Revision as of 23:17, 12 May 2013 editMrm7171 (talk | contribs)4,328 editsmNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 23:18, 12 May 2013 edit undoMrm7171 (talk | contribs)4,328 editsNo edit summaryNext edit → | ||
Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
OHP researchers and practitioners are concerned with a variety of psychosocial workplace characteristics that are related to physical and ] problems. Examples of psychosocial workplace characteristics that OHP research has linked to health outcomes include decision latitude and psychological workload,<ref name = "karasek 1979">Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. ''Administrative Science Quarterly, 24'', 285-307.</ref> the balance between a worker's efforts and the rewards (e.g., pay, recognition, status, prospects for a promotion, etc.) received for his or her work,<ref>Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high effort-low reward conditions at work. ''Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1'', 27-43.</ref> and the extent to which supervisors<ref>Moyle, P. (1998). '''Three professional organizations''' closely linked to OHP are the ] (SOHP), the ] (EA-OHP), and the ]'s scientific committee on Work Organisation and Psychosocial Factors (ICOH-WOPS). Two important OHP journals are the '']'' (''JOHP'') and '']'' (''W & S''). The journals are associated with the two OHP organizations (''JOHP'' with SOHP; ''W & S'' with EA-0HP). | OHP researchers and practitioners are concerned with a variety of psychosocial workplace characteristics that are related to physical and ] problems. Examples of psychosocial workplace characteristics that OHP research has linked to health outcomes include decision latitude and psychological workload,<ref name = "karasek 1979">Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. ''Administrative Science Quarterly, 24'', 285-307.</ref> the balance between a worker's efforts and the rewards (e.g., pay, recognition, status, prospects for a promotion, etc.) received for his or her work,<ref>Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high effort-low reward conditions at work. ''Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1'', 27-43.</ref> and the extent to which supervisors<ref>Moyle, P. (1998). '''Three professional organizations''' closely linked to OHP are the ] (SOHP), the ] (EA-OHP), and the ]'s scientific committee on Work Organisation and Psychosocial Factors (ICOH-WOPS). Two important OHP journals are the '']'' (''JOHP'') and '']'' (''W & S''). The journals are associated with the two OHP organizations (''JOHP'' with SOHP; ''W & S'' with EA-0HP). | ||
In addition to ''JOHP'' and ''W & S'', OHP researchers and practitioners consult and publish in a variety of other periodicals. These include, but are not limited to, '']'', the '']'', the '']'', the '']'', the '']'', the '']'' (originally published as the ''Journal of Occupational Psychology''), the '']'', '']'', '']'', the '']'', '']'', the '']'' (originally published as the ''Journal of Occupational Medicine''), '']'', and '']''. The variety of journals OHP researchers and practitioners consult and publish in indicates that OHP is a subfield of psychology that reaches across disciplinary boundaries. | |||
Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
''Principles of Scientific Management''. Norwood, MA: The Plimpton Press.</ref> and ] research in the late 1920s and early 1930s on workers at the ]<ref>Mayo, E. (1933) ''The human problems of an industrial civilization''. New York: MacMillan.</ref> helped to inject work and its impact on workers into the subject matter psychology addresses. ], ], and Ziesel's (1971/1932) pioneering research on the impact of unemployment on a small Austrian community<ref>Jahoda, M., Lazarsfeld, P.F., & Ziesel, H. (1971/1932). ''Marienthal: The sociography of an unemployed community'' . Chicago: Aldine.</ref> also contributed to the development of OHP. | ''Principles of Scientific Management''. Norwood, MA: The Plimpton Press.</ref> and ] research in the late 1920s and early 1930s on workers at the ]<ref>Mayo, E. (1933) ''The human problems of an industrial civilization''. New York: MacMillan.</ref> helped to inject work and its impact on workers into the subject matter psychology addresses. ], ], and Ziesel's (1971/1932) pioneering research on the impact of unemployment on a small Austrian community<ref>Jahoda, M., Lazarsfeld, P.F., & Ziesel, H. (1971/1932). ''Marienthal: The sociography of an unemployed community'' . Chicago: Aldine.</ref> also contributed to the development of OHP. | ||
'''From the years after World War II to the 1970s'''. The creation in 1948 of the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at the ] was an important stimulus to research on work and health because of the institute's interdisciplinary character. Many psychological and sociological studies of work were initiated by researchers at the ISR.<ref>Quinn, R.P. et al. (1971). ''Survey of working conditions: Final report on univariate and bivariate tables, Document No. 2916-0001''. Groundbreaking research by Kasl and Cobb (1971), which documented the impact of unemployment on blood pressure,<ref name="Kasl and Cobb">Kasl, S. V., & Cobb, S. (1970). Blood pressure changes in men undergoing job loss: A preliminary report. ''Psychosomatic Medicine, 32'', 19-38.</ref> influenced the emergence of OHP in at least two respects. First, Kasl and Cobb's study showed that a work-related psychosocial stressor can affect a physical condition. Second, the study demonstrated that rigorous methods can be applied to research on the impact of psychosocial work factors on an aspect of health. | |||
