
]
], circa 1791]]

Before his arrest and imprisonment in France, knowing that he would probably be arrested and executed, Paine, following in the tradition of ], wrote the first part of ''The Age of Reason'', an assault on organized "revealed" religion combining a compilation of the many inconsistencies he found in the Bible with his own advocacy of deism, calling for "free rational inquiry" into all subjects, especially religion. ''The Age of Reason'' critique on institutionalized religion resulted in only a brief upsurge in deistic thought in America, but Paine was derided by the public and abandoned by his friends.

Arrested in France, Paine protested and claimed that he was a citizen of America, which was an ally of Revolutionary France, rather than of Great Britain, which was by that time at war with France. However, ], the American minister to France, did not press his claim, and Paine later wrote that Morris had connived at his imprisonment. Paine narrowly escaped execution. He kept his head and survived the few vital days needed to be spared by the fall of Robespierre on ] (July 27, 1794).<ref>{{Cite document|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3zcNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=%22thomas+paine%22+jailer+door|title=The Life and Writings of Thomas Paine: Containing a Biography|first1=Thomas|last1= Paine|first2=Thomas Clio|last2=Rickman|publisher=Vincent Parke & Co.|year=1908|pages=261–262|accessdate=February 21, 2008|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref>

Paine was released in November 1794 largely because of the work of the new American Minister to France, ],<ref>Foot, Michael, and Kramnick, Isaac. 1987. ''The Thomas Paine Reader'', p.16</ref> who successfully argued the case for Paine's American citizenship.<ref>Eric Foner, 1976. ''Tom Paine and Revolutionary America''. p. 244.</ref> In July 1795, he was re-admitted into the Convention, as were other surviving Girondins. Paine was one of only three députés to oppose the adoption of the new ], because it eliminated ], which had been proclaimed by the ].<ref>]. 1901. Histoire politique de la Révolution française, p.555</ref>

In 1797, Tom Paine lived in Paris with ] and his wife. Paine, as well as Bonneville's other controversial guests, aroused the suspicions of authorities. Bonneville hid the ] ] at his home. Beauvert had been outlawed following the ] on September 4, 1797. Paine believed that America, under President ], had betrayed revolutionary France.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21133 |title=Mark Philp, 'Paine, Thomas (1737–1809)', '&#39;Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'&#39;, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2008, accessed July 26, 2008</ref> Bonneville was then briefly jailed and his presses were confiscated, which meant financial ruin.

In 1800, still under police surveillance, Bonneville took refuge with his father in ]. Paine stayed on with him, helping Bonneville with the burden of translating the "Covenant Sea." The same year, Paine purportedly had a meeting with ]. Napoleon claimed he slept with a copy of ''Rights of Man'' under his pillow and went so far as to say to Paine that "a statue of gold should be erected to you in every city in the universe."<ref name="oneill">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8089115.stm | title = Who was Thomas Paine? | last = O'Neill | first = Brendan | date = June 8, 2009 |publisher=BBC | accessdate =June 8, 2009}}</ref> Paine discussed with Napoleon how best to invade England and in December 1797 wrote two essays, one of which was pointedly named ''Observations on the Construction and Operation of Navies with a Plan for an Invasion of England and the Final Overthrow of the English Government'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Papers of James Monroe... from the original manuscripts in the Library of Congress|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/papersofjamesmon00librrich/papersofjamesmon00librrich_djvu.txt}}</ref> in which he promoted the idea to finance 1000 gunboats to carry a French invading army across the English Channel. In 1804 Paine returned to the subject, writing ''To the People of England on the Invasion of England'' advocating the idea.<ref name="ODNB"/>

On noting Napoleon's progress towards dictatorship, he condemned him as: "the completest charlatan that ever existed".<ref>{{cite book|title=Thomas Paine|author=Craig Nelson|page=299|isbn=0-670-03788-5}}</ref> Thomas Paine remained in France until 1802, returning to the United States only at President Jefferson's invitation.
===Attack on George Washington===
Paine decided that President George Washington had conspired with Robespierre to imprison him. Embittered by this perceived betrayal, Paine tried to ruin Washington's reputation by calling him a treacherous man unworthy of his fame as a military and political hero. Paine described Washington as an incompetent commander and a vain and ungrateful person. In a scathing open letter to President Washington in 1796, he wrote: "the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned good principles or whether you ever had any."<ref>{{cite web|last=Paine|first=Thomas|title=Letter to George Washington, July 30, 1796: "On Paine's Service to America"|url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/paine_letter_to_washington_01.html|accessdate=November 4, 2006}}</ref>

