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==References== ==References==

Revision as of 23:25, 5 February 2013

For the earlier incarnation with the same name, established in 1867, see Office of Education.
United States
Department of Education
Seal of the US Department of Education

The Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education building
Department overview
FormedOctober 17, 1979; 45 years ago (1979-10-17)
Preceding agencies
JurisdictionFederal government of the United States
Headquarters400 Maryland Avenue SW, Washington, D.C.
38°53′11.45″N 77°1′7.86″W / 38.8865139°N 77.0188500°W / 38.8865139; -77.0188500
Employees5,000 (2007)
Annual budgetUS$32 billion (2009)
US$56 billion (est. 2010)
US$71 billion (est. 2011)
ARRA Funding:
US$102 billion (2009)
US$51 billion (est. 2010)
US$23 billion (est. 2011)
US $19.4 billion (2012)
Department executives
Child Department
Websiteed.gov

The United States Department of Education, also referred to as ED or the ED for (the) Education Department, is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government. Recreated by the Department of Education Organization Act (Public Law 96-88) and signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 17, 1979, it began operating on May 4, 1980.

The Department of Education Organization Act divided the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services. The Department of Education is administered by the United States Secretary of Education.

It is by far the smallest Cabinet-level department, with about 5,000 employees. The agency's official acronym is ED (and not DOE, which refers to the United States Department of Energy). It is also often abbreviated informally as DoED.

Establishment

A previous Department of Education was created in 1867 but was soon demoted to an Office in 1868. As an agency not represented in the president's cabinet, it quickly became a relatively minor bureau in the Department of the Interior. In 1939, the bureau was transferred to the Federal Security Agency, where it was renamed the Office of Education. In 1953, the Federal Security Agency was upgraded to cabinet-level status as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

In 1979, President Carter advocated for creating a cabinet-level Department of Education. Carter's plan was to transfer most of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's education-related functions to the Department of Education. Carter also planned to transfer the education-related functions of the departments of Defense, Justice, Housing and Urban Development, and Agriculture, as well as a few other federal entities. Among the federal education-related programs that were not proposed to be transferred included Headstart, the Department of Agriculture's school lunch and nutrition programs, the Department of the Interior's Indian education programs, and the Department of Labor's education and training programs.

Upgrading Education to cabinet level status in 1979 was opposed by many in the Republican Party, who saw the department as unconstitutional, arguing that the Constitution doesn't mention education, and deemed it an unnecessary and illegal federal bureaucratic intrusion into local affairs. However many liberals and Democrats see the department as constitutional under the Commerce Clause, and that the funding role of the Department is constitutional under the Taxing and Spending Clause. The National Education Association supported the bill, while the American Federation of Teachers opposed it.

As of 1979, the Office of Education had 3,000 employees and an annual budget of $12 billion. Congress appropriated to the Department of Education an annual budget of $14.2 billion and 17,000 employees when establishing the Department of Education.

On March 23, 2007, President George W. Bush signed into law H.R. 584, which designates the ED Headquarters building as the Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building.

Functions

The primary functions of the Department of Education are to "establish policy for, administer and coordinate most federal assistance to education, collect data on US schools, and to enforce federal educational laws regarding privacy and civil rights." The Department of Education does not establish schools or colleges.

The Office of the Inspector General has a unit of enforcement agents who conduct investigations and raids in connection to student loan defaults and fraud.

Unlike the systems of most other countries, education in the United States is highly decentralized, and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards (with the recent exception of the No Child Left Behind Act). This has been left to state and local school districts. The quality of educational institutions and their degrees is maintained through an informal private process known as accreditation, over which the Department of Education has no direct public jurisdictional control.

The Department's mission is: to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access. Aligned with this mission of ensuring equal access to education, the Department of Education is a member of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness, and works with federal partners to ensure proper education for homeless and runaway youth in the United States.

Organization

2007 Department of Education Structure
Office of the Secretary (OS)
Chief Operating Officer
Office of the Under Secretary (OUS)
Office of the Deputy Secretary (ODS)
Associated federal organizations
Federally aided organizations

No Child Left Behind

Main article: No Child Left Behind Act
A construction project to repair and update the building façade at the Department of Education headquarters in 2002 resulted in the installation of structures at all of the entrances to protect employees and visitors from falling debris. ED redesigned these protective structures to promote the No Child Left Behind Act. The structures were temporary and were removed in 2008. Source: U.S. Department of Education,

Under President George W. Bush, the Department primarily focused on elementary and secondary education, expanding its reach through the No Child Left Behind Act. The Department's budget increased by $14B between 2002 and 2004, from $46B to $60B.