'''From the 1980s to the present'''. In 1986, the term ''occupational health psychology'' first appeared in print when George Everly, Jr. used the expression in a book chapter<ref name="Everly 1986" /> devoted to integrating the fields of occupational health and psychology (in his original paper, Everly advocated for psychologists' role in health promotion in the workplace; although OHP includes health promotion, the field is much broader). The field of OHP advanced when the journal '']'' was founded in 1987.<ref>Cox, T., Taris, T., & Tisserand, M. (2009). Across the pond: The journal ''Work and Stress''. ''Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology'', 6, 17. </ref> In 1990, Raymond, Wood, and Patrick, in a watershed article published in the '']'', articulated the idea that a goal for psychology should be to create healthy workplaces.<ref>Raymond, J., Wood, D., & Patrick, W. (1990). Psychology training in work and health. ''American Psychologist, 45'', 1159-1161.</ref> In 1990, the ] (APA) and the ] (NIOSH) jointly organized the first international Work, Stress, and Health conference in Washington, DC. | '''From the 1980s to the present'''. In 1986, the term ''occupational health psychology'' first appeared in print when George Everly, Jr. used the expression in a book chapter<ref name="Everly 1986" /> devoted to integrating the fields of occupational health and psychology (in his original paper, Everly advocated for psychologists' role in health promotion in the workplace; although OHP includes health promotion, the field is much broader). The field of OHP advanced when the journal '']'' was founded in 1987.<ref>Cox, T., Taris, T., & Tisserand, M. (2009). Across the pond: The journal ''Work and Stress''. ''Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology'', 6, 17. </ref> In 1990, Raymond, Wood, and Patrick, in a watershed article published in the '']'', articulated the idea that a goal for psychology should be to create healthy workplaces.<ref>Raymond, J., Wood, D., & Patrick, W. (1990). Psychology training in work and health. ''American Psychologist, 45'', 1159-1161.</ref> In 1990, the ] (APA) and the ] (NIOSH) jointly organized the first international Work, Stress, and Health conference in Washington, DC. |
Revision as of 23:18, 12 May 2013
OHP researchers and practitioners are concerned with a variety of psychosocial workplace characteristics that are related to physical and mental health problems. Examples of psychosocial workplace characteristics that OHP research has linked to health outcomes include decision latitude and psychological workload, the balance between a worker's efforts and the rewards (e.g., pay, recognition, status, prospects for a promotion, etc.) received for his or her work, and the extent to which supervisors and Mayo’s research in the late 1920s and early 1930s on workers at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant helped to inject work and its impact on workers into the subject matter psychology addresses. Jahoda, Lazarsfeld, and Ziesel's (1971/1932) pioneering research on the impact of unemployment on a small Austrian community also contributed to the development of OHP.
From the 1980s to the present. In 1986, the term occupational health psychology first appeared in print when George Everly, Jr. used the expression in a book chapter devoted to integrating the fields of occupational health and psychology (in his original paper, Everly advocated for psychologists' role in health promotion in the workplace; although OHP includes health promotion, the field is much broader). The field of OHP advanced when the journal Work & Stress was founded in 1987. In 1990, Raymond, Wood, and Patrick, in a watershed article published in the American Psychologist, articulated the idea that a goal for psychology should be to create healthy workplaces. In 1990, the American Psychological Association (APA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) jointly organized the first international Work, Stress, and Health conference in Washington, DC.
In 1996, the International Commission on Occupational Health created its scientific committee on Work Organisation and Psychosocial Factors. In 1998, ICOH-WOPS organized its first international conference in Copenhagen. The second conference was held in Okayama, Japan in 2005, after which ICOH-WOPS adopted a two- to three-year cycle for its conference schedule. In 1999, the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology (EA-OHP) was established. The EA-OHP initiated its own series of international conferences on the psychological aspects of work and health. In 2005, the Society for Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP) was founded in the United States. Work & Stress became associated with the EA-OHP. The JOHP became associated with the SOHP although it is still published by APA. In 2008, SOHP became a full partner with APA and NIOSH in organizing the, by then, biennial Work, Stress, and Health conferences. Also in 2008, the EA-OHP and the SOHP began to coordinate activities (e.g., conference schedules).
For more details on the historical development of OHP, see Barling and Griffiths's (2010) fine overview of the history of the discipline.