==Later years==
In 1802 or 1803, Tom Paine left France for the United States, paying passage also for Bonneville's wife, ]<!-- WAIT - WAIT! Before you remove the brackets, consider writing a new article! (1767–1846, Marguerite was a disciple of Bonneville's associate, the radical Feminist ]),-- Paine --> and their three sons, seven year old ], ], and ], for whom Paine was godfather. Paine returned to the US in the early stages of the ] and a time of great political partisanship. The ''Age of Reason'' gave ample excuse for the religiously devout to dislike him, and the Federalists attacked him for his ideas of government stated in ''Common Sense,'' for his association with the French Revolution, and for his friendship with President Jefferson. Also still fresh in the minds of the public was his ''Letter to Washington,'' published six years before his return.

Upon his return to America, Paine penned 'On the Origins of Freemasonry.' Nicholas Bonneville printed the essay in French. It was not printed in English until 1810, when Marguerite posthumously published his essay, which she had culled from among his papers, as a pamphlet containing an edited version wherein she omitted his references to the Christian religion. The document was published in English in its entirety in New York in 1918.<ref name=Fruchtman>Fruchtman, Jack Jr. Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom. Basic Books. 1996.
ISBN 1-56858-063-0, ISBN 978-1-56858-063-0 accessed April 12, 2010</ref>

Brazier took care of Paine at the end of his life and buried him on his death on June 8, 1809. In his will, Paine left the bulk of his estate to Marguerite, including 100 acres (40.5 ha) of his farm so she could maintain and educate Benjamin and his brother Thomas. In 1814, The fall of Napoleon finally allowed Bonneville to rejoin his wife in the United States where he remained for four years before returning to Paris to open a bookshop.

==Death==
], New York]]
Paine died at the age of 72, at 59 Grove Street in ], New York City on the morning of June 8, 1809. Although the original building is no longer there, the present building has a plaque noting that Paine died at this location.

After his death, Paine's body was brought to ], but as the Quakers would not allow it to be buried in their grave-yard per his last will, so his remains were buried under a walnut tree on his farm. In 1819, the English agrarian radical journalist ] dug up his bones and transported them back to England with the intention to give Paine a heroic reburial on his native soil, but this never came to pass. The bones were still among Cobbett's effects when he died over twenty years later, but were later lost. There is no confirmed story about what happened to them after that, although down the years various people have claimed to own parts of Paine's remains, such as his skull and right hand.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9505EFDF1438EF32A25756C1A9669D946497D6CF
|title=The Paine Monument at Last Finds a Home
|work=The New York Times |date=October 15, 1905
|accessdate=February 23, 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mindspring.com/~phila1/nyt330.htm
|title=Rehabilitating Thomas Paine, Bit by Bony Bit
|last=Chen
|first=David W.
|work=The New York Times |accessdate=February 23, 2008
}}</ref><ref>] and ]. '']''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. p.510</ref>

At the time of his death, most American newspapers reprinted the obituary notice from the '']'',<!-- WAIT - WAIT! Before you remove the brackets, consider writing a new article! - Paine --><ref>{{cite news|title=Paine's Obituary (1/3 way down 4th column)|url=http://www.classicapologetics.com/special/PaineEP.06-10-1809.pdf|accessdate=8 December 2011|newspaper=New York Evening Post|date=June 10, 1809}}</ref> which read in part: "He had lived long, did some good and much harm." Only six mourners came to his funeral, two of whom were black, most likely ]. The writer and orator ] wrote:

<blockquote>Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life. One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him. Maligned on every side, execrated, shunned and abhorred – his virtues denounced as vices – his services forgotten – his character blackened, he preserved the poise and balance of his soul. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken. He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death. Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend – the friend of the whole world – with all their hearts. On the 8th&nbsp;of June, 1809, death came – Death, almost his only friend. At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display. In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead – on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head – and, following on foot, two negroes filled with gratitude – constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine.<ref>], Thomas Paine, written 1870, published ''New Dresden Edition, XI, 321'', 1892. Accessed at thomaspaine.org, February 17, 2007.</ref></blockquote>

