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| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| A number of British colonial writers, including ]<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TxwaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA482 |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia |first=Edward |last=Balfour}}</ref>, noted that the term ''kallar'' or ''culler'' mean " |
A number of British colonial writers, including ]<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TxwaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA482 |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia |first=Edward |last=Balfour}}</ref>, noted that the term ''kallar'' or ''culler'' mean "thief" in Tamil, and suggest that as the origin of the caste's name, given that their history has included periods of banditry.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cegr6zH9PFEC&pg=PA242 |page=242 |title=The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom |first=Nicholas B. |last=Dirks}}</ref> Other proposed etymological origins include "black skinned", "hero", and "]-tappers".<ref>G. Kuppuram. . Sundeep Prakashan, 1988. Pg 366</ref> | ||
| ==HistoryKallar (கள்ளர்), Meaning "Brave People" The Caste who makes the History of Tamilnadu, The Imperial clan is one of the three castes which constitute the Mukkulathor confederacy. "a fearless community show many signs of independence and non-submission to any form of subjugation".There are Abundant records pertaining to this clan, where the Peoples ruled from unknown antiquity (Chola, Thondaiman) till the independence of india, The Kallar King Raja Rajagopala Thondaiman (1928 -1948) was the only king of Tamilnadu Rulling Pudhukkotai even after independence. Kallars are found largely in Thanjavur (40 % of Tanjavur Population), Trichy, Pudukkottai, Theni, Madurai, Dindigul, Sivagangai, Karur, kanchipuram, and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu. | ==HistoryKallar (கள்ளர்), Meaning "Brave People" The Caste who makes the History of Tamilnadu, The Imperial clan is one of the three castes which constitute the Mukkulathor confederacy. "a fearless community show many signs of independence and non-submission to any form of subjugation".There are Abundant records pertaining to this clan, where the Peoples ruled from unknown antiquity (Chola, Thondaiman) till the independence of india, The Kallar King Raja Rajagopala Thondaiman (1928 -1948) was the only king of Tamilnadu Rulling Pudhukkotai even after independence. Kallars are found largely in Thanjavur (40 % of Tanjavur Population), Trichy, Pudukkottai, Theni, Madurai, Dindigul, Sivagangai, Karur, kanchipuram, and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu. | ||
| In Tamilnadu Kallars are called by various Surnames, these names comes to them during various times by the place they have ruled, the place they won in battle or to state their bravery. | |||
| There are over 1000 surnames in use. There are no other Castes in Tamilnadu have this many Surnames. Some of the commonly used Surnames are. | |||
| Paluvettaraiyar, Malayaman, Adigaman, Thevar, Mannaiyar, Rajaliyar, Vallavaraiyar, Thanjaraayar, Pallavaraayar, Vandaiyar, Thondaiman, Etrandaar, Vaanavaraayar, Servai, Amballakkarar, Sethurayar, Soma Naicker, Muniyarayar(Munaiyatriyar), Thondamar, Mayrkondar, Kallathil Venrar, , Nattar (not Nadar), Cholagar, kumarandar, Anjathevar, Olivarayar, Sendapiriyar, Alathondamar, Ambalam, Aarsuthiyar, Kaadavaraayar, Kalingarayar, Vandaiyaar, Veeramundar, Sepillaiyar, Vallundar, Chozhangaraayar, Kandiyar, Mazhavaraayar, Kommatti Mootar, Kannakkarar, Irungular, Singilaar, Ponnapoondar, Pullavaraayar, Araimeendar, Vairayar, Ponpethiar, Gopalar, Kandapillai, Vayaadiyar, Vanniar, Vallambar, Alankara Priyar, mavaliyar, Keerudayar, Saaluvar, Manraayar, Onthiriyar, Serumadar, Vambaliar, Thenkondaar, Mankondaar, etc. | |||
| Another important Kallar subcaste is the Piramalai Kallar. They are highly conservative and have preserved their customs and traditions to the present day. They are also believed to be the oldest inhabitants of the Tamil country with reports of their presence going back to Tamil literary works of the 4th century B.C. They are found mainly in the districts of Madurai, Dindigul and Theni. Their popular deity is Amman, the Mother Goddess. | |||
| Other important subcastes are Koothappar Kallars, Periyasuriyur Kallars, Gandarvakoatai Kallars and Esanattu Kallars found largely dominated in Thanjavur, Pudukkottai &Trichy Districts. | |||
| It is a general practice in Tamil Nadu to address a Thevar woman as "Nachchiyaar" | |||
| ==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