Avenues of OHP research
Research methods
Before examining some of the main avenues of occupational health psychology research, it should be noted that occupational health psychologists commonly employ a number of different research methods.
Standard research designs. Like researchers in many branches of psychology, OHP investigators employ cross-sectional designs. Cross-sectional studies are often the first to show that a workplace factor and a dimension of health covary; such studies, however, cannot establish the presence of a cause-effect relation. Although less common in OHP research, some OHP investigators employ case-control designs. OHP researchers underline the value of longitudinal designs (and a type of longitudinal design known as a prospective study), research designs that can be helpful in examining the temporal relation between a workplace stressor and health or well-being. OHP investigators have also become interested in a relatively new kind of longitudinal design, the diary study, with its comparatively short duration. In a diary study workers contribute data on work events every day over consecutive days or, as in some studies, multiple times in a day as the events occur over successive days. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs are found in OHP-related intervention research although quasi-experimental designs are more common.
Statistical methods. Statistical methods applied to the above research designs include correlation, multiple linear regression (MLR), and the analysis of variance. OHP researchers use logistic regression when the outcome variables they study are binary in nature (e.g., disease endpoints, the presence of severe musculoskeletal pain). Other methods that are commonly employed by OHP researchers include structural equation modeling and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM; also known as multilevel modeling). Compared to traditional statistical methods such as MLR and the analysis of variance, HLM is particularly helpful in research on the impact of psychosocial workplace factors on health outcomes because HLM can better accommodate similarities among employees found within the same economic units. In comparison to MLR and repeated measures analyses of variance, HLM is especially well suited to longitudinal research in which investigators, employing three or more waves of data collection, evaluate the lagged impact of work stressors on health outcomes; in this research context HLM can help minimize censoring (e.g., the loss of workers from analyses because they participated in some but not all of a study's data-collection periods). Given its applications in longitudinal research, HLM is an important analytic tool in OHP diary studies because such studies require multiple data collection points, albeit over a relatively short time span. Finally, OHP researchers will employ meta-analyses to aggregate data from well-designed studies in order to estimate the average size of effects of factors such as job insecurity on outcomes such as depression or distress in workers.
Qualitative research methods. Although rarer than the methods described above, OHP investigators have also employed qualitative research methods. These include interviews that allow the worker to describe one or more stressful work experiences, the ways the worker and his/her coworkers managed or coped with a job stressor, and the psychological aftermath of a stressful event at work; workers' unconstrained self-reported, written descriptions of stressful incidents at work; focus groups in which small groups of workers are interviewed about their work lives; first-hand observation of workers on the job without the investigator obtaining the job targeted for study; and participant observation, research in which an investigator obtains the job targeted for study, and describes the work "from the inside."
Job stress and cardiovascular disease
A number of well-known factors are related to increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). These risk factors include smoking, obesity, low density lipoprotein (the "bad" cholesterol), lack of exercise, and blood pressure, among others. Using two large U.S. data sets, Murphy (1991) found that hazardous work situations, jobs that required vigilance and responsibility for others, and work that required attention to devices were related to increased risk for cardiovascular disability.Cite error: A <ref>
tag is missing the closing </ref>
(see the help page). Fredikson, Sundin, and Frankenhaeuser (1985) found that job strain was related to increased activity in the sympathoadrenomedullary and adrenocortical axes. Belkić et al. (2000) found that many of the 30 studies mentioned above indicated that decision latitude and psychological workload exerted independent effects on CVD; two studies found synergistic effects, consistent with the strictest version of the strain model. A review of 17 longitudinal studies having reasonably high internal validity found that 8 showed a significant relation between job strain and CVD and 3 more showed a nonsignificant relation. The findings, however, were clearer for men than for women, on whom data were more sparse.
Effort-reward imbalance and CVD. An alternative model of job stress is the effort-reward imbalance model. That model holds that high work-related effort coupled with low control over job-related intrinsic (e.g., recognition) and extrinsic (e.g., pay) rewards triggers high levels of activation in neurohormonal pathways that, cumulatively, are thought to exert adverse effects on cardiovascular health. At least five studies of men have linked effort-reward imbalance with CVD.
Adverse working conditions and economic insecurity linked to psychological distress and reduced job satisfaction
What is meant by psychological distress. A number of well-designed longitudinal studies have adduced evidence for the view that adverse working conditions contribute to the development of psychological distress. Before turning to those studies, the reader should note that psychological distress refers to feelings of demoralization that are aversive to people, and often drive them to seek professional help, without the individuals necessarily meeting criteria for a psychiatric disorder. Psychological distress is often expressed in affective (depressive) symptoms, psychophysical or psychosomatic symptoms (e.g., headaches, stomachaches, etc.), and anxiety symptoms. The relation of adverse working conditions to psychological distress is thus an important avenue of research. Job satisfaction is included in this section because it is a key variable in a great deal of research on organizations and is related to a host of health outcomes.