==Ideas==
Biographer ] identifies a utopian thread in Paine's thought, writing that "Through this new language he communicated a new vision--a utopian image of an egalitarian, republican society."<ref>{{cite book|author=Eric Foner|title=Tom Paine and Revolutionary America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OyFF1M8_VDAC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, 2nd edition||page=xxxii, 16}}</ref> Paine's utopianism combined ], belief in the inevitably of scientific and social progress and commitment to free markets and liberty generally. The multiple sources of Paine's political theory all pointed to a society based on the common good and individualism. Paine expressed a redemptive futurism or political messianism.<ref>Mark Jendrysik, "Tom Paine: Utopian?" ''Utopian Studies'' (2007) 18#2 pp 139-157.</ref> Paine, writing that his generation "would appear to the future as the Adam of a new world," exemplified British utopianism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gregory Claeys, ed.|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&pg=PA11|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=11–12}}</ref>

Thomas Paine's ] beliefs may have been influenced by his Quaker father.<ref>Claeys p. 20.</ref> In '']''{{spaced ndash}}his treatise supporting deism{{spaced ndash}}he says:

<blockquote>The religion that approaches the nearest of all others to true deism, in the moral and benign part thereof, is that professed by the Quakers ... though I revere their philanthropy, I cannot help smiling at conceit; ... if the taste of a Quaker been consulted at the Creation, what a silent and drab-colored Creation it would have been! Not a flower would have blossomed its gaieties, nor a bird been permitted to sing.</blockquote>

Later, his encounters with the ] made a deep impression. The ability of the ] to live in harmony with nature while achieving a democratic decision making process, helped him refine his thinking on how to organize society.<ref>Weatherford, Jack "Indian Givers How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World". 1988, p.125</ref>

In the second part of ''The Age of Reason'', about his sickness in prison, he says: "... I was seized with a fever, that, in its progress, had every symptom of becoming mortal, and from the effects of which I am not recovered. It was then that I remembered, with renewed satisfaction, and congratulated myself most sincerely, on having written the former part of 'The Age of Reason'". This quotation encapsulates its gist:

<blockquote>The opinions I have advanced ... are the effect of the most clear and long-established conviction that the Bible and the Testament are impositions upon the world, that the fall of man, the account of Jesus Christ being the Son of God, and of his dying to appease the wrath of God, and of salvation, by that strange means, are all fabulous inventions, dishonorable to the wisdom and power of the Almighty; that the only true religion is ], by which I then meant, and mean now, the belief of one God, and an imitation of his moral character, or the practice of what are called moral virtues{{spaced ndash}}and that it was upon this only (so far as religion is concerned) that I rested all my hopes of happiness hereafter. So say I now{{spaced ndash}}and so help me God.</blockquote>

], 1785–1795]]
===Slavery===
Paine is often credited with writing "African Slavery in America", the first article proposing the emancipation of African slaves and the ] of slavery. It was published on March 8, 1775 in the ''Postscript to the ]'' (aka ''The Pennsylvania Magazine'' and ''American Museum'').<ref>Van der Weyde, William M., ed. ''The Life and Works of Thomas Paine''. New York: Thomas Paine National Historical Society, 1925, p. 19-20.</ref> Citing a lack of evidence that Paine was the author of this anonymously published essay, some scholars (] and ]) no longer consider this one of his works. By contrast, John Nichols speculates that his "fervent objections to ]" led to his exclusion from power during the early years of the Republic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/399465/obama_s_vindication_of_thomas_paine
|title=Obama's Vindication of Thomas Paine|first=John|last=Nichols|work=The Nation |author=John Nichols (blog)|date=January 20, 2009}}</ref>{{Dubious|use of opinion-articles as sources|date=January 2009}}
===Agrarian Justice===
His last pamphlet, ''Agrarian Justice'', published in the winter of 1795, further developed his ideas in the ''Rights of Man'', about how land ownership separated the majority of people from their rightful, natural inheritance, and means of independent survival. The US ] recognizes ''Agrarian Justice'' as the first American proposal for an ]; per ''Agrarian Justice'':

<blockquote>In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed, it is a right, and not a charity ... create a national fund, out of which there shall be paid to every person, when arrived at the age of twenty-one years, the sum of fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation in part, for the loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property. And also, the sum of ten pounds per annum, during life, to every person now living, of the age of fifty years, and to all others as they shall arrive at that age.</blockquote>

