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==Close-in-age exemptions== ==Close-in-age exemptions==
{{main|Statutory rape#Romeo and Juliet laws|l1=Romeo and Juliet laws}} {{main|Statutory rape#Romeo and Juliet laws|l1=Romeo and Juliet laws}}
In the United States, many states<ref name=lawsdotcom>{{cite web |url=http://sex-crimes.laws.com/statutory-rape/romeo-and-juliet-laws |title=A Guide to the Romeo and Juliet Laws |author= |date= |work=laws.com |accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref> have adopted close-in-age exemptions. These laws, known as "Romeo and Juliet laws"<ref name=lawsdotcom/> provide that a person can legally have consensual sex with a minor provided that he or she is not more than a given number of years older – generally four years<ref name=lawsdotcom/> but sometimes some other number of years (such as three years in Connecticut).<ref name=stateline/> In the United States, many states<ref name=lawsdotcom>{{cite web |url=http://sex-crimes.laws.com/statutory-rape/romeo-and-juliet-laws |title=A Guide to the Romeo and Juliet Laws |author= |date= |work=laws.com |accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref> have adopted close-in-age exemptions. These laws, known as "Romeo and Juliet laws"<ref name=lawsdotcom/> provide that a person can legally have consensual sex with a minor provided that he or she is not more than a given number of years older generally four years<ref name=lawsdotcom/> but sometimes some other number of years (such as three years in Connecticut).<ref name=stateline/>


Romeo and Juliet laws were passed in 2007 in Connecticut and Indiana.<ref name=stateline>{{cite web |url=http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=224279 |title=New laws take 'Romeo' into account |author=John Gramlich |date=July 16, 2007 |work=Stateline.org |accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref> In Indiana, a change in the law decriminalizes consensual sex between adolescents if they are found by a court to be in a "dating relationship" with an age difference of four years or less<ref name=stateline/> and other states have adopted other reforms. Michigan passed a Romeo and Juliet Law in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=608159 |title=Understanding the Romeo & Juliet Law |author=Noël McLaren |date=April 20, 2011 |work=Upper Michigan's Source |accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref> Romeo and Juliet laws were passed in 2007 in Connecticut and Indiana.<ref name=stateline>{{cite web |url=http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=224279 |title=New laws take 'Romeo' into account |author=John Gramlich |date=July 16, 2007 |work=Stateline.org |accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref> In Indiana, a change in the law decriminalizes consensual sex between adolescents if they are found by a court to be in a "dating relationship" with an age difference of four years or less<ref name=stateline/> and other states have adopted other reforms. Michigan passed a Romeo and Juliet Law in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uppermichiganssource.com/news/story.aspx?id=608159 |title=Understanding the Romeo & Juliet Law |author=Noël McLaren |date=April 20, 2011 |work=Upper Michigan's Source |accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:31, 13 May 2013

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Age of consent reform refers to efforts to change age of consent laws, whether to raise or lower or abolish the age of consent, or to change the ways in which the laws are applied. Another issue has been homosexual vs. heterosexual relationships; regarding equal ages of consent. These efforts vary greatly in intensity and popularity, and have manifested in a variety of forms, such as legislation for close-in-age exemptions to age of consent laws, advocacy to change the way age of consent laws are examined in court, to lower or increase the age limits, and increase or reduce related penalties. Some organized efforts have occurred ranging from academic discussions to political petitions and pedophile advocacy groups.

Close-in-age exemptions

Main article: Romeo and Juliet laws

In the United States, many states have adopted close-in-age exemptions. These laws, known as "Romeo and Juliet laws" provide that a person can legally have consensual sex with a minor provided that he or she is not more than a given number of years older generally four years but sometimes some other number of years (such as three years in Connecticut).

Romeo and Juliet laws were passed in 2007 in Connecticut and Indiana. In Indiana, a change in the law decriminalizes consensual sex between adolescents if they are found by a court to be in a "dating relationship" with an age difference of four years or less and other states have adopted other reforms. Michigan passed a Romeo and Juliet Law in 2011.