Working conditions and psychological distress. Parkes (1982) conducted one of the methodologically soundest studies of the relation of working conditions to psychological distress in British student nurses. She found that in this "natural experiment," student nurses experienced higher levels of distress and lower levels of job satisfaction in medical wards than in surgical wards; compared to surgical wards, medical wards make greater affective demands on the nurses. In another methodologically sound study, Frese (1985) showed that objective working conditions give rise to subjective stress and psychosomatic symptoms in blue collar German workers. In addition to the above studies, a number of other well-controlled longitudinal studies have implicated work stressors in the development of psychological distress and reduced job satisfaction.
Economic insecurity and psychological distress. There is increasing interest in the OHP community in (a) understanding the impact of the latest economic crisis on individuals' physical and mental health and well-being and (b) calling attention to personal and organizational means for ameliorating the impact of the crisis. Mounting evidence indicates that persistent job insecurity, even in the absence of job loss, is related to higher levels of depressive symptoms, i.e., psychological distress, as well as worse overall health.
Work and mental disorder
Schizophrenia
Main article: SchizophreniaIn a case-control study, Link, Dohrenwend, and Skodol found that, compared to depressed and well control subjects, schizophrenic patients were more likely to have had jobs, prior to their first episode of the disorder, that exposed them to “noisesome” work characteristics (e.g., noise, humidity, heat, cold, etc.). The jobs tended to be of higher status than other blue collar jobs, suggesting that downward drift in already-affected individuals does not account for the finding. One explanation involving a diathesis-stress model suggests that the job-related stressors helped precipitate the first episode in already-vulnerable individuals. There is some support for the finding from data collected in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study.
Depression
Main article: Major depressive disorderUsing data from the ECA study, Eaton, Anthony, Mandel, and Garrison (1990) found that members of three occupational groups, lawyers, secretaries, and special education teachers (but not other types of teachers), showed elevated rates of DSM-III major depression, adjusting for social demographic factors. The ECA study involved representative samples of American adults from five U.S. geographical areas, providing relatively unbiased estimates of the risk of mental disorder by occupation; however, because the data were cross-sectional, no conclusions bearing on cause-and-effect relations are warranted. Evidence from a Canadian prospective study indicated that individuals in the highest quartile of occupational stress are at increased risk for an episode of major depression. A meta-analysis that pooled the results of 11 well-designed longitudinal studies indicated that a number of facets of the psychosocial work environment (e.g., low decision latitude, high psychological workload, lack of social support at work, effort-reward imbalance, and job insecurity) increase the risk of common mental disorders such as depression.
Alcohol abuse
Main article: Alcohol abuseAnother study based on cross-sectional ECA data found high rates of alcohol abuse and dependence in the construction and transportation industries as well as among waiters and waitresses, controlling for sociodemographic factors. Within the transportation sector, heavy truck drivers and material movers were at especially high risk. A prospective study of ECA subjects who were followed one year after the initial interviews provided data on newly incident cases of alcohol abuse and dependence. This study found that workers in jobs that combined low control with high physical demands were at increased risk of developing alcohol problems although the findings were confined to men.
Personality disorders
Main article: Personality disorders § Occupational functioningDepending on the diagnosis, severity and individual, and the job itself, personality disorders can be associated with difficulty coping with work or the workplace, potentially leading to problems with others by interfering with interpersonal relationships. Indirect effects also play a role; for example, impaired educational progress or complications outside of work, such as substance abuse and co-morbid mental diseases, can plague sufferers. However, personality disorders can also bring about above-average work abilities by increasing competitive drive or causing the sufferer to exploit his or her co-workers.
Workplace interventions
Industrial organizations
OHP interventions often concern both the health of the individual and the health of the organization. Adkins (1999) described the development of one such intervention, an organizational health center (OHC) at a California industrial complex. The OHC helped to improve both organizational and individual health as well as help workers manage job stress. Innovations included labor-management partnerships, suicide risk reduction (there had previously been elevated suicide risk at the complex), conflict mediation, and occupational mental health support. OHC practitioners also coordinated their services with previously underutilized local community services in the same city, thus reducing redundancy in service delivery.
Hugentobler, Israel, and Schurman (1992) detailed a different, multi-layered intervention in a mid-sized Michigan manufacturing plant. The hub of the intervention was the Stress and Wellness Committee (SWC) which solicited ideas from workers on ways to improve both their well-being and productivity. Innovations the SWC developed included improvements that ensured two-way communication between workers and management and reduction in stress resulting from diminished conflict over issues of quantity versus quality. Both the interventions described by Adkins and Hugentobler et al. had a positive impact on productivity.
