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| The ] term '''''Ajativada''''' is one of several alternately-held ] in ], meaning "non-]" (of the world). |
The ] term '''''Ajativada''''' is one of several alternately-held ] in ], meaning "non-]" (of the world). | ||
| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| * "A" means "not", or "non" as in Ahimsa, non-harm | * "A" means "not", or "non" as in Ahimsa, non-harm | ||
| Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
| * "Vāda" means "doctrine"{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=127}} | * "Vāda" means "doctrine"{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=127}} | ||
| Taken together "ajātivāda" means "the Doctrine of no-origination"{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=127}} or non-creation. |
Taken together "ajātivāda" means "the Doctrine of no-origination"{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=127}} or non-creation. | ||
| The concept of "ajāta" was borrowed by Gaudapada from Madhyamika Buddhism{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=157}}{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=35-36}}, which uses the term ]:{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1943|p=49}} | The concept of "ajāta" was borrowed by Gaudapada from Madhyamika Buddhism{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=157}}{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=35-36}}, which uses the term ]:{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1943|p=49}} | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
| In Advaita, there are three creation theories:<ref group=web name ="missinglink"></ref> | In Advaita, there are three creation theories:<ref group=web name ="missinglink"></ref> | ||
| # Srishti-drishti-vada: what is created is being perceived. The universe is held to be created by the Brahman in his capacity as Ishwara. Srishti (creation) is therefore prior to ] (perception). A thing has to exist for it to be perceived.<ref group=web name ="missinglink" /> | # Srishti-drishti-vada: what is created is being perceived. The universe is held to be created by the Brahman in his capacity as Ishwara. Srishti (creation) is therefore prior to ] (perception). A thing has to exist for it to be perceived.<ref group=web name ="missinglink" /> | ||
| # Drishti-srishti-vada: perception is simultaneous with creation |
# Drishti-srishti-vada: perception is simultaneous with creation | ||
| # Ajativada: creation is not an absolute real event. It actually never "happened". Ajativada implies that searching for a source of the ] of the world in a Creator is futile. | # Ajativada: creation is not an absolute real event. It actually never "happened". Ajativada implies that searching for a source of the ] of the world in a Creator is futile. | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
| # Somebody or some ] created the world | # Somebody or some ] created the world | ||
| # The world arises ] with our ] of it | # The world arises ] with our ] of it | ||
| # Ajativada, the view that the world never happened at all.{{sfn|Godman|1986}} |
# Ajativada, the view that the world never happened at all.{{sfn|Godman|1986}} | ||
| Sadhu Om, a chronicler and devotee of Ramana wrote, |
Sadhu Om, a chronicler and devotee of Ramana wrote, | ||
| {{quote|At times Sri Ramana Maharshi used to reveal some information which was not given by the scriptures and Puranas such as: how, in the ''Bhagavad Gita'', Sri Krishna began His teachings with the doctrines of Ajata and Advaita, but then condescendingly came down to various stages of Dvaita, and how He carefully used words which, though suited to Arjuna's limited grasping power, also gives room for well-ripened aspirants to discover, even now, the motive behind those words.{{source?|date=February 2013}}}} | {{quote|At times Sri Ramana Maharshi used to reveal some information which was not given by the scriptures and Puranas such as: how, in the ''Bhagavad Gita'', Sri Krishna began His teachings with the doctrines of Ajata and Advaita, but then condescendingly came down to various stages of Dvaita, and how He carefully used words which, though suited to Arjuna's limited grasping power, also gives room for well-ripened aspirants to discover, even now, the motive behind those words.{{source?|date=February 2013}}}} | ||
| Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
| ==Levels of truth== | ==Levels of truth== | ||
| Advaita discerns levels of truth. It is at the level of the highest truth (''paramārtha'') that there is no origination.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1943|p=49}} |
Advaita discerns levels of truth. It is at the level of the highest truth (''paramārtha'') that there is no origination.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1943|p=49}} | ||
| ===Ontological levels of Reality=== | ===Ontological levels of Reality=== | ||
| Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
| A distinction can be made between ], "The Absolute without qualities", the ultimate transcendental, indescribable 'Beyond', and ], "The Absolute with qualities", being or 'Consciousness' associated with 'manifestation'. This is another expression of the difference between Absolute and relative, or Reality and maya.{{sfn|Plott|2000|p=283}} | A distinction can be made between ], "The Absolute without qualities", the ultimate transcendental, indescribable 'Beyond', and ], "The Absolute with qualities", being or 'Consciousness' associated with 'manifestation'. This is another expression of the difference between Absolute and relative, or Reality and maya.{{sfn|Plott|2000|p=283}} | ||