| Among the traditional customs of the Kallar noted by colonial officials was the use of the "collery stick" ({{lang-ta|valai tādi, kallartādi}}), a bent ] or "false boomerang" which could be thrown up to 100 yards.<ref name="YuleBurnell1903">{{cite book|author1=Sir Henry Yule|author2=Arthur Coke Burnell|title=Hobson-Jobson: a glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6Z5iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA236|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1903|publisher=J. Murray|pages=236–}}</ref> Though described as a "false" boomerang, other writers indicate that it was capable of returning to its thrower, and also noted the weapon was used in deer-hunting.<ref name="OppertVarmā1880">{{cite book|author1=Gustav Salomon Oppert|author2=Lakshmīkānta Varmā|author3=Śukra|coauthors=Albrecht Weber, Vaiśaṃpāyana|title=On the weapons, army organisation, and political maxims of the ancient Hindus: with special reference to gunpowder and firearms|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q8MIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA18|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1880|publisher=Higginbotham|pages=18–}}</ref> Writing in 1957, ] noted that despite the weapon's frequent mention in literature, it had disappeared amongst the Pramalai Kallar.<ref name="DumontStern1986">{{cite book|author1=Louis Dumont|author2=A. Stern|author3=Michael Moffatt|title=A South Indian subcaste: social organization and religion of the Pramalai Kallar|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eQduAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> | Among the traditional customs of the Kallar noted by colonial officials was the use of the "collery stick" ({{lang-ta|valai tādi, kallartādi}}), a bent ] or "false boomerang" which could be thrown up to 100 yards.<ref name="YuleBurnell1903">{{cite book|author1=Sir Henry Yule|author2=Arthur Coke Burnell|title=Hobson-Jobson: a glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6Z5iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA236|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1903|publisher=J. Murray|pages=236–}}</ref> Though described as a "false" boomerang, other writers indicate that it was capable of returning to its thrower, and also noted the weapon was used in deer-hunting.<ref name="OppertVarmā1880">{{cite book|author1=Gustav Salomon Oppert|author2=Lakshmīkānta Varmā|author3=Śukra|coauthors=Albrecht Weber, Vaiśaṃpāyana|title=On the weapons, army organisation, and political maxims of the ancient Hindus: with special reference to gunpowder and firearms|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q8MIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA18|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1880|publisher=Higginbotham|pages=18–}}</ref> Writing in 1957, ] noted that despite the weapon's frequent mention in literature, it had disappeared amongst the Pramalai Kallar.<ref name="DumontStern1986">{{cite book|author1=Louis Dumont|author2=A. Stern|author3=Michael Moffatt|title=A South Indian subcaste: social organization and religion of the Pramalai Kallar|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eQduAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=21 March 2012|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> | ||
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| * ] | * ] | ||
| ==References== | |||
| Although there are Many Kings, Polygors ,Zamindars and Land lords the main occupation of kallar is Warrior, hence many Kallar Families struggled for income During British rule and after independence.. There were many reformers served for their Community. | |||
| Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar (முத்து ராமலிங்க தேவர்) | |||
| - Freedom fighter, social reformer, a descendant of pandiya kings and known for his relationship with Nethaji | |||
| P. K. Mookayya Thevar (1923 – 1979) (மூக்கையா தேவர் ) | |||
| -Founder of the Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar college, President of All India Forward Bloc. | |||
| H. R. H. Rajagopala Tondaiman, Maharajah of Pudukottai (Thondaiman dynasty of Pudukkottai) | |||
| Zamindar Gopalsamy Rajaliar (மேன்மை பொருந்திய வா. கோபாலசாமி ரகுநாத இராசாளியார்) | |||
| -Philanthropist, President indra kuladibar sangam. | |||
| N.P. Manicham Errthaandaar.(மக்கள் தொண்டர் ந.பா.மாணிக்கம் ஏற்றாண்டார்) | |||
| -Founder Mukkalathor Higher Secondary School and Tamilnadu Maanavar illam. Thiruverumbur, Founder Urimai murasu magazine(1954). | |||
| Chevalier Nadikar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan (நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன்) | |||
| Late Rao Bahadur Sri. A.Veeriya Vandayar (Poondi. Vandayar) | |||
| G.M.Premkumar Vandayar,(பிரேம் குமார் வாண்டையார் ) | |||
| -Founder Mooventhar Munnettra Kazhagam | |||
| G.M. Sridhar Vandayar,(ஸ்ரீதர் வாண்டையார்) | |||
| -leader of Moovender Munnetra Kazhagam. | |||
| http://kallar.weebly.com/http://internationalkallarperavai.blogspot.in/2009/12/kallar-ena-patta-peyargal.html==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
Revision as of 06:38, 27 November 2012
For the caste of Northern India, see Kalwar (caste). Ethnic group| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Tamilnadu, Sri Lanka, Malaysia | |
| Languages | |
| Tamil | |
| Religion | |
| Saiva Siddhantam, Hinduism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mukkulathor, Vellalar. |
The Kallar (or Kallan, formerly spelled as Colleries) are one of the three related castes of southern India which constitute the Mukkulathor confederacy.The Kallar, along with the Maravar and Akamudayar, constitute a united social caste on the basis of parallel professions, though their locations and heritages are wholly separate from one another.