NIOSH-related interventions. Currently there are efforts under way at NIOSH to help reduce the incidence of preventable disorders (e.g., sleep apnea) among heavy-truck and tractor-trailer drivers and, concomitantly, the life-threatening accidents to which the disorders lead, improve the health and safety of workers who are assigned to shift work or who work long hours, and reduce the incidence of falls among iron workers.
Military and first responders
OHP has played a role in interventions employed in very difficult work-related circumstances. The Mental Health Advisory Teams of the United States Army employ OHP-related interventions with combat troops. OHP also has a role to play in interventions aimed at helping first responders.
Modestly scaled interventions
Schmitt (2007) described three different highly focused and modestly scaled, successful OHP interventions that helped workers abstain from smoking, exercise more frequently, and shed weight. Other, even less expensive, yet successful OHP interventions include a campaign to improve the rates of hand washing, an effort to get workers to walk more often, and a drive to get employees to be more compliant with regard to taking prescribed medicines. The interventions tended reduce organization health-care costs.
Workplace incivility
Main article: Workplace incivilityWorkplace incivility has been defined as "low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target....Uncivil behaviors are characteristically rude and discourteous, displaying a lack of regard for others" (p. 457) Incivility is distinct from violence. Examples of workplace incivility include insulting comments, denigration of the target's work, spreading false rumors, social isolation, etc. A summary of research conducted in Europe suggests that workplace incivility is common there. In research on more than 1000 U. S. civil service workers, Cortina, Magley, Williams, and Langhout (2001) found that more than 70% of the sample experienced workplace incivility in the past five years. Compared to men, women were more exposed to incivility; incivility was associated with psychological distress and reduced job satisfaction. The reduction of workplace incivility is a fertile area for further OHP research.
Workplace violence
Main article: Workplace violenceHomicide. OHP is also concerned with work-related violence. According to figures from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 1996 there were 927 work-associated homicides, in a labor force that numbered approximately 132,616,000. The rate works out to be about 7 homicides per million workers for the one year. Although one work-related homicide is too many, work-related homicide is relatively rare.
Assault. Workplace assault is much more prevalent. Assaultive behavior in the workplace often produces injury, psychological distress, and economic loss. One study of California workers found a rate of 72.9 non-fatal, officially documented assaults per 100,000 workers per year, with workers in the education, retail, and health care sectors subject to excess risk. A Minnesota workers' compensation study found that women workers had a twofold higher risk than men, and health and social service workers, transit workers, and members of the education sector were at high risk compared to workers in other economic sectors. A West Virginia workers' compensation study found that workers in the health care sector and, to a lesser extent, the education sector were at elevated risk for assault-related injury. Another workers' compensation study found that excessively high rates of assault-related injury in schools, healthcare, and, to a lesser extent, banking. In addition to the physical injury that results from being a victim of workplace violence, individuals who witness such violence without being directly victimized are at increased risk for experiencing adverse effects, as found in a study of Los Angeles teachers.
Curbing or preventing workplace violence. Although the dimensions of the problem of workplace violence vary by economic sector, one sector, education, has had some limited success in introducing programmatic, psychologically-based efforts to reduce the level of violence. OHP research suggests that there continue to be difficulties in successfully "screening out applicants who may be prone to engaging in aggressive behavior," suggesting that anti-aggression training of existing employees may be an alternative to screening. There have not, however, been enough rigorously evaluated studies of the effectiveness of training programs aimed at reducing workplace violence. The curtailing of job-related violence is an important area needing further OHP research.
See also
3References
- Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285-307.
- Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high effort-low reward conditions at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 27-43.
- Moyle, P. (1998). Three professional organizations closely linked to OHP are the Society for Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP), the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology (EA-OHP), and the International Commission on Occupational Health's scientific committee on Work Organisation and Psychosocial Factors (ICOH-WOPS). Two important OHP journals are the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (JOHP) and Work & Stress (W & S). The journals are associated with the two OHP organizations (JOHP with SOHP; W & S with EA-0HP).
In addition to JOHP and W & S, OHP researchers and practitioners consult and publish in a variety of other periodicals. These include, but are not limited to, Social Science & Medicine, the Journal of Applied Psychology, the Journal of Organizational Behavior, the Journal of Health and Social Behavior, the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (originally published as the Journal of Occupational Psychology), the American Journal of Public Health, Organizational Research Methods, Occupational Medicine, the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Psychosomatic Medicine, the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (originally published as the Journal of Occupational Medicine), Occupational and Environmental Medicine, and Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. The variety of journals OHP researchers and practitioners consult and publish in indicates that OHP is a subfield of psychology that reaches across disciplinary boundaries.
Historical overview
Principles of Scientific Management. Norwood, MA: The Plimpton Press.
