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| The '''Sumerian language''' of ancient ] (or, more accurately, ''Shumer'') became extinct and was forgotten until the ]. It is a ] |
The '''Sumerian language''' of ancient ] (or, more accurately, ''Shumer'') became extinct and was forgotten until the ]. It is a ]. This distinguishes it from other languages of the area such as ], ], which also comprises ] and ], and ], which are ]. | ||
| Sumerian was the first known written language. Its script, called ], meaning "wedge-shaped", was later also used for ]. It was even adapted to ] like ] (which also had a ], as did the ]) and ], though the latter merely used the same instruments, and the letter shapes were unrelated. | Sumerian was the first known written language. Its script, called ], meaning "wedge-shaped", was later also used for ]. It was even adapted to ] like ] (which also had a ], as did the ]) and ], though the latter merely used the same instruments, and the letter shapes were unrelated. | ||
Revision as of 16:44, 24 August 2004
The Sumerian language of ancient Sumer (or, more accurately, Shumer) became extinct and was forgotten until the 19th century. It is a language isolate. This distinguishes it from other languages of the area such as Hebrew, Akkadian, which also comprises Babylonian and Assyrian, and Aramaic, which are Semitic languages.
Sumerian was the first known written language. Its script, called cuneiform, meaning "wedge-shaped", was later also used for Akkadian. It was even adapted to Indo-European languages like Hittite (which also had a hieroglyphic script, as did the Egyptians) and Old Persian, though the latter merely used the same instruments, and the letter shapes were unrelated.
Sumerian is agglutinative, as opposed to modern isolating languages like Chinese, in which word parts appear separated. Sumerian made heavy use of compounding. For example, the words for big and man are compounded for the Sumerian word for king, "lugal".
Sumerian is an ergative language. This means that the subject of a sentence, which obtains a direct object, is in the so-called ergative case, which is marked with the postposition -e. The subject of an intransitive verb is "marked" with the absolutive, which isn´t written: e.g. lugal-e e2 mu-dru3 "the king built the house"; lugal ba-gen "the king went".