These reforms are not uncontroversial. In Texas, Governor Rick Perry vetoed Romeo and Juliet laws that had been passed by the legislature, but signed one in 2011 to go into effect in September of that year. A 2011 Romeo and Juliet bill failed to pass in the Illinois legislature. In the State v. Limon case, Kansas's Romeo and Juliet law was found to be unconstitutional because it excluded same-sex sexual conduct.

Some countries other than the United States also have Romeo and Juliet laws. Ireland's 2006 law has been contested because it treats girls differently from boys.

Initiatives to change the age of consent

There have been many initiatives to raise the age of consent. Gratian, a canon lawyer, stated that consent could not take place before 7 years of age. The English government eventually decided on age of 12 for women as their limitation. Feminists in the nineteenth century began to focus on raising it to at least 16, but ultimately wanting to raise it to 18. At that time the age was about 12 in most countries. Today it is usually set between 15 and 18.

United Kingdom

Originally the age of consent in England was set at 12. However, in 1875 the Offense Against the Persons Act raised it to 13 in Great Britain and Ireland. The Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 raised it to 16. In 1917 a bill raising the age of consent in Great Britain and Ireland from 16 to 17 was defeated by only one vote. In Northern Ireland in 1950 the legislature of Northern Ireland passed a law called Children and Young Persons Act in 1950 that raised the age of consent from 16 to 17. The male homosexual age of consent in the United Kingdom was set at 21 in the Sexual Offences Act of 1967, lowered to 18 in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and then finally lowered equally to 16 in England and Scotland in the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act of 2000.

According to sociologist Matthew Waites, in the 1970s, a number of grass-roots political actions took place in Britain in favor of lowering the age of consent, which he described as based on claims of children's rights, gay liberation, or as a way to avoid unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted diseases.

In May 1974, the Campaign for Homosexual Equality suggested a basic age of consent of 16, but 12 "in cases where a defendant could prove the existence of meaningful consent". In September 1974, the Sexual Law Reform Society proposed lowering the age of consent to 14, with the requirement that below the age of 18 the burden of proof that consent for sexual activities between the parties existed would be the responsibility of the older participant.

In 1976, the British political pressure group Liberty published a proposal advocating reducing the age of consent laws to 10 years of age, only when both individuals are younger than 14, with a close-in-age exemption of two years if one of the involved individuals is older than 14 but younger than 16. The report was signed by Harriet Harman, who later went on to become a prominent figure in government and deputy leader of the Labour Party.

The Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee) lists abolition of age-of-consent laws among its immediate demands, with the added provision that there be alternate legal methods to protect children from sexual abuse.

Russia

In Russia in 2002 the Duma raised the age of consent from 14 to 16.

India

In January 2004, a Division bench of the Kerala's High Court in Southern India suggested that the age of consent should be raised from 16 to 18 in that state. Justice R. Basant said he considered "illogic(al)" that a legal system in which an age of 18 is used for other purposes – like the Indian Majority Act, the Contract Act, the Juvenile Justice Act, the Child Marriage Restraint Act and the Representation of People Act – has a different approach in the case of sexual consent. The age of consent in India was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.

USA

In the USA in the 1890s, several states had an age of consent as low as 10. In 1895, the age of consent in Delaware was 7, according to an article in The New York Times. However, feminists and children's rights activists began advocating raising the age of consent to 16 wanting to ultimately raise it to 18 and by 1920 almost all states had raised their age of consent to 16 or 18.

Alabama

In Alabama in 2012 State Representative Mac McCutcheon sponsored a bill to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18 in the state legislature. The bill is still being discussed.

Hawaii

In 2001, the legislature in Hawaii voted to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16.