- Mayo, E. (1933) The human problems of an industrial civilization. New York: MacMillan.
- Jahoda, M., Lazarsfeld, P.F., & Ziesel, H. (1971/1932). Marienthal: The sociography of an unemployed community . Chicago: Aldine.
- Cite error: The named reference
Everly 1986
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - Cox, T., Taris, T., & Tisserand, M. (2009). Across the pond: The journal Work and Stress. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 17.
- Raymond, J., Wood, D., & Patrick, W. (1990). Psychology training in work and health. American Psychologist, 45, 1159-1161.
- The Second International Conference on Psychosocial Factors at Work (2005).
- Houdmont, J. (2009). Across the pond: A history of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology. Newsletter of the Society of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 4-5.
- Hammer, L. B., & Schonfeld, I. S. (2007). The historical development of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP). Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 2.
- Schonfeld, I. S., & Houdmont, J. (2008). EA-OHP summit meeting. The Occupational Health Psychologist, 5, 4-5.
- Barnes-Farrell, J. (2009). Meeting of the International Coordinating Group for Occupational Health Psychology (ICG-OHP). Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 14.
- Barling, J., & Griffiths, A. (2010). A history of occupational health psychology. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology, 2nd ed. (pp. 21-34). Washington, DC: APA Books.
- Warren, N., Dillon, C., Morse, T., Hall, C., & Warren, A. (2000). Biomechanical, psychosocial, and organizational risk factors for WRMSD: Population-based estimates from the Connecticut Upper-extremity Surveillance Project (CUSP). Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 164-181.
- ^ Stansfeld, S., & Candy, B. (2006). Psychosocial work environment and mental health--a meta-analytic review. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32 (special issue 6), 443-462.
- Clarkson, G.P., & Hodgkinson, G.P. (2007). What can occupational stress diaries achieve that questionnaires can’t? Personnel Review, 5, 684-700.
- Flaxman, P.E., & Bond, F.W. (2010). Worksite stress management training: Moderated effects and clinical significance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15, 347-358.
- Bond, F.W., & Bunce, D. (2001). Job control mediates change in a work reorganization intervention for stress reduction. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 290-302.
- Taris,T. W., de Lange, A. H., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2010). Research methods in occupational health psychology. In S. Leka & J. Houdmont (Eds.), Occupational health psychology. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Hayduk, L.A. (1987). Structural equations modeling with lisrel. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2001). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Schonfeld, I.S., & Rindskopf, D. (2007). Hierarchical linear modeling in organizational research: Longitudinal data outside the context of growth modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 18, 417-429.
- O'Driscoll, M. P., & Cooper, C. L. (1994). Coping with work-related stress: A critique of existing measures and proposal for an alternative methodology. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 343-354.
- Dewe, P. J. (1989). Examining the nature of work stress: Individual evaluations of stressful experiences and coping. Human Relations, 42, 993-1013.
- Keenan, A., & Newton, T. J. (1985). Stressful events, stressors and psychological strains in young professional engineers. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 6, 151-156.
- Kidd, P., Scharf, T., & Veazie, M. (1996) Linking stress and injury in the farming environment: A secondary analysis. Health Education Quarterly, 23, 224-237.
- Kainan, A. (1994). Staffroom grumblings as expressed teachers' vocation. Teaching and Teachers Education, 10, 281-290.
- Palmer, C. E. (1983). A note about paramedics' strategies for dealing with death and dying. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 56, 83-86.
- Fredrikson M., Sundin O., & Frankenhaeuser M. (1985). Cortisol excretion during the defence reaction in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47, 313-319.
- Belkić, K., et al. (2000). Psychosocial factors: Review of the empirical data among men. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 15, 24-46.
- Hallqvist, J., et al. (1998). Is the effect of job strain on myocardial infarction due to interaction between high psychological demands and low decision latitude? Results from Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP). Social Science and Medicine, 46,1405-1415.
- Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1988). Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1336-1342.
- Belkic, K. L., Landsbergis, P. A., Schnall, P. L., & Baker, D. (2004). Is job strain a source of major cardiovascular risk? Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health, 3085-128.
- Siegrist, J., & Peter, R. (1994). Job stressors and coping characteristics in work-related disease: Issues of validity. Work & Stress, 8, 130-140.
- Landsbergis, P., et al. (2003). The workplace and cardiovascular disease: Relevance and potential role for occupational health psychology. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 265-287). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Dohrenwend, B. P., Shrout, P. E., Egri, G., & Mendelsohn, F. S. (1980). Nonspecific psychological distress and other dimensions of psychopathology: Measures for use in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1229-1236.
- Frank, J. D. (1973). Persuasion and healing. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
- Greenberg, E. S., & Grunberg, L. (1995). Work alienation and problem alcohol behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 83-102.
- House, J. S. (1974). Occupational stress and coronary heart disease: A review and theoretical integration. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 15, 12-27.
- Parkes, K. R. (1982). Occupational stress among student nurses: A natural experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 784-796.
- Frese, M. (1985). Stress at work and psychosomatic complaints: A causal interpretation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 314-328.
- Carayon, P. (1992). A longitudinal study of job design and worker strain: Preliminary results. In J.C. Quick, L.R. Murphy, and J.J. Hurrell, Jr. (Eds.), Work and well-being: Assessments and instruments for occupational mental health (pp. 19-32). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Dormann, C., & Zapf, D. (2002). Social stressors at work, irritation, and depressive symptoms: Accounting for unmeasured third variables in a multi-wave study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 33-58.
- Paterniti, S., Niedhammer, I., Lang, T., & Consoli, S. M. (2002). Psychosocial factors at work, personality traits and depressive symptoms: Longitudinal results from the GAZEL study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 111-117.
- Schonfeld, I.S. (2001). Stress in 1st-year women teachers: The context of social support and coping. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 127, 133-168.
- Probst, T. M., & Sears, L. E. (2009). Stress during the financial crisis. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 3-4.
- Burgard, S.A., Brand, J.E., & House, J.S. (2009). Perceived job insecurity and worker health in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 777-785.
- Link, B. G., Dohrenwend, B. P., & Skodol, A. E. (1986). Socio-economic status and schizophrenia: Noisome occupational characteristics as a risk factor. American Sociological Review, 51, 242-258.
- Muntaner, C., Tien, A. Y., Eaton, W. W., & Garrison R. (1991). Occupational characteristics and the occurrence of psychotic disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 26, 273-280.
- Eaton, W. W., Anthony, J.C., Mandel, W., & Garrison, R. (1990). Occupations and the prevalence of major depressive disorder. Journal Of Occupational Medicine, 32, 1079-1087.
- Wang J. (2005). Work stress as a risk factor for major depressive episode(s). Psychological Medicine, 35, 865-871.
- Mandell W., Eaton, W. W., Anthony, J. C., & Garrison, R. (1992). Alcoholism and occupations: a review and analysis of 104 occupations. Alcoholism, Clinical And Experimental Research, 16, 734-746.
- Crum, R. M., Muntaner. C., Eaton. W. W., & Anthony. J. C. (1995). Occupational stress and the risk of alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 647-655.
- Ettner, Susan L. 2011. "Personality Disorders and Work." In Work Accommodation and Retention in Mental Health, Chapter 9
- Ettner, Susan L. (1 January 2011). "Does Having a Dysfunctional Personality Hurt Your Career? Axis II Personality Disorders and Labor Market Outcomes". Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society. 50 (1): 149–173. doi:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2010.00629.x.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Adkins, J. A. (1999). Promoting organizational health: The evolving practice of occupational health psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 129 137.
- Hugentobler, M. K., Israel, B. A., & Schurman, S. J. (1992). An action research approach to workplace health: Integrating methods. Health Education Quarterly, 19, 55-76.
- Hitchcock, E. (2008). NIOSH OHP activities. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 10.
- Caruso, C. (2009). NIOSH OHP activities: Training products for workers who are assigned to shift work or work long work hours. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 16-17.
- Scharf, T., Hunt, J., III, McCann, M., Pierson, R., Migliaccio, F., Limanowski, J., et al. (2010). Hazard recognition for ironworkers: Preventing falls and close calls. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 8-9.
- Thomas, J. L. (2008). OHP Research and Practice in the US Army: Mental Health Advisory Teams. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 4-5.
- Genderson, M.R., Schonfeld, I.S., Kaplan, M.S., & Lyons, M.J. (2009).Suicide associated with military service. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 5-7.
- Katz, C. (2008). Mental health of 9/11 responders. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 2-3.
- Arnetz, B. (2009). Low-intensity stress in high-stress professionals. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 6-7.
- Schmitt, L. (2007). OHP interventions: Wellness programs. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 4-5.
- Schmitt, L. (2008). OHP interventions: Wellness programs (Part 2). Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 6-7.
- Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24, 452-471.
- ^ Cortina, L. M., Magley, V., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 64 80.
- Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2004). 1992-2001 Census of fatal occupational injuries (CFOI) Revised data. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2004). Civilian labor force (seasonally adjusted)(LNS11000000). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- Peek Asa, C., Howard, J., Vargas, L., Kraus, J. F. (1997). Incidence of non-fatal workplace assault injuries determined from employer's reports in California. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 39, 44-50.
- LaMar W. J., Gerberich, S. G., Lohman, W. H., Zaidman, B. (1998). Work-related physical assault. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 40, 317-324.
