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| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| To its followers, the movement is known as ''Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at'' ("People of the traditions ]] and the community"). This terminology is used to lay exclusive claim to be the only legitimate form of Sunni Islam, in opposition to the ], ], ] and ] movements.<ref name=riaz/><ref name=hewer/><ref>]: 148</ref> | To its followers, the movement is known as ''Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at'' ("People of the traditions ]] and the community"). This terminology is used to lay exclusive claim to be the only legitimate form of Sunni Islam, in opposition to the ], ], ] and ] movements.<ref name=riaz/><ref name=hewer/><ref>]: 148</ref> | ||
| ==Presence== | |||
| '']'' estimates that the vast majority of ]s in ] adhere to the Barelvi movement,<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan and Uday Mahurkar |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12343&Itemid=1&issueid=67&limit=1&limitstart=0 |title=The radical sweep |publisher=India Today |date=2008-07-31 |accessdate=2009-09-30}}</ref> and ] gives a similar assessment for the vast majority of Muslims in ].<ref name="ww4report.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ww4report.com/node/7500 |title=Pakistan plays Sufi card against jihadis | World War 4 Report |publisher=Ww4report.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-30}}</ref> More than 35% of British mosques are administered by Barelvis as well.<ref name=deobandcite></ref> Many of these mosques have been usurped by Saudi-funded radical organizations.<ref></ref> The switchover from Barelvi Islam to Deobandi Islam has resulted in the conversion of some mystically-minded Kashmiri expatriates to hardline Muslims.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Beliefs and practices== | ==Beliefs and practices== | ||
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Barelvi (Template:Lang-ur, /bəreːlviː/) is a term used for a movement of Sunni Islam originating in South Asia. The name derives from the north Indian town of Bareilly where its main leader Ahmed Raza Khan (1856–1921) shaped the movement by his writings. Although Barelvi is the commonly used term in the media and academia, the followers of the movement often prefer to be known by the title of Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at, a reference to their perception as forming an international majority movement. The movement is much influenced by Sufism and the traditional folk Islam practices of the Indian subcontinent.
Etymology
To its followers, the movement is known as Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at ("People of the traditions and the community"). This terminology is used to lay exclusive claim to be the only legitimate form of Sunni Islam, in opposition to the Deobandi, Ahl al-Hadith, Salafi and Nadwatul Ulama movements.
Beliefs and practices
Like other Sunni Muslims, Barelvi base their beliefs on the Qur'an and Sunnah, and believe in monotheism and the prophethood of Muhammad. Barelvis follow the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of aqidah, any one of the four school of fiqh, and the Qadri, Chishti, Naqshbandi or Suhrawardi Sufi orders.
Beliefs regarding Muhammad
Barelvis have several beliefs regarding Muhammad's nature, which distinguish them from Deobandi, Salafi and Shia groups in South Asia:
- He is noori bashar: a human (bashar) made from God's light (noor).
- He is hazir (present in many places at the same time).
- He is nazir (witnessing all that goes on in the world).
- He has ilm-e-ghaib (knowledge of the unseen/unknown).
- He is mukhtaar kul (having the authority to do whatever he desires as granted to him by God).
Practices
- Public celebration of the Mawlid (Muhammad's birthday).
- Asking auliyā' (Muslim saints) for intercession to God on behalf of the living. This consists of the intervention of an ascending, linked and unbroken chain of holy personages, pirs (Sufi saints) reaching ultimately to Muhammad, who intercede on their behalf with God.
- Ziyarat (visiting) the mazar (tombs) of Muhammad, his companions and of pious Muslims, an act the Barelvis claim is supported by the Quran, Sunnah and acts of the Companions by Barelvis, but which opponents call “shrine-worshipping” and “grave-worshiping” and consider to be un-Islamic.
- Use of devotional music (qawwali).
Mosques
- North Manchester Jamia Mosque, UK North Manchester Jamia Mosque, UK
-
The Manchester Central Mosque
-
The Haji Ali Dargah Masjid, Mumbai
-
Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri, India
Relations with other movements
Support
The Barelwi movement formed as a defense of the traditional mystic practices of South Asia, which it sought to prove and support. The All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board, representing the movement as a whole, has demanded protection and reconstruction of shrines in Tihamah Mecca and Hijaz Medina, destroyed in 1803 and 1804 by the Saudis, calls which have been echoed by most practitioners of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world.
Opposition
The movement's founder, Ahmad Raza Khan, and other Barelvi religious figures have issued fatwās of apostasy against the founders of the Deobandi, Shia Islam and the Ahmadiyya Community. The conflict with the Deobandi movement, against which the Barelwi movement formed as a reaction, has been particularly heated and uncivil. Whiel both the Barelvi and Deobandi movements tend to prefer the Hanafi school of Islamic law and accept Sufism, their fundamental beliefs and way in practicing Sufism has kept them at odds. Commenting on this, historian Usha Sanyal, in her research entitled Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920, stated:
Not only did Ahmad Raza Khan obtain confirmatory signatures from other scholars in the subcontinent, he managed to get agreement from a number of prominent ulama in Mecca. That occurred in the first years of the twentieth century—long before the Al-Saud and their Wahhabi allies got control of the Haramayn. The feat was, nevertheless, stunning. The antipathy of the Deobandis toward the Ahl-i Sunnah on the emotional level becomes more comprehensible when Ahmad Riza's fatwa receives a full explication.