| On the ] or Dissolution of the Universe, it is Saguna Brahman, or Awareness, that 're-manifests' the universe, and not Nirguna Brahman. This is due to the seeds of manifestation being still present in subtle form or in potentiality, while the material is dissolved in Maha-Pralaya or the Great Dissolution.{{source?|date=February 2013}} Absolutely seen, Saguna Brahman is ultimately an illusion that never ever happened, Nirguna Brahman being or the only Truth. |
On the ] or Dissolution of the Universe, it is Saguna Brahman, or Awareness, that 're-manifests' the universe, and not Nirguna Brahman. This is due to the seeds of manifestation being still present in subtle form or in potentiality, while the material is dissolved in Maha-Pralaya or the Great Dissolution.{{source?|date=February 2013}} Absolutely seen, Saguna Brahman is ultimately an illusion that never ever happened, Nirguna Brahman being or the only Truth. | ||
| ===Four levels of awareness=== | ===Four levels of awareness=== | ||
| Line 87: | Line 87: | ||
| The goal of Advaita Vedanta is knowledge of the non-duality of Atman and Brahman, thereby realising ], or Being-Consciousness-Bliss.{{sfn|Menon|2004}} According to Ramana Maharshi these are actually qualities or attributes, which is still within illusion Saguna Brahman.{{source?|date=February 2013}} According to another interpretation, the realisation of Saguna Brahman and Nirguna is simultaneous, unless the person is a ]/Devotee of some 'God Figure' and a believer in form.{{source?|date=February 2013}} | The goal of Advaita Vedanta is knowledge of the non-duality of Atman and Brahman, thereby realising ], or Being-Consciousness-Bliss.{{sfn|Menon|2004}} According to Ramana Maharshi these are actually qualities or attributes, which is still within illusion Saguna Brahman.{{source?|date=February 2013}} According to another interpretation, the realisation of Saguna Brahman and Nirguna is simultaneous, unless the person is a ]/Devotee of some 'God Figure' and a believer in form.{{source?|date=February 2013}} | ||
| This can be compared in Vedantic Meditation to ] (temporary realisation) and ] (permanent ]). A person doing |
This can be compared in Vedantic Meditation to ] (temporary realisation) and ] (permanent ]). A person doing Kevala Nirvikalpa Samadhi is at the temporary stage. | ||
| ==Glossary of Sanskrit Terms used in this article== | ==Glossary of Sanskrit Terms used in this article== | ||
| Line 106: | Line 106: | ||
| * ] = Dissolution or resolving of the Universe, | * ] = Dissolution or resolving of the Universe, | ||
| * ] = Dissolution of the material and subtle universe, | * ] = Dissolution of the material and subtle universe, | ||
| * Para = Above/beyond, |
* Para = Above/beyond, | ||
| * ] = The concluding portions of the Vedas, the teachings of the Upanishads, | * ] = The concluding portions of the Vedas, the teachings of the Upanishads, | ||
| * ] = Fourth State | * ] = Fourth State | ||
| Line 134: | Line 134: | ||
| ==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
| {{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
| * {{Citation | last =Bhattacharya | first =Vidhushekhara | year =1943 | title =Gauḍapādakārikā | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}} |
* {{Citation | last =Bhattacharya | first =Vidhushekhara | year =1943 | title =Gauḍapādakārikā | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}} | ||
| * {{Citation | last =Chatterji | first =Mohini M. | year =1973 | title =Viveka-Cudamani | place =Adyar | publisher =Chennai}} | * {{Citation | last =Chatterji | first =Mohini M. | year =1973 | title =Viveka-Cudamani | place =Adyar | publisher =Chennai}} | ||
| * {{Citation | last =Comans | first =Michael | year =2000 | title =The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}} | * {{Citation | last =Comans | first =Michael | year =2000 | title =The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}} | ||
| Line 142: | Line 142: | ||
| * {{Citation | last =Hart | first =William | year =1987 | title =Vipassana Meditation as taught by S.N. Goenka | place =San Francisco | publisher =Harper and Row}} | * {{Citation | last =Hart | first =William | year =1987 | title =Vipassana Meditation as taught by S.N. Goenka | place =San Francisco | publisher =Harper and Row}} | ||
| * {{Citation | last =Menon | first =Y. Keshava | year =2004 | title =The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya | publisher =Jaico Publishing House}} | * {{Citation | last =Menon | first =Y. Keshava | year =2004 | title =The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya | publisher =Jaico Publishing House}} | ||
| * {{Citation | last =Plott | first =John C. | year =2000 | title =Global History of Philosophy: The Patristic-Sutra Period, Volume 3 | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}} |
* {{Citation | last =Plott | first =John C. | year =2000 | title =Global History of Philosophy: The Patristic-Sutra Period, Volume 3 | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}} | ||
| * {{Citation | last =Puligandla | first =Ramakrishna | year =1997 | title =Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy | place =New Delhi | publisher =D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.}} | * {{Citation | last =Puligandla | first =Ramakrishna | year =1997 | title =Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy | place =New Delhi | publisher =D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.}} | ||
| * {{Citation | last =Renard | first =Philip | year =2010 | title =Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg | place =Cothen | publisher =Uitgeverij Juwelenschip}} | * {{Citation | last =Renard | first =Philip | year =2010 | title =Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg | place =Cothen | publisher =Uitgeverij Juwelenschip}} | ||
| Line 157: | Line 157: | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * ] | ||
| {{Hindudharma}} | {{Hindudharma}} | ||
Revision as of 17:35, 17 March 2013
The Sanskrit term Ajativada is one of several alternately-held creation theories in Advaita Vedanta, meaning "non-creation" (of the world).
Etymology
- "A" means "not", or "non" as in Ahimsa, non-harm
- "Jāti" means "creation" or "origination
- "Vāda" means "doctrine"
Taken together "ajātivāda" means "the Doctrine of no-origination" or non-creation.
The concept of "ajāta" was borrowed by Gaudapada from Madhyamika Buddhism, which uses the term "anutpāda":
- "An" also means "not", or "non"
- "Utpāda" means "genesis", "coming forth", "birth"
Taken together "anutpāda" means "having no origin", "not coming into existence", "not taking effect", "non-production".
Contemporary Advaitins translate the concept of Ajativada also with the phrase "nothing ever happened", or "not even the appearance of creation exists". That is to say, not even the unreality of the world "exists". This is pointed at with the question "Where does the world go in deep sleep, turiya, nirvikalpa samadhi and nirvikalpa sahaja samadhi/meditation?"
Creation theories
In Advaita, there are three creation theories:
- Srishti-drishti-vada: what is created is being perceived. The universe is held to be created by the Brahman in his capacity as Ishwara. Srishti (creation) is therefore prior to Drishti (perception). A thing has to exist for it to be perceived.
- Drishti-srishti-vada: perception is simultaneous with creation
- Ajativada: creation is not an absolute real event. It actually never "happened". Ajativada implies that searching for a source of the origin of the world in a Creator is futile.
Usage
Gaudapada
"Ajātivāda" is the fundamental philosophical doctrine of Gaudapada. According to Gaudapada, the Absolute is not subject to birth, change and death. The Absolute is aja, the unborn eternal. The empirical world of appearances is considered unreal, and not absolutely existent.
Gaudapada, who was strongly influenced by Buddhism, borrowed the concept of "ajāta" from Nagajurna's Madhyamaka philosophy of Buddhism. The Buddhist tradition usually uses the term "anutpāda" for the absence of an origin or sunyata.
But Gaudapada's perspective is quite different from Nagarjuna. Gaudapada's perspective is based on the Mandukya Upanishad. In the Mandukya Karika, Gaudapada's commentary on the Mandukya Upanishad, Gaudapada sets forth his perspective. According to Gaudapada, Brahman cannot undergo alteration, so the phenomenal world cannot arise from Brahman. If the world cannot arise, yet is an empirical fact, than the world has to be an unreal appearance of Brahman. And if the phenomenal world is an unreal appearance, then there is no real origination or destruction, only apparent origination or destruction. From the level of ultimate truth (paramārthatā) the phenomenal world is Maya.
As stated in Gaudapada’s Karika Chapter II Verse 48:
No jiva ever comes into existence. There exists no cause that can produce it. The supreme truth is that nothing ever is born.
Shankara
Adi Shankara wrote:
On account of constant absorption in Brahman, freed from the sense of reality of external objects, only seemingly enjoying them when offered by others, like a sleepy baby, perceiving the world as that seen in a dream and recognising it only now and then, such a man is indeed rare. He is the enjoyer of the fruits of untold merit and is truly held blessed and revered on earth.
Ramana Maharshi
The twentieth-century Sage Ramana Maharshi was an articulate adherent to the concept of Ajativada. On Sri Ramana's view, Ajativada or non-creation is a part of the highest form of consciousness that can be attained. Sri Ramana described three consecutive steps, each of which corresponds to a different understanding of reality:
- Somebody or some god created the world
- The world arises simultaneously with our perception of it
- Ajativada, the view that the world never happened at all.
Sadhu Om, a chronicler and devotee of Ramana wrote,
At times Sri Ramana Maharshi used to reveal some information which was not given by the scriptures and Puranas such as: how, in the Bhagavad Gita, Sri Krishna began His teachings with the doctrines of Ajata and Advaita, but then condescendingly came down to various stages of Dvaita, and how He carefully used words which, though suited to Arjuna's limited grasping power, also gives room for well-ripened aspirants to discover, even now, the motive behind those words.
Nisargadatta Maharaj
Main article: Nisargadatta MaharajNisargadatta Maharaj's main teaching was that all was consciousness, and that consciousness was awareness interfaced with manifestation and using energy or prana. He distinguished three levels of discenrment:
- Individuals begin with first believing they are making things happen;
- Then they realise that things are in fact happening to them;
- Then finally they realise that nothing is happening at all.
In the book 'I am that', Nisargadatta Maharaj said only one in Bombay, about ten million people at the time, could really understand what non duality really meant.
Other traditions
The Buddhist Meditation of vipassana, or observing the rise and fall of created or compounded things and the development of insight, is an indication of the unreality of the so-called 'creation'. Similar teachings can be found withf the Sufis, like Din Attar, Ibn Arabi, Jalala'din Rumi, Al Hussein Ibn Al-Mansour, Hadrat Muinudin Chisti, Al-Hallaj, other Indian saints such as Kabir, Guru Nanak, and Christian mystics such as St John of the Cross, St Theresa de Avila and many more, most of whom were really considered out of the main steam, by their peers.
Levels of truth
Advaita discerns levels of truth. It is at the level of the highest truth (paramārtha) that there is no origination.
Ontological levels of Reality
Advaita took over from the Madhyamika the idea of levels of reality. Usually two levels are being mentioned, but Shankara uses sublation as the criterion to postulate an ontological hierarchy of three levels:
- Pāramārthika (paramartha, absolute), the absolute level, "which is absolutely real and into which both other reality levels can be resolved". This experience can't be sublated by any other experience.
- Vyāvahārika (vyavahara), or samvriti-saya (empirical or pragmatical), "our world of experience, the phenomenal world that we handle every day when we are awake". It is the level in which both jiva (living creatures or individual souls) and Iswara are true; here, the material world is also true.
- Prāthibhāsika (pratibhasika, apparent reality, unreality), "reality based on imagination alone". It is the level in which appearances are actually false, like the illusion of a snake over a rope, or a dream.
Gaudapada states that, from the absolute standpoint, not even "non-dual" exists.
Nirguna Brahman and Saguna Brahman
Main articles: Nirguna Brahman and Saguna BrahmanA distinction can be made between Nirguna Brahman, "The Absolute without qualities", the ultimate transcendental, indescribable 'Beyond', and Saguna Brahman, "The Absolute with qualities", being or 'Consciousness' associated with 'manifestation'. This is another expression of the difference between Absolute and relative, or Reality and maya.
On the Pralaya or Dissolution of the Universe, it is Saguna Brahman, or Awareness, that 're-manifests' the universe, and not Nirguna Brahman. This is due to the seeds of manifestation being still present in subtle form or in potentiality, while the material is dissolved in Maha-Pralaya or the Great Dissolution. Absolutely seen, Saguna Brahman is ultimately an illusion that never ever happened, Nirguna Brahman being or the only Truth.
Four levels of awareness
Four levels of awareness or truth can be discerned, which correspond to the three bodies and pure consciousness which are discerned in Advaita Vedanta:
- Small Ego/Ahamkara, the notion of 'I am' - The Physical Gross Body
- Big 'I Am' consciousness of Siva/Sakti-Prana - The Subtle Body
- Pure Awareness of SaGuna Brahman - The Causal Body
- Ultimate Truth as NirGuna Brahman - The Great-Causal Body (Turiya)
The goal of Advaita Vedanta is knowledge of the non-duality of Atman and Brahman, thereby realising Sat-Cit-Ananda, or Being-Consciousness-Bliss. According to Ramana Maharshi these are actually qualities or attributes, which is still within illusion Saguna Brahman. According to another interpretation, the realisation of Saguna Brahman and Nirguna is simultaneous, unless the person is a Bhakta/Devotee of some 'God Figure' and a believer in form.
This can be compared in Vedantic Meditation to Kevala Nirvikalpa Samadhi (temporary realisation) and Sahaja Nirvikalpa Samadhi (permanent Moksha). A person doing Kevala Nirvikalpa Samadhi is at the temporary stage.
Glossary of Sanskrit Terms used in this article
- Atman = the individual being, identical with Brahman
- Jiva = Individual being
- Advaita = Non-dual
- Dvaita = dual
- Visishtadvaita = Non-dual with distinction
- Ajativada = non-creation,
- Bhakta = Devotee,
- Brahman = Pure Consciousness.
- Saguna Brahman = Brahman along with Maya, as Creator of the Universe
- Mukta = a free/realised person.
- Nirguna Brahman = Pure Consciousness. Nir=Nil and Guna=modes; so "beyond all mind".
- Nirvikalpa Samadhi = where subject-object division is not there; no mind, no modification.
- Sat-Cit-Ananda = Existence-Consciousness-Limitlessness,
- Pralaya = Dissolution or resolving of the Universe,
- Maha-Pralaya = Dissolution of the material and subtle universe,
- Para = Above/beyond,
- Vedanta = The concluding portions of the Vedas, the teachings of the Upanishads,
- Turiya = Fourth State
- Sahaja = natural meditation, permanent state of NirVikalpa Samadhi
- Sakshin = Witness,
- Siva/Sakti = Consciousness/Universal Energy,
- Mukti = Freedom, liberation
- Manas = Mind, one of the four faculties of the antahkarana (the other three being buddhi, cittam and ahamkara)
- Vasanas = past impressions of the mind
See also
Notes
- The term is also used in the Lankavatara Sutra. According to D.T Suzuki, "anutpada" is not the opposite of "utpada", but transcends opposites. It is the seeing into the true nature of existence, the seeing that "all objects are without self-substance". Another well-known use is in Bankei's "Unborn".
- C.q. "transitory"
References
Published references
- ^ Sarma 1996, p. 127.
- ^ Renard 2010, p. 157.
- ^ Comans 2000, p. 35-36.
- ^ Bhattacharya 1943, p. 49.
- Renard 2010, p. 160.
- Suzuki 1999.
- Suzuki 1999, p. 123-124.
- Suzuki 1999, p. 168.
- Dumoulin & 2005-B, p. 316. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDumoulin2005-B (help)
- ^ Comans 2000, p. 36.
- Chaterjee 1977. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChaterjee1977 (help)
- Godman 1986.
- ^ Dikshit 1999.
- Renard 2010, p. 130.
- ^ Renard 2010, p. 131.
- ^ Puligandla 1997, p. 232.
- Plott 2000, p. 283.
- Siddharameshwar Maharaj 2008.
- Wilber 2000, p. 132.
- Menon 2004.
Web-references
- Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, Utpāda
- Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, Anutpāda
- ^ Ajativada – the missing link
- Dr. Vemuri Ramesam, A Critique Of John Wheeler’s “You Were Never Born”
- Mandukya Upanishad with Gaudapada's Karika
- ^ advaita-vision.org, Discrimination
- Ramana Maharshi. States of Consciousness.
- Sri Chinmoy. Summits of God-Life.
Sources
- Bhattacharya, Vidhushekhara (1943), Gauḍapādakārikā, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Chatterji, Mohini M. (1973), Viveka-Cudamani, Adyar: Chennai
- Comans, Michael (2000), The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Dikshit, Sudhaker S. (1999), I Am That. Talks with Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, Durham, N.C.: Acorn Press
- Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005-B), Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan, World Wisdom Books, ISBN 9780941532907
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|year=(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Godman, David Godman (1986), Be As You Are: The Teachings of Sri Ramana Maharshi, London: Arakana, pp. 181–3, 184
- Hart, William (1987), Vipassana Meditation as taught by S.N. Goenka, San Francisco: Harper and Row
- Menon, Y. Keshava (2004), The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya, Jaico Publishing House
- Plott, John C. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Patristic-Sutra Period, Volume 3, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997), Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.
- Renard, Philip (2010), Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip
- Sarma, Chandradhar (1996), The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Siddharameshwar Maharaj (2008), Master Key to Self-Realization, Lulu.com
- Suzuki, Daisetz Teitarō (1999), Studies in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Wilber, Ken (2000), Integral Psychology, Shambhala Publications
External links
- Creation theories in Advaita Vedanta
- Swami Atmananda website
- Sri Ramana Maharshi website
- Gaudapada on Mandukya Upanishad
- Nisargadatta Maharaj website
- Sanskrit words and phrases
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