- Islam, S. S., Edla, S. R., Mujuru, P., Doyle, E. .J., & Ducatman, A. M. (2003). Risk factors for physical assault. State managed workers' compensation experience. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25, 31-37.
- Hashemi, L., & Webster, B. S. (1998). Non-fatal workplace violence workers' compensation claims (1993 1996). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 40, 561-567.
- Bloch, A. M. (1978). Combat neurosis in inner-city schools. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 1189–1192.
- Schonfeld, I.S. (2006). School violence. In E.K. Kelloway, J. Barling, & J.J. Hurrell, Jr. (Eds). Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 169-229). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Day, A. L, & Catano, V. M. (2006) Screening and selecting out violent employees. In E.K. Kelloway, J. Barling, & J.J. Hurrell, Jr. (Eds). Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 549-577). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Schat, A. C. H., & Kelloway, E. K. (2006). Training as a workplace aggression intervention strategy. In E.K. Kelloway, J. Barling, & J.J. Hurrell, Jr. (Eds). Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 579-605). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Further reading
- Cohen, A., & Margolis, B. (1973). Initial psychological research related to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. American Psychologist, 28, 600-606.
- de Lange, A. H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M. A. J., Houtman, I. L. D., & Bongers, P. M. (2003). “The very best of the millennium”: Longitudinal research and the Demand-Control-(Support) Model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 282–305.
- Everly, G. S., Jr. (1986). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In P. A. Keller & L. G. Ritt (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: A source book, Vol. 5 (pp. 331–338). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
- Frese, M. (1985). Stress at work and psychosomatic complaints: A causal interpretation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 314-328.
- Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285-307.
- Kasl, S. V. (1978). Epidemiological contributions to the study of work stress. In C. L. Cooper & R. L. Payne (Eds.), Stress at work (pp. 3–38). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
- Kasl, S. V., & Cobb, S. (1970). Blood pressure changes in men undergoing job loss: A preliminary report. Psychosomatic Medicine, 32, 19-38.
- Kelloway, E.K., Barling, J., & Hurrell, J.J., Jr. (Eds.) (2006). Handbook of workplace violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Leka, S., & Houdmont, J. (Eds.)(2010). Occupational health psychology. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Parkes, K. R. (1982). Occupational stress among student nurses: A natural experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 784-796.
- Quick, J.C., Murphy,L.R., & Hurrell, J.J., Jr. (Eds.) (1992). Work and well-being: Assessments and instruments for occupational mental health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Quick, J. C., & Tetrick, L. E. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of occupational health psychology (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Raymond, J., Wood, D., & Patrick, W. (1990). Psychology training in work and health. American Psychologist, 45, 1159-1161.
- Sauter, S.L., & Murphy, L.R. (Eds.) (1995). Organizational risk factors for job stress. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high effort-low reward conditions at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 27-43.
- Zapf, D., Dormann, C., & Frese, M. (1996). Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: A review of the literature with reference to methodological issues. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 145-169.
External links
- American Psychological Association's Public Interest Directorate
- European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
- Health 4 Work Advice Line - UK
- Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
- National Institute of Occupational Health - Norway
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment - Denmark
- NIOSH Occupational Health Psychology Site
- Society for Occupational Health Psychology
- Work & Stress
- Work, Stress and Health 2013: Protecting and Promoting Total Worker Health
- Doctoral programs in I/O Psychology, Health Psychology, Applied Psychology, and other subfields (with units in Occupational Health Psychology)
Universities in the U. S.
- Bowling Green State University
- Clemson University ; also see pages 5–6 of volume 8 of the Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology
- Colorado State University ; also see pages 5–6 of volume 4 of the Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology
- Kansas State University ; also see pages 5–6 of volume 9 of the Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology
- Portland State University; also see pages 8–10 of volume 5 of the Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology
- University of Connecticut ; also see pages 8–10 of volume 6 of the Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology
- University of Houston ; also see pages 10–11 of volume 7 of the Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology
- University of South Florida; also see page 5 of volume 3 of the Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology
- University of Texas at Austin
Universities in Europe offering certificates or courses in occupational health psychology
Aspects of occupations | |
---|---|
Employment | |
---|---|
Classifications | |
Hiring |
|
Roles | |
Working class | |
Career and training |
|
Attendance | |
Schedules | |
Wages and salaries | |
Benefits | |
Safety and health |
|
Equal opportunity | |
Infractions | |
Willingness | |
Termination | |
Unemployment |
|
Public programs | |
See also |
|
|
Psychology | ||
---|---|---|
Basic psychology |
| |
Applied psychology |
| |
Methodologies | ||
Concepts | ||
Psychologists |
| |
Lists | ||