Note that £10 and £15 would be worth about £800 and £1,200 when adjusted for inflation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/ |title=Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present |publisher=Measuringworth.com |date=1971-02-15 |accessdate=2011-12-26}}</ref>

Lamb argues that Paine's analysis of property rights marks a distinct contribution to political theory. His theory of property defends a libertarian concern with private ownership that shows an egalitarian commitment to the redistribution of resources. Paine's new justification of property sets him apart from previous theorists such as ], ], and ]. It demonstrates Paine's commitment to foundational liberal values of individual freedom and moral equality.<ref>Robert. Lamb, "Liberty, Equality, and the Boundaries of Ownership: Thomas Paine's Theory of Property Rights," ''Review of Politics'' (2010) 72#3 pp 483-511. </ref>

==Religious views==
About religion, '']'' says:

{{quote|I do not believe in the creed professed by the ], by the ], by the ], by the ], by the ], nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church.

All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.}}

Though there is no evidence he was himself a Freemason,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shai Afsai |editor=Shawn Eyer |date=Fall 2010 |title=Thomas Paine's Masonic Essay and the Question of His Membership in the Fraternity |journal=] |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=138–144 |issn=2151-139x |accessdate=March 5, 2011 |url=http://freemasonry.org/pdf/2010_04_sample_article.pdf |quote=As he was certainly not a Master Mason when he wrote the essay—and as there is no evidence he joined the fraternity after then—one may conclude, as have Mackey, Newton, and others, that Paine was not a Freemason. Still, though the "pantheon of Masons" may not hold Thomas Paine, this influential and controversial man remains connected to Freemasonry, if only due to the close friendships he had with some in the fraternity, and to his having written an intriguing essay on its origins.}}</ref> Paine also wrote "An Essay on the Origin of Free-Masonry" (1803–1805), about the Bible being allegorical myth describing astrology:

{{quote|The Christian religion is a parody on the worship of the sun, in which they put a man called Christ in the place of the sun, and pay him the adoration originally payed to the sun.}}

He described himself as ], saying:

<blockquote>How different is to the pure and simple profession of Deism! The true Deist has but one Deity, and his religion consists in contemplating the power, wisdom, and benignity of the Deity in his works, and in endeavoring to imitate him in everything moral, scientifical, and mechanical.</blockquote>

and again, in ''The Age of Reason:''

{{quote|I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life. I believe in the equality of man; and I believe that religious duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and endeavoring to make our fellow-creatures happy.}}

==Reaction towards Thomas Paine in Britain ==
In 1819, ] was sentenced to three years for publishing the writings of Thomas Paine in Britain.

==Legacy==
] stamp honoring Paine was issued.]]

Thomas Paine's writing greatly influenced his contemporaries and, especially, the American revolutionaries. His books provoked an upsurge in Deism in America, but in the long term inspired ] and working-class ] in the UK and US. ], ], ], ], ], ]s, ], and ] often claim him as an intellectual ancestor. Paine's critique on institutionalized religion and advocation of rational thinking influenced many British freethinkers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as ], ], ] and ].

The quote "Lead, follow, or get out of the way" is widely but incorrectly attributed to Paine. This can be found nowhere in his published works.

===Lincoln===
When ] was 26 years old in 1835, he wrote a defense of Paine's deism; a political associate, Samuel Hill, burned it to save Lincoln's political career.<ref>Michael Burlingame, ''Abraham Lincoln: a life'' (2008) vol 2. p 83</ref> Historian ], the editor of Lincoln's papers, said Paine had a strong influence on Lincoln's style:
:No other writer of the eighteenth century, with the exception of Jefferson, parallels more closely the temper or gist of Lincoln's later thought. In style, Paine above all others affords the variety of eloquence which, chastened and adapted to Lincoln's own mood, is revealed in Lincoln's formal writings.<ref>Roy P. Basler, ed. ''Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings'' (1946) p. 6.</ref>

