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| ] and ] (red), with the rest of the ] (pink)]] | |||
| '''England and Wales''' ({{Lang-cy|Cymru a Lloegr}}) is a ] covering two of the four ] of the ]. ] and ] together form the constitutional successor to the former ] and follow a single ], known as ]. | |||
| The ] ] ({{lang-cy|Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru}}) was created in 1999 by the ] under the ] and provides a degree of ] in Wales. The powers of the ] were expanded by the ], and the ] can now propose and pass ]. | |||
| == History of jurisdiction == | |||
| ] in 410]] | |||
| The ] was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception of the land to the north of ]). At the time, all the native inhabitants of ] spoke ], and were all regarded as ], divided into numerous tribes. After the conquest, the Romans administered this region as a single unit, the ] of ]. | |||
| Wales then developed its ], first codified by ] (Hywel the Good; reigned 942 – 950) when he was king of most of Wales. However, following the ] in the 11th century, ] came to be practised in the parts of Wales conquered by the ] (the ]). In 1283 the English, led by Prince Edward, with the biggest army brought together in England since the 11th century, conquered the remainder of Wales, then organised as the ], which was united with the English crown by the ] in 1284. This replaced Welsh criminal law with English law. | |||
| Welsh law continued to be used for civil cases until the annexation of Wales to England in the 16th century. The ] then consolidated the administration of all the Welsh territories and incorporated them fully into the legal system of the Kingdom of England.<ref name=Principality>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of British History |last=Cannon |first=John |authorlink=John Cannon (historian) |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-955037-9 |page=661 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref> | |||
| Prior to 1746 it was not clear whether a reference to "England" in legislation included Wales, and so in 1746 Parliament passed the ]. This specified that in all prior and future laws, references to "England" would by default include Wales (and ]). The Wales and Berwick Act was repealed in 1967, although the statutory definition of "England" it created is preserved for acts passed prior to its repeal. Since the Act's repeal what was referred to as "England" is now "England and Wales", while references to "England" and "Wales" refer to those political divisions. | |||
| == Law == | |||
| England and Wales are treated as a single unit, for most purposes, because the two form the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England. The continuance of ] was guaranteed under the 1706 ] that led to the ], and as a consequence English law (and after ], ]) also continued to be separate. Following the two Acts of Union, Parliament can restrict the effect of its laws to part of the realm, and generally the effect of laws, where restricted, was originally applied to one or more of the former kingdoms. Thus, most laws applicable to England also applied to Wales. However, Parliament now passes laws applicable to Wales and not to England (and vice versa), a practice which was rare before the middle of the twentieth century. Examples include the ] Acts ] and ] and also the ]. Measures of the ] passed since the ] also apply in Wales but not in England. | |||
| Following the Government of Wales Act, effective since May 2007, the ] can legislate on matters devolved to it. This was the first time in almost 500 years that Wales had its own powers to legislate. Each piece of ] is known as an ]. The first Assembly legislation to be officially proposed was called the ]. Following a ], the Welsh Assembly gained direct law making powers, without the need to consult Westminster. | |||
| ] of England and Wales]] | |||
| === Company registration === | |||
| {{main|Companies House}} | |||
| For a ] to be ] in the United Kingdom, its application for registration with the ] must state "whether the company's registered office is to be situated in England and Wales (or in Wales), in Scotland or in Northern Ireland",<ref>Subsection 9(2) of the Companies Act 2006</ref> which will determine the law applicable to that business entity. A registered office may be specified as "in Wales" if the company wishes to use a name ending ''cyfyngedig'' or ''cyf'', rather than ''Limited'' or ''Ltd''. | |||
| == Other bodies == | |||
| Outside of the legal system the position is mixed. Some organisations combine as "England and Wales", others are separate. | |||
| * In sports, ] has a ] administered by the ], while ], ], ], the ] and other sports have separate national representative teams for either country. | |||
| * Some religious denominations organise on the basis of England and Wales, most notably the ], but also small denominations, e.g. the ]. Prior to the ] of the ] in 1920, the ] church in Britain operated under the jurisdiction of the ] throughout Wales and England. | |||
| * The ] maintains a register of political parties, organised according to where the party operates. As of August 2008 the Commission listed nine parties registered as operating in England & Wales (as opposed to 170 operating in England only, and ten operating in Wales only), the largest of which is the ]. | |||
| * Some professional bodies represent England and Wales, for example the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Other examples include the ], the ], the ], ], ], ], ], the ], ], and the ]. | |||
| == Order of precedence == | |||
| The ] is distinct from those of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and other ]s. | |||
| == National parks == | |||
| The ] have a distinctive legislative framework and history. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:England And Wales}} | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 11:05, 13 May 2013
Ben Clayton wuz here