Georgia

In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the General Assembly of Georgia (USA) to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. The bill failed, however. The Georgia age of consent was 14 until 1995, when a bill proposed by state Senator Steve Langford to make 16 the age of consent passed. In 2006, following the infamous case of Genarlow Wilson, aggravated child molestation was reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum of one year in prison(previously aggravated child molestation carried 10-20 years imprisonment regardless of the age difference between the victim and offender) if the offender was under 19, the victim was either 14 or 15 years old, and the offender is no more than 48 months older than the victim.(Georgia penal code, 16-6-4)

Kentucky

In 2007 in Kentucky Representative JR Gray sponsored legislation in the state legislature that passed making it a felony for a teacher to have sex with a student under the age of 18. He also discussed the possibility of raising the age of consent from 16 to 18 but a bill was not produced for that.

Missouri

In 2008 a bill was proposed in the Missouri legislature to raise the age of consent from 17 to 18. It was sponsored by Representative Stanley Cox.

South Carolina

In South Carolina in 2007 a bill was proposed before the legislature to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. It did not succeed.

Wisconsin

Prior to 1981 Wisconsin had an exception to the law that allowed adults who were guilty of sex with minors 15 or older to use as a defense that the victim understood the nature of the sexual act, but there was a rebuttable presumption in Wisconsin that minors under the age of 18 were not capable of informed consent to sex, but as stated, this could be argued against by the defendant in the court of law if the minor was 15 years of age or older. In 1981 the age of consent was lowered from 18 to 16 in Wisconsin, but at the same time it was made an automatic felony to have sex with anyone under 16, informed consent for a 15 year old was no longer a defense an adult defendant could use in court. In 1983 the age of consent in Wisconsin was raised from 16 to 18, under the new law sex with a minor 16 or older carried the lesser penalty of a class a misdemeanor. A marital exception was included in the law for an adult who was married to a minor 16 or older, but no close in age exception was.

Canada

Main article: Age of consent reform in Canada

In June 2006, the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16 (in 1890 it was raised from 12 to 14), while creating a near-age exemption for sex between 14–15 year olds and partners up to 5 years older, and keeping an existing near-age clause for sex between 12–13 year olds and partners up to 2 years older. The initiative also maintains a temporary exception for already existing marriages of minors 14 and 15 years old to adults, but forbids new marriages like these in the future. The law took effect 1 May 2008.

Netherlands

Between 1990 and 2002 the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12, subject to qualifications. The relevant law, passed in November, 1990, permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16, but allowed a challenge by parents based on erosion of parental authority or child exploitation, which would be heard by a Council for the Protection of Children . In 1979, the now-defunct Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party supported an unsuccessful petition to lower the age of consent to 12.

Peru

The age of consent in Peru was increased from 14 to 18 in 2006 as elections approached, but in 2007, Peru's new Congress voted to return the age to 14 regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation. However, after strong public opposition, the law was raised back to 18 on June 27, 2007, by a vote of 74 to zero (22 abstentions).

France

In 1977 while a reform in the French penal code was under discussion in the parliament, a petition to decriminalize all consented relations between adults and minors below the age of fifteen was sent to Parliament but did not succeed in changing the law. In 1978 the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio France Culture in the program "Dialogues", with the transcript later published under the title Sexual Morality and the Law in a book by Michel Foucault. The participants, including Foucault, play-writer/actor Jean Danet and novelist/gay activist Guy Hocquenghem had all signed the petition.

Pedophile advocacy groups

During the late 1950s to early 1990s, several pedophile membership organizations advocated lowering or abolishing age of consent laws to legalize sexual activities involving an adult and a child. As one of their arguments to lower or abolish the age of consent, members of pedophile advocacy groups promoted their belief that children are psychologically capable of consenting to sexual interactions with adults, and they often portrayed themselves as fighting for the right of children to engage in what the activists consider to be consensual sex with adults.

Some activists managed to link their goals with those of the early LGBT social movements, but in the course of time those movements universally rejected this linkage. In 1994, the International Lesbian and Gay Association expelled three pedophile activist member groups: NAMBLA (the North American Man/Boy Love Association), Vereniging Martijn, and US-based Project TRUTH. The age of consent reform efforts of pedophile advocacy groups such as the Danish Pedophile Association and NAMBLA did not gain any public support and today those groups that have not dissolved have only minimal membership and have ceased their activities other than through a few websites.


See also

References

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