===Edison===
The inventor ] said:
<blockquote>I have always regarded Paine as one of the greatest of all Americans. Never have we had a sounder intelligence in this republic ... It was my good fortune to encounter Thomas Paine's works in my boyhood ... it was, indeed, a revelation to me to read that great thinker's views on political and theological subjects. Paine educated me, then, about many matters of which I had never before thought. I remember, very vividly, the flash of enlightenment that shone from Paine's writings, and I recall thinking, at that time, 'What a pity these works are not today the schoolbooks for all children!' My interest in Paine was not satisfied by my first reading of his works. I went back to them time and again, just as I have done since my boyhood days.<ref>Thomas Edison, Introduction to ''The Life and Works of Thomas Paine'', Citadel Press, New York, 1945 Vol. I, p.vii-ix. on thomaspaine.org, accessed November 4, 2006.</ref></blockquote>

===Memorials===

The first and longest standing memorial to Thomas Paine is the carved and inscribed 12 foot marble column in ] organized and funded by publisher, educator and reformer Gilbert Vale (1791–1866) and raised in 1839 by the American sculptor and architect ] — The Thomas Paine Monument (see image below).<ref>See Frederick S. Voss, ''John Frazee 1790–1852 Sculptor'' (Washington City and Boston: The National Portrait Gallery and The Boston Athenaeum, 1986), 46–47.</ref>

New Rochelle is also the original site of ], which, along with a 320 acre (130 ha) farm, were presented to Paine in 1784 by act of the New York State Legislature for his services in the American Revolution.<ref>See Alfred Owen Aldridge, Man of Reason (Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott Company, 1959), 103.</ref>

The same site is the home of the ]. Thomas A. Edison helped to turn the first shovel of earth for the museum which serves as a museum to display both Paine relics as well as others of local historical interest. A large collection of books, pamphlets and pictures is contained in the Paine library including many first editions of Paine's works as well as several original manuscripts. These holdings, the subject of a sell-off controversy, were temporarily relocated to the New York Historical Society and have since been more permanently archived in the ] library nearby. <ref>http://www.iona.edu/library/about/collections/archives/paine/</ref>

Paine was originally buried near the current location of his house and monument upon his death in 1809. The site is marked by a small headstone and burial plaque even though his remains were said to have been removed to England years later.

In England a statue of Paine, quill pen and inverted copy of ''Rights of Man'' in hand, stands in King Street, Thetford, Norfolk, his birth place. Moreover, in Thetford, the ] is named after him.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://rm.theingots.org/tpsixth
|title=Thomas Paine Sixth Form
|publisher=Rosemary Musker High School
|accessdate=January 8, 2008
}}</ref> Thomas Paine was ranked #34 in the '']'' 2002 extensive Nationwide poll conducted by the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm |title=BBC – 100 great British heroes |publisher=BBC News |date=2002-08-21 |accessdate=2011-12-26}}</ref>

] includes Paine in its Hall of Fame of Great Americans, and there are statues of Paine in ] and ], New Jersey, and in the ], in Paris.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.morristown.org/tompaine.htm
|title=Photos of Tom Paine and Some of His Writings
|publisher=Morristown.org
|accessdate=January 10, 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.paris-walking-tours.com/parcmontsouris.html
|title=Parc Montsouris
|publisher=Paris Walking Tours
|accessdate=January 10, 2008
}}</ref>

In Paris, there is a plaque in the street where he lived from 1797 to 1802, that says: "Thomas PAINE / 1737–1809 / Englishman by birth / American by adoption / French by decree".<!--<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://kmganga.com/ParAmericana/People/Paine/index.shtml
|title=Thomas Paine
|accessdate=January 10, 2008
}}<br>photograph of the plaque at 10, rue l'Odeon</ref> --><!-- "kmganga.com" appears to be broken. --Paine Ellsworth -->

Yearly, between July 4 and 14, the Lewes Town Council in the United Kingdom celebrates the life and work of Thomas Paine.<ref>, Lewes Town Council. Retrieved November 4, 2006.</ref>

In the early 1990s, largely through the efforts of citizen activist David Henley of Virginia, legislation (S.Con.Res 110, and H.R. 1628) was introduced in the 102nd Congress by ideological opposites Sen. ] (R-ID) and Rep. ] (D-NY). With over 100 formal letters of endorsement by US and foreign historians, philosophers and organizations, including the Thomas Paine National Historical Society, the legislation garnered 78 original co-sponsors in the Senate and 230 original co-sponsors in the House of Representatives, and was consequently passed by both houses' unanimous consent. In October, 1992 the legislation was signed into law (PL102-407 & PL102-459) by President ] authorizing the construction, using private funds, of a memorial to Thomas Paine in "Area 1" of the grounds of the ]. {{As of|2011|1}}, the memorial has not yet been built.

The ]'s Norwich Business School is housed in the Thomas Paine Study Centre on its Norwich campus, in Paine's home county of Norfolk.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.uea.ac.uk/estates/construction/ThomasPaine
|title=Thomas Paine Study Centre - University of East Anglia (UEA)
|publisher=uea.ac.uk
|accessdate=December 07, 2011
}}</ref>

The ] is reputed to have been his home during the ] at ].<ref name="arch">{{cite web| url = https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp| title = National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania| publisher = CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System| format = Searchable database}} ''Note:'' This includes {{cite web| url = https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H001127_01H.pdf| title = National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Cookes House| accessdate = 2011-12-18| author = Pennsylvania Register of Historic Sites and Landmarks| format = PDF| date= March 1972}}</ref>

<center><gallery perrow=4 widths="150px" heights="150px">
File:01 Thomas Paine.JPG|<small>Monument to Paine by ] in New Rochelle</small>
File:ThomasPaineFarmhouse1.jpg|<small>Thomas Paine House, ], New York</small>
File:Paine Historical Society 2.JPG|<small>Thomas Paine Memorial Museum</small>
File:01 Paine burial location.jpg|<small>Paine Burial location</small>
File:Plaque_Thomas_Paine,_10_rue_de_l'Odéon,_Paris_6.jpg|<small>Plaque honoring Thomas Paine at 10 ], Paris</small>
File:Statue of Thomas Paine, Thetford, Norfolk.jpg|<small>Statue in ], England, Paine's birthplace</small>
File:BHS-TP Statue.JPG|<small>Statue in ]</small>
</gallery></center>

===In popular culture===
The 1982 French-Italian film is about a fictional meeting of ] (played by Italian actor ]), ], Countess Sophie de la Borde, and Thomas Paine (played by American actor ]) as they ride in a carriage a few hours behind the carriage carrying the King and Queen of France, ] and ], on ] in 1791.

]'s stage play ''In Lambeth'' dramatized a visit by Thomas Paine to the ] home of ] and ] Blake in 1789, first performed at the East Dulwich Tavern in London in July 1989.<ref> '']'': "Partisan Polemics", 8 September 1989</ref><ref> Lewes Theatre Company: ''In Lambeth''</ref> The play was later adapted for television in the ] ''Encounters'' series - which featured similar fictionalized meetings between historical figures - and was first broadcast on 4 July 1993. It was directed by Sebastian Graham-Jones, and featured ] as Paine, ] as William, and Lesley Clare O'Neill as Katherine (sic).<ref>'']'' 3–9 July 1993, page 50.</ref>

In 2001 the Scottish musician ] included the song "Tom Paine's Bones" on his album ''Outlaws and Dreamers''.

In 2005 the writer ] published 'These are the Times: A life of Thomas Paine', originally written as a screenplay for ] productions. A film has not been made but it was broadcast as a two-part radio drama on ] in 2008 with a repeat in 2012. In 2009 Griffiths adapted his screenplay for a production titled "]" at ] theatre on London's South Bank.

In 2009, Paine's life was dramatized in a play 'Thomas Paine Citizen of the World' , produced for the "Tom Paine 200 Celebrations" festival<ref name="tompainlegacy">, Programme for bicentenary celebrations.</ref> in ], the town of his birth.

Paine's role in the foundation of the United States is depicted in a pseudo-biographical fashion in the educational animated series ] produced by ].