Kallars are found largely in the Thanjavur, Trichy, Pudukkottai, Madurai, Theni, Dindigul, Sivagangai, Ramanathapuram, Karur and Kanchipuram districts of Tamil Nadu. Significant Kallar populations are also found in Sri Lanka, Malaysia and other southeast Asian countries. In the 19th century, the British recognised the Raja of Pudukkottai as the hereditary leader of the community.
Etymology
A number of British colonial writers, including Edward Balfour, noted that the term kallar or culler mean "thief" in Tamil, and suggest that as the origin of the caste's name, given that their history has included periods of banditry. Other proposed etymological origins include "black skinned", "hero", and "toddy-tappers".
==HistoryKallar (கள்ளர்), Meaning "Brave People" The Caste who makes the History of Tamilnadu, The Imperial clan is one of the three castes which constitute the Mukkulathor confederacy. "a fearless community show many signs of independence and non-submission to any form of subjugation".There are Abundant records pertaining to this clan, where the Peoples ruled from unknown antiquity (Chola, Thondaiman) till the independence of india, The Kallar King Raja Rajagopala Thondaiman (1928 -1948) was the only king of Tamilnadu Rulling Pudhukkotai even after independence. Kallars are found largely in Thanjavur (40 % of Tanjavur Population), Trichy, Pudukkottai, Theni, Madurai, Dindigul, Sivagangai, Karur, kanchipuram, and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu.
Culture
Among the traditional customs of the Kallar noted by colonial officials was the use of the "collery stick" (Template:Lang-ta), a bent throwing stick or "false boomerang" which could be thrown up to 100 yards. Though described as a "false" boomerang, other writers indicate that it was capable of returning to its thrower, and also noted the weapon was used in deer-hunting. Writing in 1957, Louis Dumont noted that despite the weapon's frequent mention in literature, it had disappeared amongst the Pramalai Kallar.
Diet
The Kallar were traditionally a non-vegetarian people, though a 1970s survey of Tamilnad indicated that 30% of Kallar surveyed, though non-vegetarian, refrained from eating fish after puberty. Meat, though present in the Kallar diet, was not frequently eaten but restricted to Saturday nights and festival days. Even so, this small amount of meat was sufficient to affect perceptions of Kallar social status.
Notables
References
- Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras presidency. Government Press. p. 82.
- Kingship and Political Practice in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62, 87, 193.
- Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman and Little field USA. p. 105.
- Sociology and Social Research. Vol. 11. University of Southern California. p. 121.
- Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 19. Government Press: 581 http://books.google.com/books?id=03qFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA581.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - Sadasivan, S. N. A Social History of India. p. 287.
- Balfour, Edward. The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia.
- Dirks, Nicholas B. The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom. p. 242.
- G. Kuppuram. India through the ages: history, art, culture, and religion, Volume 1. Sundeep Prakashan, 1988. Pg 366
- Sir Henry Yule; Arthur Coke Burnell (1903). Hobson-Jobson: a glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. J. Murray. pp. 236–. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- Gustav Salomon Oppert; Lakshmīkānta Varmā; Śukra (1880). On the weapons, army organisation, and political maxims of the ancient Hindus: with special reference to gunpowder and firearms. Higginbotham. pp. 18–. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Louis Dumont; A. Stern; Michael Moffatt (1986). A South Indian subcaste: social organization and religion of the Pramalai Kallar. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- Criminal gods and demon devotees: essays on the guardians of popular Hinduism - Alf Hiltebeitel - Google Books
- Food, ecology, and culture: readings in the anthropology of dietary practices - John R. K. Robson - Google Books
- A South Indian subcaste: social organization and religion of the Pramalai Kallar - Louis Dumont, A. Stern, Michael Moffatt - Google Books