FICE code

As with other federal agencies, the ED operates with the assistance of several advisory committees. The Federal Interagency Committee on Education (FICE) is known in higher education for originating the FICE code, the six-digit institutional identifier assigned to each higher education (two-year and above) institution.

The FICE code is a six-digit identification code that was used to identify all schools doing business with the Office of Education during the early sixties. This code is no longer used in IPEDS; it has been replaced by the Office of Postsecondary Education (OPE) ID code.

Budget

For 2006, the ED discretionary budget was $56 billion and the mandatory budget contained $23.4 billion. As of 2011, the discretionary budget is $69.9 billion.

Related legislation

Opposition

Opposition to the Department of Education mainly stems from conservatives, who see the department as an undermining of states rights, and libertarians who believe it results in a state-imposed leveling towards the bottom and low value for taxpayers' money.

President Ronald Reagan promised during the 1980 presidential election to eliminate the Department of Education as a cabinet post, but he was not able to do so with a Democratic House of Representatives. In the 1982 State of the Union Address, he pledged:

The budget plan I submit to you on Feb. 8 will realize major savings by dismantling the Department of Education.

Throughout the 1980s, the abolition of the Department of Education was a part of the Republican Party platform, but the administration of President George H. W. Bush declined to implement this idea, as he was in favor of the Department's existence, but rather reformed its activities.

In 1996, the Republican Party made abolition of the Department a cornerstone of their campaign promises, calling it an inappropriate federal intrusion into local, state, and family affairs. The GOP platform read:

The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place. This is why we will abolish the Department of Education, end federal meddling in our schools, and promote family choice at all levels of learning.

During his 1996 presidential run, Senator Bob Dole promised, "We're going to cut out the Department of Education."

In 2000, the Republican Liberty Caucus passed a resolution to abolish the Department of Education.

Abolition of the organization was not pursued under the George W. Bush administration, which made reform of federal education a key priority of the President's first term. In 2008 and 2012, presidential candidate Ron Paul campaigned in part on an opposition to the Department.

See also

References

  1. ^ FY2011 Federal Budget
  2. Department of Education Organization Act As Enacted
  3. Department of Education Act of 1867 As Enacted
  4. Chap. CLVIII. 14 Stat. 434 from "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U. S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875". Library of Congress, Law Library of Congress. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
  5. ^ "Department of Education Outlined". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, via Google News. Associated Press. February 9, 1979.
  6. "House Narrowly Passes Department of Education Bill". Spokane, Washington: The Spokesman-Review, via Google News. The New York Times. July 12, 1979.
  7. Hechinger, Fred M (September 3, 1979). "Federal Education Branch Is Foundering, Leaderless". Lexington, North Carolina: The Dispatch, via Google News. New York Times News Service.
  8. "Education Department Created". The Palm Beach Post, via Google News. United Press International. October 18, 1979.
  9. "President Bush Signs H.R. 584, Designates U.S. Department of Education as the Lyndon Baines Johnson Federal Building". Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2007-03-23. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
  10. http://www2.ed.gov/about/what-we-do.html
  11. "An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education- Pg 2". .ed.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
  12. "A little over the top?: SWAT team launch dawn raid on family home to collect unpaid student loans". Daily Mail. 8 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011.
  13. "An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education- Pg 1". .ed.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
  14. "Department of Education | Member Agency | United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH)". Usich.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
  16. ^ "Elimination Lost: What happened to abolishing the Department of Education?". Cato Institute. 2004-02-11. Retrieved 2005-07-26. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  17. "IPEDS Glossary". Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  18. "Overview". U.S. Department of Education Budget Office. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
  19. "Laissez-faire-learning". Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  20. "Online Backgrounders: The Department of Education". PBS. Fall 1996. Retrieved 2005-07-26. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ "Department of Education must be abolished". World Net Daily. 2004-12-07. Retrieved 2005-07-26. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. "Education". 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
  23. Stossel, John (2007-12-10). "Ron Paul Unplugged". ABC News. Retrieved 2008-01-30.

Further reading

  • Cabinetmakers: Story of the Three-Year Battle to Establish the U.S. Department of Education. Author: Robert V. Heffernan. 2001. ISBN 978-0-595-15870-6

External links

Federal executive departments of the United States of America
Current
Former
United States Department of Education
  • Headquarters: 400 Maryland Avenue SW
    (Education Department Building)
Secretary of Education
Deputy Secretary of Education
Under Secretary of Education
Programs
Independent organizations
Categories: