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Bribie Island, 34 kilometres long and 8 kilometres at its widest, is the smallest and most northerly of three major sand islands forming the coastline sheltering the northern part of Moreton Bay, Queensland. The others are Moreton Island and North Stradbroke Island. Bribie island, hugging the coastline and tapering to a long spit at its most northern point near Caloundra, is separated from the mainland by the Pumicestone Passage. A bridge from Sandstone Point on the mainland was completed in 1963. The ocean side of the island is somewhat sheltered from prevailing winds by Moreton Island and associated sand banks and has only a small surf break. The lee side is calm, with white sandy beaches in the south.

Most of the island is uninhabited national park (55.8 square kilometres) and forestry plantations. The southern end of the island has been intensively urbanised as part of the Moreton Bay Region, the main suburbs being Bongaree, Woorim, Bellara and Banksia Beach. Buckley's Hole, at the southern tip of the island, is an important bird habitat and refuge.

Geography

Suburbs

Crossing to the island from the mainland via the bridge, the first suburb to be encountered is Bellara. The other three major suburbs are Woorim (about 5 km away on the island's 'surf side'), Bongaree at the southern end of the island, on the 'calm side' or 'passage side' and Banksia Beach and White Patch at the northern end of the populated area, also on the 'passage side'. Another suburb, Welsby, exists on maps; however there is currently no development in this area.

Transport

Bribie Island Coaches operates a bus service around the Island as well as a route which runs to Caboolture and Morayfield via Ningi and Pebble Beach. In August 2007 an alternative route, via Beachmere and Pebble Beach, was introduced. The service to Caboolture is timed to connect with trains to and from Brisbane.

Protected areas

Bribie Island National Park covers 55.8 km², nearly a third of the total area of the island. There is a common misconception that the national park covers most of the non-inhabited area, but in fact most of the centre of the island consists of conifer plantations closed to public access. Formerly leased to CSR Timber, the Queensland Government is currently re-planting around 25 km² of this area through its DPI Forestry arm. Much of the rest has been developed for housing. Buckley's Hole, at the southern tip of the island, was declared an environmental park in 1992. More than 350 species of birds live in or visit the area.

In 2009 the Queenslands National Parks and Wildlife Service (QNPWS) used imported blocks of rock to prevent access to roads and tracks leading into the national park forcing all vehicle access to the park to be via the Beach Access Track at Woorim or the Ranger Station at Whitepatch. All access to the national park now requires a permit to be purchased. Local residents were threatened by letter with fines of up to $16,000 by QNPWS in 2009 for walking domestic animals within the park.

Pumicestone Passage, which is located between the island and the mainland is a protected marine park that provides habitat for dugongs, turtles and dolphins. There are also extensive mangroves forests in this area. Eucalypt forests, banksias and heathlands are the predominant vegetation elsewhere. Bribie Island is home to around 350 species of bird. This includes a range of honeyeater species, lorikeets, waterbirds and birds of prey. Flying foxes `fruit bats`(megabats) also visit the area along with several species of small insect eating bats (microbats). Native flying foxes are important pollinators and seed disperers while the small insect eating bats help control mosquito and other insect populations. The island seems particularly prone to instances of bee swarming

History

Pre-European contact

The inhabitants of Bribie Island at the time they were encountered by Matthew Flinders in H.M. colonial sloop Norfolk in 1799 were broadly part of the 'Kabi' or more correctly Gubbi Gubbi people of South-East Queensland. Colliver and Woolston record the Bribie tribes as being called Djindubari by Tindale and Jindoobarria by Meston.

Meston recorded the pre-contact population of Aboriginal people as 600-1,000, but by 1891 none remained on the Island and only four lived on the mainland.

Joondaburri lifestyle

The comparatively rich coastal country allowed permanent residence. Natural resources of land and sea were abundant and harvested according to the seasons. Winter mullet schooled from May to July. Dolphins were trained to herd the fish into waiting nets and spears. Winter was the best season for bream, followed by tailor in September and October. In summer mud crabs and oysters were plentiful and dugong were hunted. Summer whiting and flathead were speared or netted. Bungwall Fern was gathered for its starchy roots all year round. Kangaroo, eels and carpet snakes were rich in protein and fat. The dominant shellfish used as food was the oyster known today as the Sydney Rock Oyster known locally as tibir, at that time growing naturally on the seabeds. The oyster middens, many metres thick, were plundered by early settlers for lime. A significant midden site, now lost, was located not far from Bongaree jetty. It contained discarded shells, marsupial bones and stone tools. The biggest of the oyster middens was at White Patch, where dugong were also plentiful. The Ugari (pipi) on the coastal beaches was also eaten.

James Cook, 1770

Lieutenant James Cook sighted the Glass House Mountains west of the Island on Thursday 17 May 1770 while sailing up the east coast of Australia in HM Bark Endeavour. He called these hills the Glass Houses as the reflections and the shape of the hills reminded him of the glass manufacturing houses back in England. James Cook named the area Glass House Bay and was the first European to name this stretch of water.

Matthew Flinders, 1799

On 16 July 1799 Captain Matthew Flinders left Glass House Bay about two miles east of the shore in the Norfolk. He sailed south-west between Moreton Island and the mainland parallel to the southern shore of Bribie Island until spotting an opening in the low western shore. He anchored at 8:15am and transferred with a small crew and Bongaree to a smaller craft. He landed on Bribie Island unaware that it wasn't the mainland and met a small group of Aborigines who had gathered on the beach. Although Bongaree didn't speak the same dialect as the local aborigines the meeting was peaceful until one attempted to remove Flinders' hat. Flinders refused and the Europeans and Bongaree returned to their boat. As they left the man who had tried to remove Flinders' hat threw a spear that missed the small boat and crew. Flinders fired his musket at the men on shore and wounded the man who had thrown the spear. The Aborigines fled the beach. Flinders named the southern shore and site of the confrontation Point Skirmish. There is an area on the modern map marked Skirmish Point but should not be confused with the actual place of the incident which is known as South Point.

Flinders needed to repair leaks in his boat and pulled it ashore some five miles north of the area he had the incident with the locals for those repairs. Once his boat was repaired he explored the mainland side of the passage and scaled Mt. Beerburrum to get a view of the area. He spent 15 days in the region.

It was not until some time later it was determined that this was an island and the changing of the name of the waterway between Bribie Island and the mainland was made at some other point.

Bribie in World War II

Bribie Island fortifications were constructed from 1939 to 1943 as part of the defence of South East Queensland during the Second World War, and to provide artillery training for Australian soldiers. Other fortifications throughout Moreton Bay during the war, included at Caloundra, on Moreton Island at Cowan Cowan Point and Rous. Together with the existing installations at Fort Lytton, they provided a coordinated series of defensive batteries for Moreton Bay.

In February 1939, six months before the start of WW2, a review of the defences of Moreton Bay called for two 6 inch Mark XI guns at north Bribie.

Soon after Australia declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, 6 inch guns previously carried by the World War I-era cruiser HMAS Sydney were taken to the present location of Fort Bribie to guard the northwest channel, which ran close to the shore near Caloundra, across the bay in a southeasterly direction towards Moreton Island, and then southwesterly towards the mouth of the river, forming a Z-shaped route. The most effective sites for guns were the closest points to the channel bends.

The mounting and placement of the guns was hopelessly inadequate and according to Major General Robert E Jackson, Officer in Charge of Northern Command in July 1940, Fort Bribie was "no value from a defence point of view" and had to be fixed.

Before this could happen an argument about the location broke out, costings being sought for both Bribie and Caloundra. It was argued Caloundra was higher, better equipped and cheaper to build, whereas Bribie was flat, hot, infested with mosquitos and sandflies, had no freshwater, no bridge and would be much more expensive. The decision came down to Fort Bribie's ability to cover both entrances to the northwest channel, while Caloundra could only cover the most northerly entrance. The guns had a range of about 19 kilometres.

Colonel J S Whitelaw designed the layout of the fort on Bribie and recommended its completion, receiving the go ahead by early 1942. By April — hastened by the December 1941 attacks by the Japanese forces on Pearl Harbour, Malaya, Hong Kong and Singapore — construction of the gun emplacements was almost complete. The construction cost of all of Fort Bribie's concrete structures was ₤55,000, about $2.5 million in 2010 dollars.

On 19 February 1942, Darwin was bombed in two raids killing at least 243 people and wounding between 300 and 400 more. By November 1943 Darwin was bombed 64 times, with other towns also attacked including Townsville. The ferocity and success of the attacks suddenly created a very real dread in the Queensland population.

In July 1942 after failing to take Port Moresby by sea in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese landed on Papua New Guinea's north coast and moved south, capturing Kokoda on 29 July. This was the first time any Australian territory had been occupied by an enemy force.

Reinforcements were sent to Fort Bribie and Fort Cowan Cowan, strengthening the existing defences at the two forts. A number of 155mm guns from the First World War were provided to upgrade Australian coastal defences, and new forts were constructed during 1942-43 at Skirmish Point on south Bribie Island and Rous on Moreton Island. The Skirmish Point Battery at Woorim contained two fixed 155 mm gun emplacements on Panama mounts.

The Pacific War also brought the Americans soldiers. Brisbane during the Second World War

It was widely believed at the time that the American and Australian armed forces and governments had conspired on a plan to abandon Australia north of Brisbane to the Japanese in case of invasion. The plan, known as the Brisbane Line was never official policy, but the alleged strategy gained support after General Douglas MacArthur referred to it during a press conference in March 1943, where he also coined the term 'Brisbane Line'.

Many historians of the WW2 period on Bribie island refer to Brisbane Line and draw it from Fort Bribie due west to Charleville, then south-west to a point just west of Adelaide, as recounted by Warwick Outram in Bribie Memories 2nd edition 2009 ISBN 978-0-9751971-4-1. George H. Johnston, War Correspondent for the Argus newspaper was present when MacArthur mentioned the Brisbane Line on 16 March 1943, but later clarified the matter by writing It was Gen. MacArthur who abandoned the Brisbane Line concept and decided that the battle for Australia should be fought in New Guinea.

At Fort Bribie itself, two mine control huts were used by Royal Australian Navy during 1942 and 1943, known as RAN 2. These monitored and controlled the guard indicator loops and mine loops set in the North West Channel. The indicator loops relied on a moving magnet or any large mass of metal, which naturally acquires magnetic force, to induce a current in a stationary loop of wire. If a submarine was detected by the guard loop, the operator would wait until there was also a swing mine loop before detonating the mines by sending a current down the mine loop. RAN 2 was moved to Cowan Cowan on Moreton Island in September 1943. When the mines in Moreton Bay were decommission at the end of the war, six were missing. One was found at Tewantin in 1945.

The mines weighed 1430 kg and were buoyant, so needed to be moored with sinkers, up to 25 metres below the surface. Every 5 minutes hour perturbations due to the tides known as perts had to be recorded. Daily and weekly tests were carried out on all equipment. In three years of operation, the mines were never detonated.

Another minefield with guard loop built in 1942 protected Pearl Channel and Main Channel south of Bribie Island. The guard loops ran from the Loop Control Hut at the end of North Street, just north of Woorim to Combouyuro Point, Moreton Island. Three Harbour Defence Asdics, sea-bed mounted submarine detection devices now known as sonar, were position down-channel from the guard loops, as a second means of detection.

Politics and people

Lisa France is the member for Pumicestone which includes Bribie Island within its electoral boundaries (2012) while the current Moreton Bay Regional Council Division 1 councillor is Gary Parsons (2012). Federally, Bribie Island is contained within the Division of Longman which since 2010 has been represented by Wyatt Roy MP

The artist Ian Fairweather lived on Bribie Island for many years in self-inflicted poverty. A park on the island is named in his honour. There are many types of wildlife present on the island. Kangaroos, wallabies, emus, various snake species, green tree frogs and dingos can often be seen venturing from the national park into the surrounding suburbs.

Infrastructure

Retail and entertainment facilities

Bribie Island's main shopping centre is at Bellara, comprising a Woolworths supermarket and a Target store, as well as a number of nationally-known companies such as Telstra, Dick Smith Electronics, Rockmans and Gloria Jean's Coffees. In addition the island has an Aldi store and three large IGA supermarkets located at Bongaree, Woorim, and Banksia Beach. Traditional "strip" development of shopping facilities around the island provides a comprehensive array of retail businesses such as hardware stores, medical centres, newsagents, chemists and food outlets.

There are two large, modern hotels - The Bribie Island Hotel at Bellara and the Blue Pacific Hotel on the 'surf side' of the island at Woorim. Residents and visitors often prefer to visit local clubs such as the large and award-winning Bribie Island Citizens and RSL Club, the two bowls clubs at Bongaree, the Surf Life Saving Club at Woorim on the 'surf side', and the small Solander Lakes Bowls Club at Banksia Beach. There is a well established golf club at Woorim, with a second golf course and club house recently completed at Banksia Beach as part of the Pacific Harbour development. A small twin cinema was established in 2001 on McMahon Street.

Desalination plant

A desalination plant has been proposed for Bribie Island by the National/Liberal Party (LNP). The previous (up to 2012) Labor government decided it was not a good place to build a Desal Plant. Some residents are opposed to the plant due to environmental reasons. Others see the plant as a benefit to the island. The LNP has also said it would build a second bridge. The site of such a bridge has not been specified.

Schools

There are two primary schools: Bribie Island State School at Bongaree, and Banksia Beach State School. Bribie Island State School was opened on 4 February 1924. Prior to the opening of the Bribie Island State High School in 1989 secondary students were transported to Caboolture. The 2006 enrolment at the high school was 954 students. Bribie Island State High School presently has over 1,000 students. Banksia Beach State School's student numbers are continuing to rise annually and are now over 1,000 students.

Demographics

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics there were 16,209 persons resident on the island in 2006. Of these, 7796 (48%) were males and 8413 (52%) were females. Of the total population 1.6% were Indigenous persons compared with 2.3% for all of Australia.

13.6% of the population on the island were children aged between 0–14 years and 50.3% were persons aged 55 years and over. The median age of persons was 55 years, compared with 37 years for all of Australia. 75.7% stated they were born in Australia. Other places of birth included were: England 6.6%, New Zealand 4.0%, Germany 0.9%, Netherlands 0.8% and Scotland 0.8%. The median weekly household income was $609, compared with $1,027 for all of Australia.

Cultural references

In 2004 a reality television series called The Hot House that aired on Network Ten was filmed on Bribie Island. The show entailed 14 couples building a house together knowing that only one couple would win the house and a number of prizes, including a boat, which came with it. On the final night of filming locals were given free tickets to enter the area which had been fenced off for filming.

In popular fiction

Fictional books that are set wholly or partly on Bribie Island include The Enigmatic Mr Phelps, by Canada-based English international crime writer David B. Green, was partly set in Banksia Beach during the winter of 2004. It includes many references to the island and the surrounding area. Part two of the two-part novel, Berlin by Christmas, features an opening chapter based entirely on the island. The fictional character of "Phelps" is often confused with the real life of the author.

See also

• List of islands of Queensland
• Bribie Island Seaside Museum

References

1. ^ "Bribie Island - Queensland - Australia: Travel". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 February 2004. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
2. ^ Hema Maps (1997). Discover Australia's National Parks. Milsons Point, New South Wales: Random House Australia. p. 193. ISBN 1-875992-47-2.
3. ^ "Bribie Island". queenslandholidays.com.au. Tourism Queensland. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
4. "Bribie Island's Wildlife". Retrieved 31 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
5. "Bribie Island Swarm 14/09/2012". Retrieved 31 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
6. "Bellara (Bribie Island) swarm shake". Retrieved 31 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
7. ^ Tutt, Stan (editor), From Spear & Musket 1879-1979, Caboolture Centenary, Stories of the area once controlled by the Caboolture Divisional Board, published by Caboolture Shire Council (now Moreton Bay Regional Council
8. Joondaburrie lifestyle, permanent display, Bribie Island Seaside Museum, 2010, Moreton Bay Regional Council
9. John St Pierre in Royal Historical Society of Queensland, John Kerr (editor), 2001, Flinders in Moreton Bay: A Bicentenary Review 1799-1999, Royal Historical Society of Queensland, Queensland.
10. Voyage to Terra Australis Vol 1 - Matthew Flinders - 1814
11. ^ Bribie Island Second World War Fortifications, Queensland Heritage Register, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Queensland Government, |Queensland cultural heritage, place detail
12. ^ Dr. Richard Walding, Research Fellow, Griffith University in Fort Bribie and Fort Bribie History
13. Groves, John Frederick. & Groves, Janice. 2007, Digging deeper into North Bribie Island during World War II / John and Janice Groves John and Janice Groves, Caloundra, Qld.
14. |Fact sheet 195 – The bombing of Darwin
15. ^ http://www.publicworks.qld.gov.au/sites/qldwwiiplaces/pages/Places.aspx?PlaceCode=QWWIIHP-135%7CQueensland WWII Historic Places, Queensland Government
16. http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsJapConquests.htm%7CNaval-History.Net
17. http://www.naa.gov.au/about-us/publications/fact-sheets/fs234.aspx%7CFact sheet 234 – United States forces in Queensland, 1941–45
18. Paul Hasluck, The government and the people, Australia in the war of 1939-1945, vol.II (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1970) in Australian War Memorial Encyclopedia, http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/homefront/brisbane_line.asp
19. Outram, Warwick. 2008, Bribie Island memories: Warwick Outram,
20. http://www.ozatwar.com/ozatwar/brisbaneline.htm%7COzAtWar
21. "Bribie Island State School: History". Department of Education and Training. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
22. National Regional Profile: Bribie Island (Statistical Local Area)

External links

• ourbribie.com.au - Lifestyle, News & Tourism Website
• Statistical information
• University of Queensland: Queensland Places: Bribie Island
• Video: A walk on Bribie Island A digital story by David Crane created as part of the Queensland Stories project, State Library of Queensland.

27°00′S 153°07′E / 27.000°S 153.117°E / -27.000; 153.117

• Use dmy dates from October 2010
• Islands of Queensland
• South East Queensland