Opposition to the Taliban
The Barelvi movement has taken a stance against Taliban movements in South Asia, organising rallies and protests in India and Pakistan, condemning what they perceive as unjustified sectarian violence. The Sunni Ittehad Council (SIC), an amalgamation of eight Sunni organizations, launched the Save Pakistan Movement to stem the process of Talibanisation. Terming the Taliban a product of global anti-Islam conspiracies, the leaders of SUC charged the Taliban with playing into the hands of the United States to divide Muslims and bring a bad name to Islam.
Supporting this movement, the Pakistan Minister of Foreign Affairs, Shah Mehmood Qureshi, said: "The Sunni Tehreek has decided to activate itself against Talibanisation in the country. A national consensus against terrorism is emerging across the country."
Notable scholars
Early scholars
Present scholars
|
Notable organizations
In Pakistan, prominent Sunni Barelvi religious and political organizations include:
In the United Kingdom:
In India:
- All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board, an apex body of Sunni Muslims
- Raza Academy, Mumbai
- Sunni Dawat-e-Islami, Islamic preaching movement
- Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama
- Muslim Students' Organization of India, New Delhi
- Sunni Students Federation, India
South Africa:
- Imam Ahmad Raza Academy, South Africa
Main institutions
|
See also
- Kanzul Iman, an English/Urdu Quran translation by Ahmad Raza Khan
- Fatwa e Razvia ,compendium of Islamic verdict in thirty Volume
- Zujajat al-Masabih, hadith collection
- Bahar-e-Shariat, complete Islamic Jurisprudence of Hanafi School
Notes
- Usha Sanyal. Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century. Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps - C. T. R. Hewer - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- ^ Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia - Ali Riaz - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- ^ The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism - Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- Geaves 2006: 148
- Ahmed Raza. "Noor o Bashar ::Islamic Books, Books Library". Faizaneraza.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- ^ N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal. Urban Terrorism : Myths And Realities. Publisher Pointer Publishers, 2009 ISBN 81-7132-598-X, 9788171325986. pg. 67
- Clinton Bennett. Muslims and modernity: an introduction to the issues and debates. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005 ISBN 0-8264-5481-X, 9780826454812. pg. 189
- Muḥammad Yūsūf Ludhiyānvī (1999). Differences in the Ummah and the straight path. Zam Zam Publishers. pp. 35–38. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- Sirriyeh 1999: 49
- Sirriyeh 2004: 111
- Barelvi Islam
- Martin Parsons (1 January 2006). Unveiling God: Contextualizing Christology for Islamic Culture. William Carey Library. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-0-87808-454-8. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- "outlookindia.com". M.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- Curriculum in Today's World: Configuring Knowledge, Identities, Work and ... - Lyn Yates, Madeleine Grumet - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism - Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India - Rowena Robinson - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- Indian Defence Review: April - June 2007 - Bharat Verma - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
- Akhter, Shamim (2009). Faith & Philosophy of Islam. Gyan Publishing House. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
- Haramayn refers to the Masjid al-Haram ("Sacred Mosque") in Mecca and the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi ("Mosque of the Prophet") in Medina. Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
- Gregory C. Doxlowski. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920. The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Oct-Dec, 1999
- Indian Muslims protest against Talibani terrorism. TwoCircles.net 17 June 2009
- Pakistan’s Sunnis unite against Talibanisation. Thaindian News. May 9, 2009
- Clashing interpretations of Islam. Daily Times (Pakistan), May 5, 2009
References
- Riaz, Ali (2008). Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia. Rutgers University Press.
- Geaves, Ron (2006). "Learning the lessons from the neo-revivalist and Wahhabi movements: the counterattack of the new Sufi movements in the UK". In Malik, Jamal; Hinnells, John R. (eds.). Sufism in the West. Routledge. pp. 142–157.
- Jones, Kenneth W. (1989). Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Part 3. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
- Malik, Jamal, ed. (2008). Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching terror?. Routledge.
- Sanyal, Usha (2008). "Ahl-i Sunnat Madrasas: the Madrasa Manzar-i Islam, Bareilly, and Jamia Ashrafiyya, Mubarakpur". In Malik, Jamal (ed.). Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching terror?. Routledge. pp. 23–44.
- Sanyal, Usha (2005). Ahmed Riza Khan Barelwi: In the Path of the Prophet. Makers of the Muslim World. Oxford: Oneworld.
- Sirriyeh, Elizabeth (1999). Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1058-2.
- Sirriyeh, Elizabeth (2004). "Sufi Thought and its Reconstruction". In Taji-Farouki, Suha; Nafi, Basheer M. (eds.). Islamic Thought in the Twentieth Century. I.B. Tauris. pp. 104–127. ISBN 1-85043-751-3.