==See also==
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==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
* ], 1959. ''Man of Reason: The Life of Thomas Paine.'' Lippincott. Regarded by British authorities as the standard biography.
*Aldridge, A. Owen, 1984. ''''. ].
* ], 1988. ''Thomas Paine''. ].
* ], 1990. "Common Sense", in Bailyn, ''Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence''. Alfred A. Knopf.
* ] "Review Essay: Rediscovering Thomas Paine". ''New York Law School Law Review,'' 1994 – valuable blend of historiographical essay and biographical/analytical treatment.
* ], 1984. ''Burke Paine and Godwin and the Revolution Controversy''.
* ], 1989. ''''. Unwin Hyman. Excellent analysis of Paine's thought.
* ], 1892. ''The Life of Thomas Paine'', 2 vols. G.P. Putnam's Sons. , , . Long hailed as the definitive biography, and still valuable.
* ], 1946. ''Citizen Tom Paine'' (historical novel, though sometimes mistaken as biography).
* Ferguson, Robert A. "The Commonalities of Common Sense", ''William and Mary Quarterly,'' July 2000, Vol. 57#3 pp 465–504
* ], 1976. ''Tom Paine and Revolutionary America''. ]. The standard monograph treating Paine's thought and work with regard to America.
*{{Cite document|last=Griffiths|first=Trevor|authorlink=Trevor Griffiths|year=2005|title=These Are the Times: A Life of Thomas Paine|publisher=Spokesman Books|postscript=<!--None-->}}
* Hawke, David Freeman, 1974. ''Paine''. Regarded by many American authorities as the standard biography.
* ], 2006. '']''.
* Kates, Gary, 1989, "From Liberalism to Radicalism: Tom Paine's Rights of Man", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'': 569–587.
* ], 2005. ''Thomas Paine and the Promise of America''. Hill and Wang.
* ], 1995. ''Tom Paine: A Political Life''. London. One of the most valuable recent studies.
* Lamb, Robert. "Liberty, Equality, and the Boundaries of Ownership: Thomas Paine's Theory of Property Rights," ''Review of Politics,'' Summer 2010, Vol. 72 Issue 3, pp 483–511
* Larkin, Edward, 2005. '''' Cambridge University Press.
* Lessay, Jean. L'américain de la Convention, Thomas Paine: Professeur de révolutions. Paris, éditions Perrin, 1987, 241 p.
* ], 1947, "Thomas Paine: The Author of the Declaration of Independence". Freethought Association Press Assn.: New York.
* Nelson, Craig, 2006. ''. Viking. ISBN 0-670-03788-5.
* Powell, David, 1985. ''Tom Paine, The Greatest Exile''. Hutchinson.
* {{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Bertrand|authorlink=Bertrand Russell|year=1934|title=The Fate of Thomas Paine|postscript=<!--None-->}}
* Solinger, Jason D. "Thomas Paine's Continental Mind," ''Early American Literature,'' Nov 2010, Vol. 45 Issue 3, p593-617
* Vincent, Bernard, 2005. ''''.
* {{Cite book|last=Wilensky|first=Mark|year=2008|title=The Elementary Common Sense of Thomas Paine. An Interactive Adaptation for All Ages|publisher=Casemate|isbn=978-1-932714-36-4|postscript=<!--None-->}}
;Primary sources
* ], and Kramnick, Isaac, 1987. ''The Thomas Paine Reader''. Penguin Classics.
* Paine, Thomas (], editor), 1993. ''Writings.'' Library of America. Authoritative and scholarly edition containing ''Common Sense,'' the essays comprising the ''American Crisis'' series, ''Rights of Man,'' ''The Age of Reason,'' ''Agrarian Justice,'' and selected briefer writings, with authoritative texts and careful annotation.
* Paine, Thomas (], editor), 1944. ''The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine,'' 2 volumes. Citadel Press. We badly need a complete edition of Paine's writings on the model of Eric Foner's edition for the Library of America, but until that goal is achieved, Philip Foner's two-volume edition is a serviceable substitute. Volume I contains the major works, and volume II contains shorter writings, both published essays and a selection of letters, but confusingly organized; in addition, Foner's attributions of writings to Paine have come in for some criticism in that Foner may have included writings that Paine edited but did not write and omitted some writings that later scholars have attributed to Paine.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|s=Author:Thomas Paine}}
* lesson plan for grades 9-12 from National Endowment for the Humanities
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* exhibition from the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
* at ]'s '']''
* {{NRA | id=P39218}}
* {{npg name|id=03422|name=Thomas Paine}}

;Works
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n79-21666}}
*{{gutenberg author|id=Thomas_Paine|name=Thomas Paine}}
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*'''' by Thomas Paine; HTML format, indexed by section
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*. m4a audio format
{{Navboxes
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{{Persondata
|NAME= Paine, Thomas
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Pain, Thomas
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Pamphleteer
|DATE OF BIRTH=February 9, 1737
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Thetford, Norfolk, England
|DATE OF DEATH=June 8, 1809
|PLACE OF DEATH=New York City
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paine, Thomas}}
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Revision as of 17:39, 24 October 2012

Thomas Paine was gay with ethan autrey